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Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at
the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting

Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association

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Most recently updated: January 1, 2021

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT
GROWERS ASSOCIATION REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE
TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING ***

DISCLAIMER

The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers
Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are not to
be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers Association,
its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is intended for
products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not mentioned. The
laws and recommendations for pesticide application may have changed since
the articles were written. It is always the pesticide applicator's responsibility,
by law, to read and follow all current label directions for the specific
pesticide being used. The discussion of specific nut tree cultivars and of
specific techniques to grow nut trees that might have been successful in one
area and at a particular time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur
elsewhere.

NORTHERN
NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
INCORPORATED

Affiliated with

THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

REPORT

OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE

Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting
BATTLE CREEK, MICH.

SEPTEMBER 10 and 11,

1934

INDEX
Officers, Directors and Committees 3
State Vice-Presidents 4
List of Members 5
Constitution 8
By-Laws 9
The President 10
Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Convention 11
Address of Welcome by W. K. Kellogg 11
Report of Secretary 13
Report of Treasurer 15
Reports of Standing Committees 16
Business Session 18
The Dietetic Importance of Nuts—Dr. John Harvey Kellogg 20
Nut Culture Work of the Living Tree Guild—Miss Dorothy Sawyer 28
Progress report on Nut Growing in the Ithaca, N. Y. region—Dr. L. H.
31
MacDaniels
Some Random Notes on Nut Culture—D. C. Snyder 34
Winter Injury of Filberts at Geneva, 1933-34—Prof. G. L. Slate 36
Notes on Hickories—A. B. Anthony 41
Letter from Rev. Paul C. Crath—Poland 45
The Chestnut Situation in Illinois—Dr. A. S. Colby 47
Report on Commercial Cracking and Merchandising of Black Walnuts
50
—H. F. Stokes
Nut Culture in Ontario—George Corsan 53
Nut Growing on a Commercial Basis—Miss Amelia Riehl 54
Some Notes on the Hardiness of the English Walnut in Michigan and
55
Ontario—Prof. J. A. Neilson
Nut Tree Prospects in the Tennessee Valley—John W. Hershey 61
Some New Hicans and Pecans—J. G. Duis 62
Some Old Friends—Dr. W. C. Deming 64

Nut Growing in Vermont—Zenas H. Ellis 66
A Roll Call of the Nuts—Dr. W. C. Deming 69
Nut Culture in the North—J. F. Wilkinson 84
Varieties of Nut Trees for the Northernmost Zone—C. A. Reed 87
Notes on the TOUR, Tuesday September11, 1934 104
Address of Prof. V. R. Gardner, Director, Experiment Station at
104
Michigan State College, East Lansing
The 1934 Ohio Black Walnut Contest—Carl F. Walker 107
Mr. Ellis' Report as Delegate to Paris Horticultural Exposition 109
Report of Resolutions Committee 110
Communications from:
J. U. Gellatley 111
B. D. Wallace 113
Vera Nekiassena 114
Divisional Forest Officer—Kashmir 115
John W. Hershey 116
Mrs. E. W. Freel 117
Geo. W. Gibbens 117
Fred Kettler 118
Telegram to Dr. Morris 119
Catalogue of Nut trees in Kellogg Plantings 120
Exhibits at Convention 122
Attendance 124
Books and Bulletins on Northern Nut Growing 126
Advertisement—"Hobbies Magazine" 127

OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION
President. Frank H. Frey, Room 930, la Salle St.
Station, Chicago, Ill.
Vice-President. Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, 32 South 13th
St., Harrisburg, Pa.
Secretary. Geo. L. Slate, State Agricultural
Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.
Treasurer.. Carl F. Walker, 2851 E. Overlook Road,
Cleveland Heights, Ohio

DIRECTORS

Frank H. Frey, Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Geo. L. Slate, Carl F. Walker,
Prof. J. A. Neilson, D. C. Snyder.

EDITOR OF PUBLICATIONS

Dr. W. C. Deming

COMMITTEES

Executive. Frank H. Frey, Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Geo.
L. Slate, Carl F. Walker, Prof. J. A. Neilson, D. C.
Snyder.

Auditing. Zenas H. Ellis, H. Burgart.

Finance. T. P. Littlepage, Dr. W. C. Deming, H. R.
Weber.

Press and Publication. Dr. W. C. Deming, Karl W.
Greene, Dr. J. Russell Smith, Zenas H. Ellis, Geo. L.

Slate.

Membership. Col. L. H. Mitchell, Miss Dorothy C.
Sawyer, J. U. Gellatly, D. C. Snyder, Carl F. Walker.

Program. J. F. Wilkinson, Dr. W. C. Deming, C. A.
Reed, Karl W. Greene, H. R. Weber.

Hybrids and Promising Seedlings. Dr. G. A. Zimmerman,
Prof. N. F. Drake, Miss Amelia Riehl, H. F. Stoke, J. F.
Wilkinson, C. A. Reed.

Survey. C. A. Reed, Carl F. Walker, Dr. A. S. Colby,
H. F. Stoke, Dr. L. H. Mac Daniels, Dr. W. C. Deming.

Exhibits. H. R. Weber, Miss Mildred Jones, Prof. A. S.
Colby.

DEAN OF THE ASSOCIATION

Dr. Robert T. Morris, of New York and Connecticut.

FIELD SECRETARY

Zenas H. Ellis, Fair Haven, Vermont.

OFFICIAL JOURNAL

American Fruit Grower, 1370 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS
Argentina, S. A. Francisco M. Croce
Arkansas Prof. N. F. Drake
California Will J. Thorpe
Canada J. U. Gellatly
Canal Zone L. C. Leighton
Connecticut Dr. W. C. Deming
Dist. of Columbia L. H. Mitchell
Illinois Dr. A. S. Colby
Indiana J. F. Wilkinson
Iowa D. C. Snyder
Kansas W. P. Orth
Kentucky E. C. Rice
Maryland T. P. Littlepage
Massachusetts James H. Bowditch
Michigan Harry Burgart
Minnesota Carl Weschcke
Missouri J. W. Schmid
Nebraska William Caha
New Jersey Lee W. Jaques
New York Prof. L. H. MacDaniels
Ohio Harry R. Weber
Oregon C. E. Schuster
Pennsylvania John Rick
Rhode Island Philip Allen
Vermont Zenas H. Ellis
Virginia Dr. J. Russel Smith
Washington Major H. B. Ferris
West Virginia Andrew Cross
Wisconsin Lt. G. H. Turner

NORTHERN NUT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION

List of Members as of January 1, 1935
ARGENTINA, S. A.
Croce, Francisco M., Mendoza

ARKANSAS
* Drake, Prof. N. F., Fayetteville

CALIFORNIA
Thorpe, William J., 1545 Divisadero St., San Francisco

CANADA
Chipman, G. F., "The Country Guide," Winnipeg, Manitoba
Gage, J. H., 107 Flatt Ave., Hamilton, Ont.
Gellatly, J. U., West Bank, B. C.
Middleton, M. S., Esq., District Horticulturist, Vernon, B. C.

CANAL ZONE
Leighton, L. C., Box 1452, Cristobal

CONNECTICUT
Bartlett, F. A., F. A. Bartlett Tree Expert Co., Stamford
Beeman, Henry W., New Preston
Deming, Dr. W. C., 31 Owen St., Hartford
Little, Norman B., Rocky Hill
* Morris, Dr. Robert T., Merribrooke, R. F. D., Stamford
Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater
Rowley, Dr. John C., 1046 Asylum St., Hartford
Southworth, Geo. F., Milford

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Gravatt, Dr. G. F., Forest Pathology, Plant Industry, U. S. D. A., Wash.

Greene, Karl W., 2203 Foxhall Rd., N. W., Washington
* Littlepage, Thomas P., Union Trust Bldg., Washington
Mitchell, Col. Lennard H., 2219 California St., N. W., Washington
Reed, C. A., Dep't of Agriculture, Washington

ILLINOIS
Anthony, A. B., R. F. D. No. 3, Sterling
Bontz, Mrs. Lillian, General Delivery, Peoria
Colby, Dr. Arthur S., University of Illinois, Urbana
Frey, Frank H., Room 930, LaSalle St. Station, Chicago
Oakes Royal, Bluffs
Ramsdell, T. A., Hotel Galt, Sterling
Riehl, Miss Amelia, Evergreen Heights, Godfrey
Spencer, Mrs. May R., 275 W. Decatur St., Decatur

INDIANA
Galbreath, Dr. R. S., 16 W. Washington St., Huntington
Minton, Charles F., 825 South Jefferson St., Huntington
Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport

IOWA
Helmick, J. K., Columbus Junction
Iowa State Horticultural Society, State House, Des Moines
Johnson, Mrs. R. T., Knoxville
Rohrbacher, Wm., 811 East College St., Iowa City
Schlagenbusch Bros., Route No. 3, Ft. Madison
Snyder, D. C., Center Point
Van Meter, W. L., Adel

KANSAS
Orth, W. P., Mt. Hope

KENTUCKY
Horine, Dr. Emmet F., 523 Breslin Medical Bldg., Louisville

Rice, E. C., Absher

MARYLAND
Close, Dr. C. P., College Park
Hahn, Albert G., Route No. 6, Bethesda
Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown
Mehring, Upton F., Keymar
Purnell, J. Edgar, Box 24, Salisbury

MASSACHUSETTS
Allen, Edward E., Hotel Ambassador, Cambridge
* Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont St., Boston
Brown, Daniel L., 60 State St., Boston
Hale, Richard W., 60 State St., Boston
Kaan, Dr. Helen W., Wellesley College, Wellesley
Putnam, Mrs. Ellen M., 129 Babson St., Mattapan
Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Ave., South Hadley
Ryan, Henry E., Sunderland
Smith, Leon C., 60 Day Ave., Westfield
Wellman, Sargeant H., Windridge, Topsfield

MICHIGAN
Bradley, Homer L., 56 Manchester St., Battle Creek
Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Route No. 2, Union City
Healey, Scott, Route No. 2, Otsego
Healy, Oliver T., Michigan Nut Nursery, Route No. 2, Union City
*** Kellogg, Dr. John Harvey, 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek
*** Kellogg, W. K., Battle Creek
Morrison, J. Robert, Paw Paw
Neilson, Prof. J. A., Michigan State College, E. Lansing
Otto, Arnold G., 4150 Three Mile Drive, Detroit
Stocking, Frederick N., 3456 Cadillac St., Detroit
Wieber, Frank A., Fowler

MINNESOTA
Andrews, Miss Frances E., 245 Clifton Ave., Minneapolis
Weschcke, Carl, 98 Wabasha St., St. Paul

MISSOURI
Schmid, J. W., 615 S. Holland, Springfield

NEBRASKA
Caha, Wm., Wahoo

NEW JERSEY
Buckwalter, Alan R., Flemington
* Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly Place, Jersey City
Orner, George D., 751 Ridgewood Rd., Maplewood

NEW YORK
Bennett, F. H., 19 East 92nd St., New York
Bixby, Mrs. Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin
Collins, Joseph N., 335 W. 87th St., New York
Cooke, Frank S., 341 Bowery, New York
Crysdale, Stanley A., Route No. 5, Auburn
Curtis, Elroy, 58 Worth St., New York
Ellwanger, Mrs. Wm. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester
Graham, S. H., Route No. 5, Ithaca
* Huntington, A. M., 3 East 89th St., New York
Kelly, Mortimer B., 17 Battery Place, New York
* Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Ave., New York
MacDaniels, Dr. L. H., c/o Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
* Montgomery, Robert H., 385 Madison Ave., New York
Pickhardt, Dr. Otto C., 117 East 80th St., New York
Sawyer, Miss Dorothy C., Living Tree Guild, 468 Fourth Ave., N. Y.
Sefton, Pennington, 94 Lake Ave., Auburn
Slate, Geo. L., State Agricultural Exp. Station, Geneva
Smith, Gilbert L., State School, Wassaic

Tice, David, Lockport
Tukey, Dr. Harold B., State Agricultural Exp. Station, Geneva
* Wissman, Mrs. F. de R., 9 W. 54th St., New York

OHIO
Canaday, Ward M., Home Bank Bldg., Toledo
Cranz, Eugene F., Mount Tom Farm, Ira
Fickes, W. R., Route No. 7, Wooster
Gerber, E. P., Route No. 1, Apple Creek
Park, Dr. J. B., Ohio State University, Columbus
Tabor, Rollin H., Mount Vernon
Thorton, Willis, Fenway Hall Hotel, Cleveland
Walker, Carl F., 2851 E. Overlook Rd., Cleveland Heights
* Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati

OREGON
Schuster, C. E., Horticulturist, Corvallis

PENNSYLVANIA
Baum, Dr. F. L., Yellow House
Gebhardt, F. C., 140 East 29th St., Erie
Hershey, John W., Downingtown
Hostetter, C. F., Bird-In-Hand
Hostetter, L. K., Route No. 5, Lancaster
Jones Nurseries, J. F., Lancaster, Box 356
Kaufman, M. M., Clarion
Leach, Will, Cornell Bldg., Scranton
McIntyre, A. C., Dep't of Forestry, State College
Miller, Herbert, Pinecrest Poultry Farms, Richfield
* Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading
Ruhl, A. W., Langhorne Terrace, Langhorne
Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore, Pa., 550 Elm Ave.
Theiss, Dr. Lewis E., Muncy
* Wister, John C., Clarkson Ave. & Wister Sts., Germantown

Wright, Ross Pier, 235 West 6th St., Erie
Zimmerman, Dr. G. A., 32 So. 13th St., Harrisburg

RHODE ISLAND
** Allen, Phillip, 178 Dorance St., Providence

VERMONT
Aldrich, A. W., Route No. 3, Springfield
Elfgren, Ivar P., 11 Sheldon Place, Rutland
* Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven

VIRGINIA
Ricketts, E. T., Box 168-D, Route No. 5, Alexandria
Stoke, H. F., 1421 Watts Ave., Roanoke

WASHINGTON
Ferris, Major Hiram B., P. O. Box 74, Spokane

WEST VIRGINIA
Cross, Andrew, Ripley

WISCONSIN
Turner, Lieut. G. H., 932 Prospect Ave., Portage

* Life Member

** Contributing Member

*** Honorary Member

CONSTITUTION
Article I

Name. This Society shall be known as the Northern Nut Growers
Association, Incorporated.

Article II

Object. Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants,
their products and their culture.

Article III

Membership. Membership in this society shall be open to all persons who
desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of residence or
nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on
membership.

Article IV

Officers. There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary and a
treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting; and an
executive committee of six persons, of which the president, the two last
retiring presidents, the vice-president, the secretary and the treasurer shall be
members. There shall be a state vice-president from each state, dependency,
or country represented in the membership of the association, who shall be
appointed by the president.

Article V

Election of Officers. A committee of five members shall be elected at the
annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the following year.

Article VI

Meetings. The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the
membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made at this
time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time for the
holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may seem
desirable may be called by the president and executive committee.

Article VII

Quorum. Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, but must
include two of the four elected officers.

Article VIII

Amendments. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the
members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment having
been read at the previous annual meeting, or a copy of the proposed
amendment having been mailed by any member to each member thirty days
before the date of the annual meeting.

BY-LAWS
Article I

Committees. The Association shall appoint standing committees as follows:
On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and publication, on
exhibits, on hybrids, on survey, and an auditing committee. The committee
on membership may make recommendations to the Association as to the
discipline or expulsion of any member.

Article II

Fees. Annual members shall pay two dollars annually. Contributing
members shall pay ten dollars annually. Life members shall make one
payment of fifty dollars, and shall be exempt from further dues and will be
entitled to same benefits as annual members. Honorary members shall be
exempt from dues. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to any one who leaves
at least five hundred dollars to the Association and such membership on
payment of said sum to the Association will entitle the name of the deceased
to be forever enrolled in the list of members as "Perpetual" with the words
"In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds received therefor shall be invested by
the Treasurer in interest bearing securities legal for trust funds in the District
of Columbia. Only the interest shall be expended by the Association. When
such funds are in the treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided; that
in the event the Association becomes defunct or dissolves then, in that event,
the Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose for
such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at the time
he makes the bequest or the donation.

Article III

Membership. All annual memberships shall begin either with the first day of
the calendar quarter following the date of joining the Association, or with the

first day of the calendar quarter preceding that date as may be arranged
between the new member and the Treasurer.

Article IV

Amendments. By-laws may be amended by a two-third vote of members
present at any annual meeting.

Article V

Members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are due,
and if not paid within two months, they shall be sent a second notice, telling
them that they are not in good standing on account of non-payment of dues,
and are not entitled to receive the annual report.
At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a third notice
shall be sent notifying such members that unless dues are paid within ten
days from the receipt of this notice, their names will be dropped from the
rolls for non-payment of dues.

THE PRESIDENT—Frank H. Frey

Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-fifth
Annual Convention
of the

Northern Nut Growers Association
(INCORPORATED)

September 10, 11, 1934

BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN

The first session convened at 9:30 A. M., September 10, at the Kellogg Hotel
with President Frey in the chair.
The President:
This is the twenty-fifth annual convention of the Northern Nut Growers'
Association, our silver anniversary. Fifteen years ago the convention was
held in this city. We are glad to be back again and happy to have with us Mr.
W. K. Kellogg who has consented to extend a welcome.
Mr. Kellogg:
I am glad to welcome this association, and you as individuals, to Battle
Creek. A year ago when an invitation was sent you thru Professor Neilson to
make this your meeting place for 1934, we were very much pleased to have
the invitation accepted. Now that we have the pleasure of your presence we
hope you may have an enjoyable and profitable time.
Battle Creek was undoubtedly put on the map many years ago by the Battle
Creek Sanitarium and has since been kept prominently before the public by
the extensive advertising that has been done by the companies located here
which manufacture ready-to-eat foods. The records indicate that more than
15,000 carloads of these foods are shipped every year to almost every
country on the globe. More than 4,500 people are given employment. So
much for the magic words, "Battle Creek."
My interest in nuts dates from my earliest recollection when my father took
the children nutting. In the evening we often gathered around the kerosene

lamp, the kitchen stove and father with an inverted flat iron in his lap and a
pan of Ohio hickory nuts near by. These, accompanied by some red-cheeked
apples, entertained us royally. No movies in those days. About ten or twelve
years ago Mrs. Kellogg and I had the opportunity of listening to a talk by
Mr. George Hebden Corsan, Sr. He devoted considerable time to the subject
of nut culture, mentioning his own experiences in Canada and also the work
of Mr. John F. Jones of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. A few years later Mr.
Corsan became associated with the Bird Sanctuary enterprise, a few miles
west of Battle Creek, and very shortly thereafter was talking nut culture. The
result was we began to order nut trees by the carloads.
With this beginning it was only a year or two when Mr. Corsan told me of
the wonderful experience, as well as the ability, of Professor Neilson of
Toronto in nut culture. As you are doubtless aware Professor Neilson
decided to locate in Michigan and he made a connection with the Michigan
Agricultural College at Lansing. Professor Neilson is present and better
prepared to tell you of the work that has been accomplished thru his efforts
during the last five years. He may also have an opportunity of showing you
the results of some of his work in nut grafting.
Now just a word furthermore with reference to this wonderful town of Battle
Creek which in 1932 celebrated its centennial. With the exception of Detroit,
Chicago and New York, there is probably no city so well known the world
over as Battle Creek, this having been accomplished thru the advertising of
the sanitarium since its establishment in 1865, and the advertising of ready-
to-eat cereal foods for more than forty years, during which time the magic
words "Battle Creek" have appeared on packages of cereals, in newspapers,
magazines and other advertising more than six billion times. One of the food
factories located in Battle Creek frequently prints, fills and ships more than
1,500,000 packages per day, or the equivalent of 40 carloads. This same
factory gives employment to more than 2,200 people, none of whom work
more than six hours per day. This six hour plan has been established more
than 3-1/2 years and the minimum wage paid per hour to the men is 67 cents.
In conclusion, I must admit that most of my interest in nut culture has been
by proxy. Professor Neilson and Mr. Corsan are both with us today and no
doubt will have an opportunity of showing you some of the progress that has
been made in the vicinity of Wintergreen and Gull Lakes, the State
Agricultural Farm and the Kellogg Ranch.

We assure you it has been a pleasure to have you with us on this occasion
and we should be glad to have your convention meet with us annually. You
have my best wishes for the continued success and prosperity of the
Northern Nut Growers' Association.

The Vice-President,
Dr. Zimmerman:
It will be rather a difficult task to respond to an address of welcome of such
a notable character as Mr. Kellogg's. However, I want to express my sincere
appreciation for being commissioned to respond to such a hearty welcome.
I'm glad to be here for several other reasons. First, because this association
represents a number of people who in themselves represent different lines of
action. We have first the men and women who are in this association from an
experimental standpoint. We have also a number who are here with a
commercial planting standpoint. Then we have another group that represents
the growing and selling of nut trees. But, in addition to that and most
important of all, we have another set that represents the consuming public,
notably Mr. Kellogg and his brother. About their work there need not be a
great deal said.
I remember, when I first began to become interested in nut culture, I wrote to
Dr. J. H. Kellogg. I don't remember at the present time where he said his
plantings were, but I wrote to him in connection with pecans, and he said he
had a grove of them planted. He said they were quite large but they hadn't
borne and he believed that they would not bear in this section because it was
so far north. He advised me to get in communication with Mr. J. H. Jones.
That was practically the information I got from everybody I wrote to, so I
went to see Mr. Jones.
Dr. Kellogg has advanced the idea of nuts as food. Not only that but he has
continuously stood for the belief that they are more suitable for human food
than many of the proteins of animal nature. In addition to that he publishes
one of the best health magazines in the country. Dr. Kellogg is putting out a
health magazine that is further advanced than any other magazine that I

know of. It gives me great pleasure to respond to the address of welcome
and I wish to thank Mr. Kellogg on the part of the association and myself.

Report of the Secretary for 1934
The present secretary assumed office in September 1933 without the benefit
of previous membership in the association and knowledge of its affairs.
Considerable time has been spent in getting acquainted with these affairs.
President Frey, Mr. Reed, and Dr. Deming have been especially helpful in
orienting the secretary and assisting in answering correspondence. The late
Mr. Russell, and his successor, Mr. Walker, have handled all matters referred
to them in a prompt and efficient manner. Much credit is due to Mrs. Russell
for the efficient manner in which she attended to the treasurer's duties during
Mr. Russell's illness.
One of the chief duties of the secretary is the answering of correspondence
pertaining to association affairs and inquiries regarding nut culture. A total of
175 letters were written for the association. Fifty-three were to the officers
and Mr. Reed regarding association affairs, while 122 concerned nut cultural
problems and memberships. A number of letters were referred to Mr. Reed
and a few to Prof. MacDaniels for reply. In addition to the correspondence
addressed to the association regarding nuts, an equal or larger number of
inquiries concerning nuts addressed to the station were also answered. A list
of names of people interested in nuts, but not members of the association, is
being accumulated from this correspondence.
The circular describing the association and its work was reprinted and a list
of nut nurseries and tree seedsmen prepared by Mr. Reed was
mimeographed. These were enclosed in all association and station letters
sent to non-members in answer to nut inquiries. Their effect in bringing in
new members and their influence on the sale of nut trees is of course
unknown. Dr. MacDaniels and Dr. Colby also used these circulars in
correspondence.
A list of available publications on nut culture has also been prepared and will
be mimeographed shortly.
A campaign to sell many of the surplus reports of the association was
planned, but owing to unforeseen obstacles the reports were not available

and the plans for selling them were shelved until after this meeting. If the
reports are soon assembled at Geneva it is planned to circularize agricultural
and horticultural libraries and attempt to place complete or nearly complete
sets in as many as possible. Attractive prices will be made on sets of those
reports of which we have an oversupply.
A mimeographed list of cions available from the Bixby collection was
prepared at Mr. Reed's suggestion and sent to all members and other
interested persons. Mrs. Bixby received as many copies as she needed.
Mr. J. T. Bregger, editor of the American Fruit Grower, has cooperated with
the secretary in publishing notes pertaining to association activities. He is
desirous of publishing articles on nut culture. It is to be hoped that
contributions may be received from members interested in various phases of
nut growing. Other publications are eager for articles on all phases of
horticulture. If nut culture is to receive its due publicity more than a few
must take their pens in hand.
It is with great regret and sadness that the death on April 27, 1934, of our
treasurer, Newton H. Russell, is recorded. His enthusiasm, interest and
kindly personality will be greatly missed. He was very active in promoting
nut culture in Massachusetts. We have lost a valuable member.
The discontinuance of the National Nut News leaves us without an official
organ. This is a serious handicap to our work. The stimulation of interest
provided by the regular arrival of a publication containing the latest news
and newest developments in our field, is a valuable aid in nut culture and
association activities. The provision of such a medium is one of our most
pressing problems.
Our membership is at a low point and should be doubled. The secretary is
desirous of cooperating with the membership committee in a campaign to
increase the membership. With our dues at their present low figure it should
not be difficult to interest many in the association. Such a campaign should
follow several lines.
First: Every member should attempt to secure additional members.
Second: Many who dropped out when dues were high should be invited to
return.

Third: Attempts should be made to contact certain groups. All of the
northern experiment stations and agricultural colleges should have a member
of their horticultural department in the association. Groups such as doctors,
lawyers, nurserymen, farmers and others should be informed of the
association and what it offers to each.
Fourth: The agricultural college and experiment station libraries should be
induced to take out memberships and bring their sets of reports up to date.
Such a campaign is more than one person can handle, and several should
participate in it.

Treasurer's Report
Year Ending August 31, 1934
RECEIPTS
Annual Memberships $266.75
Contributing Memberships 10.00
Sale of Reports 29.00
Sale of Bulletins 2.25
For Subscriptions to National Nut
8.00
News
_______
Total $316.00 $316.00

DISBURSEMENTS
Reprints, K. W. Greene (for Mr. Bixby) $ 21.10
Printing 1931 Report, Balance,
50.00
American Fruits Pub. Co.
Subscriptions, National Nut News 18.00
Printing 1932 Report, Lightner Pub.
200.00
Corp.
Expenses Downingtown Convention, J.
13.82
W. Hershey
Membership Dues, American
2.00
Horticultural Society
Expense Handling Surplus Reports, C.
9.69
A. Reed
Advertising, Lightner Pub. Corp. 4.00
Printing 1933 Report, Lightner Pub.
125.32
Corp.
Release Expense of Account with
1.68
Litchfield Savings Society
Loss on Check 2.00
Postage, F. H. Frey 12.10

Postage and Miscl. Expense for 1933
19.92
Report, F. H. Frey
Mimeographing, G. L. Slate 2.25
Printing, Postage and Supplies, C. F.
12.45
Walker
Check Charges & Taxes .68
_______
Total $495.01 $495.01
Excess of Disbursements over
$179.01
Receipts

CASH ACCOUNT
Cash on hand or in bank as reported as
$306.01
of Aug. 31, 1933
Account in Litchfield Savings Society
15.94
as of Aug. 31, 1933
_______
Total cash on hand or in bank as
$321.95 $321.95
of Aug. 31, 1933
Excess of Disbursements over
179.01
Receipts
_______
Balance, Cash in bank, August 31,
$142.94
1934
Accounts, Due or Payable None

Press and Publication Committee
Dr. Deming:
We have had one or two articles in each issue of the National Horticultural
Magazine, published by the American Horticultural Society in Washington.
The editor has promised to have in each issue of his magazine something
relating to nuts. He is particularly anxious to get short articles with a single

illustration, articles about a page long which will attract attention, be easy to
read and stimulate interest in nuts. I would be glad to receive articles of that
nature for submission to the editor.
It is unfortunate that we no longer have an official journal, the National Nut
News having gone out of existence. We have an opportunity to make the
American Fruit Grower, with which we have been acquainted a good many
years, our official journal, and that will come up in the course of this
meeting.
Membership Committee
Mr. Walker:
From our increase in membership—forty new members—and from their
addresses, one is able to judge of the work of Prof. Neilson, he being very
active in obtaining new members. There are others of our members who also
have been active and to whom credit is due for the increase in membership.
An analysis of the membership of the past six years indicates that we are on
the increase again. We have retained over 90% of those who were members
last year. I feel as though we need not try to get everybody in the world to
plant nut trees. But there is no reason why we should not greatly increase our
membership.
Program Committee
Prof. Neilson:
At nine o'clock tomorrow morning busses will be at the hotel to take us to
the Kellogg plant. About 10:30 we will proceed to the sanitarium. We will
try and meet at the Kellogg Hotel at 12:00 P.M. where we are to be the guest
of Mr. W. K. Kellogg for luncheon. After lunch, at one o'clock, we will
board the busses and proceed to the Kellogg farm. At the farm we will look
over the buildings for a few minutes, call at the Kellogg School, and then
stop for a few moments and look over our bittersweet plantation. Then we
will go on to the Kellogg Bird Sanctuary and see what is being done there in
conserving wild fowl.
After we leave the sanctuary we will visit a block of about fifteen acres of
hickory trees, where I have been doing top working experiments for the last

three or four years. Then we will inspect our variety plantation of nut trees
and proceed to Mr. Kellogg's estate. At 5:30 the Kellogg Company will
provide motor boats to take us for a cruise on Gull Lake. At 6:30 we will
have our dinner at Bunbury Inn on Gull Lake and then have a few addresses
and a business session.
Report of Committee on Hybrids and Promising Seedlings
Dr. Zimmerman:
One or two interesting seedlings have come to our attention during the past
year. One a hickory nut that was drawn to the attention of the Pennsylvania
Nut Growers' Association January last. It is a rather good nut and bears very
well. I think Mr. Hershey has some of the trees for sale.
The other, a very interesting shellbark, came to my attention. The nut is
large, the best cracker for a shellbark that I have seen, the tree itself is
beautiful and, although the party who owns it says it bears every other year,
it seems to me to produce a good many nuts every year that I have seen it.
Another, probably worthless, but interesting, seems to me to be an English
walnut x butternut hybrid. The party insists she planted walnuts from a
typical English walnut tree, but the trees from these nuts, of which there are
a number bearing small nuts, certainly have the earmarks of the butternut.
These plants will be kept under observation and a later report given
concerning them.
We have a number of first generation hybrids, but so far as I am aware we
have no second or following generation hybrids in the nut line. It seems to
me that if we plant a lot of the nuts from these first generation hybrids and,
when the plants are large enough, distribute them to parties who will give
them space and care for them until they come into bearing, somebody sooner
or later will get hold of some valuable material. Work along this line I expect
to advance through our committee as rapidly as practical. It seems to me that
the seedlings of our first generation hybrids should not be destroyed as has
frequently been done in the past.
Prof. Neilson:

I have seen quite a few hybrids between the heartnut and the butternut. I
believe the Mitchel is about the best.
Dr. MacDaniels:
We found that the tree had stood the winter very well and that it was bearing
a good crop. We brought along a few samples labeled the Mitchel hybrid
heartnut. It looked to me to be a promising nut.
Prof. Neilson:
Mr. Mitchel thought it was a worthless butternut. I told Mr. Mitchel that I
thought it was well worth saving and I hope that one of these days we shall
succeed in propagating it.
The President:
Mr. Stokes, in Virginia, has located some black walnuts that will be
excellent. Mr. Hershey's name and work have been mentioned. He writes me
that the territory of the Tennessee Valley is a wonderful lay-out and he is
putting on a contest for different kinds of nuts. He may have some desirable
nuts to present later on.
Mr. Slate:
If Mr. Reed is not planning to discuss those Jones hybrids in his paper I wish
he, or someone else who is acquainted with them, would make some remarks
to be placed on record.
Mr. Reed:
We think that the two most promising of the Jones hybrids are numbers 92
and 200. Those were Mr. Jones' own numbers. About three years ago we
began making an intensive study of them. Ninety-two seemed to bear better
and be a little more promising than 200, and so it was named first. It was
named Buchanan in honor of the only president of the United States who
came from Pennsylvania. Last year number 200 showed up so favorably that
it seemed well to name that one also, so just about a year ago the name of
Bixby was suggested and it met with universal approval. That, I think, is all
that I have to say about the hybrids. We are watching them very closely.

From here east we had a very severe winter last year. Apple orchards very,
very old were killed all through the east and with them thousands and
thousands of English walnut trees. In Washington we have practically no
crop of filberts and our English walnuts were affected generally.
We have yet to find a single hybrid between black walnut and English
walnut which appears to be promising. There is a record, but I think we
should have brought to our attention from time to time what was known as
the James River hybrid. It was an enormous black walnut tree that grew on
the James River near Jamestown. It was visited in 1928 by Mr. Karl Greene
and Mr. Hershey. Mr. Greene said that the tree measured thirteen feet in
circumference. You don't often see trees as large as that in any part of the
country. That is in a part of the country where the English walnut has not
done well. The tree must have been somewhere around 200 years old when it
died. It was probably grown from a hybrid between an English walnut and a
black walnut. Our American colonists brought the English walnut with them
about the same time they brought our first apples and peaches and plums and
everything else. This tree throws some light on the question as to when the
first English walnut first came to this country.
A week ago yesterday I was riding along a country road down in Maryland. I
saw a row of trees. One tree in the middle of that row was as big as any other
three there. I slowed up and looked at them more closely. The large tree was
a hybrid and the others were not.
Committee on Exhibits:
On the tables Prof. Neilson has a number of plates of the northern pecan at
its best. Besides that he has two remarkable specimens of hybrid hickories.
One is a McCallister, and the other is of unknown origin. There are also on
the tables other remarkable nuts grown in this part of the United States, in
Ontario and in British Columbia. There are chestnuts, English walnuts,
Japanese heartnuts and others.
Mr. Reed:
You will recall that one year ago I was made custodian of the back records of
the association. Within two weeks of the time of last year's meeting I
personally procured the reports which were stacked away in Mr. Bixby's
barn, and took them to Washington. A little later Dr. Deming and the late Mr.

Russell made a trip to Redding, Connecticut, and sent me 500 pounds of
back reports. Still later Mr. Karl Greene brought to me about another 500
pounds of reports. I had then about 1900 pounds. We put them in the
basement of the building where our office was and then we began to move
around. It began to cost something to move them.
I communicated with Mr. Slate and found that there was abundant space at
Geneva, and the authorities were willing that they should be housed there.
So I had the reports tied up and arranged with a truck man to move them to
Geneva. I made the arrangements with a man who agreed to move them for
$25. Then he backed out. I didn't feel like incurring a greater expense by
sending them by railroad, so I waited until last week and took a bundle from
each year in my own car. They are in the secretary's care at Geneva at the
present time. The rest of the reports will presently be stored in Mr.
Littlepage's packing shed out in his apple orchard. There are still a few
reports in the Bixby's barn and Dr. Deming can tell how many more he has.
The President:
Each current report will be sold at $1.00 per copy and old reports at 50c a
copy. If someone wanted an entire set we would sell all eighteen or nineteen
numbers now for $6.00.
The American Fruit Grower, published in Cleveland, Ohio, has agreed to
have the magazine appear as the official journal of the Northern Nut
Growers' Association.
Mr. J. T. Bregger:
We will deem it a privilege, and I'm sure an obligation, to take on this
responsibility of acting as official journal of your society and give to you at
least a column each month. We are already acting as official organ of other
horticultural societies and it seems to work out very well. In addition to the
column that your secretary would have each month you could run further
articles on nut growing, which would be of additional interest to your
members. You would have some 150,000 of our readers who are interested
in fruit growing, and who would be interested in nut growing, as possible
new members for your organization. They would receive your
announcements and articles each month and you could get in touch with
them, through that column, for additional membership.

Mr. Walker:
I move that the American Fruit Grower be made the official organ of the
Northern Nut Growers' Association, that the secretary be the official
correspondent with the American Fruit Grower, that the subscription price be
paid by the treasurer direct to the American Fruit Grower, that the present
membership fee remain the same, two dollars, to all members, with the
privilege of receiving the American Fruit Grower. The motion was seconded
by Prof. Neilson.
The President:
Mr. Ellis has offered to donate $10.00 this year, if it is necessary, to apply on
subscriptions for the membership. I don't know that we will have to call on
him for this but it is certainly a display of fine spirit.
Dr. Deming:
I want to express my great satisfaction that the American Fruit Grower has
offered to act as our official organ on such advantageous terms. Fourteen
years ago, before Mr. Bregger's career as an editor began, I edited a nut
column in the Fruit Grower. The motion was carried.
The following named were elected as committee to nominate officers for
next year: Dr. Deming, Colonel Mitchell, Professor Neilson, Mr. Weber, and
Dr. Colby.
Resolutions Committee: Professor Slate, Mr. C. A. Reed, and Dr. Colby.
Motion was duly made, seconded and carried that; honorary membership in
this association may be conferred upon any person by a majority vote of
members present at any business session or by letter ballot of members in
good standing and honorary membership should be conferred only on
individuals who have rendered outstanding or meritorious service in
connection with the promotion of interest in nut bearing plants, their
products and their culture.
Mr. W. K. Kellogg and Dr. John H. Kellogg were nominated for honorary
members of the Association and unanimously elected.

The Dietetic Importance of Nuts
By Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, Michigan

Nuts, which supply the finest edible fats and proteins which science has
discovered, occupy the smallest place in the nation's food budget of any of
our substantial native foods. This is a remarkable situation well worthy of
consideration in view of the fact that, according to Prof. Elliot of Oxford
University and the eminent Prof. Ami of Montreal, and many other
paleontologists, nuts were the chief diet of the earliest representatives of the
race who appeared in the Eocene period of geologic time. At that time,
according to Prof. Elliot, the regions inhabited by man bore great forests of
walnut, hickory, and other nut trees, the fossil relics of which are found in
great abundance in association with the remains of prehistoric man. It is
significant, also, that man's nearest relatives, the gorilla, orangutan, and
chimpanzee still stick to the original bill of fare. I once made an ape so angry
by offering him a bit of meat that he threatened to attack me and finally, as I
persisted in offering him the meat, seized it and flung it as far away as
possible, then scrubbed his soiled hand with dust and wiped it on the grass to
get rid of the taint of the meat. He gave every evidence of feeling deeply
insulted. Biology classifies man as a primate along with the great apes and,
according to the great Cuvier, assigns to him along with other primates, a
diet consisting of nuts, fruits, soft grains, tender shoots and succulent roots.
The great ice sheet which crept down over the greater part of the northern
hemisphere during the glacial period destroyed the nut forests. The greater
part of the primate family, including man, moved South and survive today in
Central Africa, where, along with their furry cousins, the gorilla and the
chimpanzee, they still adhere to a dietary almost wholly of plant foods.
Those who remained behind were compelled to resort to a flesh diet to avoid
starvation. Flesh eating naturally led to cannibalism, and the historians tell
us that only a few thousand years ago, the survivors of the glacial terrors
who roamed the British Isles, from which the ancestors of most Americans
emigrated, roamed the forests clad in the skins of animals and feasted upon
their enemies.

When the grain-eating Romans conquered and civilized our barbarian
ancestors and taught them agriculture, plant foods again became the chief
sources of nutriment, but a meat appetite had been developed and is still
characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon race, while most of the rest of the world
are almost exclusively plant feeders. Four hundred millions of Chinese eat so
little meat that it is, in the case of south China, not even mentioned in the
national food budget. Sixty millions of Japanese eat an average of 4 pounds
per capita. Two hundred millions of East Indians never taste meat. As a
matter of fact, only Americans, English, Germans and Scandinavians are
large meat eaters.
Evidently, the American meat appetite as well as the American sugar tooth is
enormously exaggerated. It is somewhat encouraging, however, to note that
the eating habits of the American people are changing. Within a generation,
and especially since the World War, there has been a notable change in the
national bill of fare.
More cereals are consumed than formerly, but the greatest per capita
increase is shown in the consumption of fruits and vegetables, and especially
greenstuffs, such as lettuce, spinach, kale, and other greens. This increase in
the use of certain foods is not due to the fact that the American appetite is
increasing or the American stomach enlarging, but to the spread among the
people of scientific information concerning nutrition.
Through experiments upon rats and various other animals, including man
himself, fundamental principles have been discovered and a real science of
nutrition has been developed, the axioms, formulae, and basic ideas of which
are as clearly established as are those of geometry and chemistry. We are no
longer left to be led astray by guess-work or fancy in supplying our nutritive
needs, and have verified the truth so aptly expressed by that shrewd old
Roman philosopher, Seneca, who said, "There is nothing against which we
ought to be more on our guard than, like a flock of sheep, following the
crowd of those who preceded us."
This change in the eating habits of the American people has been brought
about by disillusionment respecting the importance of meats. Fifty years ago,
every physiologist taught that the liberal consumption of meat was essential.
This idea was based, first, upon the supposition that protein, the chief
constituent of lean meat, is the most important source of energy; and,

second, the belief that food of animal origin is better adapted to human
sustenance than plant foods, through having undergone a process of
refinement and concentration in the transformation from plant to animal.
Modern studies of nutrition have shown that both these ideas are without
scientific basis.
Unfortunately for the nut-growing industry, and still more unfortunately for
the American people, the claims of nuts to consideration in this re-
adjustment of the bill of fare have been generally overlooked, and it seems
evident that the only hope for the nut industry lies in the creation of a larger
demand for these nutrients from the plant world by acquainting the public
with their superlative merits. Of course, room must be made for the
increased intake of nuts by lessened consumption of something which nuts
may advantageously replace in the bill of fare. Most nuts consist almost
exclusively of proteins and fat. Proteins and fats likewise are almost the sole
constituents of meat. Nuts are thus the vegetable analogues of meat and are
competitors for a place on the bill of fare.
Physiologists are agreed that the American people are eating too much meat,
and it is the general spread of this conviction that has lessened the
consumption of flesh foods in this country and has crippled the packing
industry.
A few years ago, the meat packers, finding that the consumption of meat had
fallen off nearly one-fourth since the beginning of the century, began a
vigorous campaign of publicity to increase the demand for their products. A
special board was established for the purpose and through the activities of
this board an enormous amount of misinformation has been broadcasted
which has influenced a number of people to "eat more meat to save the live
stock industry," to use the packers' appealing slogan and incidentally to help
the packing industry, and there has been some increase in the use of pork,
although the falling off in the consumption of beef has continued in spite of
unscrupulous efforts to deceive and mislead the people, to their injury.
The two greatest obstacles in the way of the nut growing industry are the
ignorance of the people with respect to the value of nuts as staple foods and
the frantic efforts being made by those interested in the meat industry to
increase the demand for their products.

A counter campaign of education is needed to set before the people the true
facts as revealed by modern chemical and bacteriological research, by the
discoveries of nutrition laboratories and by the clinical observations of
thousands of eminent clinicians.
The false claims for meat must be met, for it is only by lessening the
consumption of meat that room can be made for the dietetic use of nuts.
Here are some of the errors that should be corrected.

Claim 1

That meat is an essential food staple, and that without it there would result
loss of vitality and of individual and racial stamina.
No respectable physiologist will support this claim today, although half a
century ago all physiologists held these now obsolete views.

Claim 2

That flesh foods are necessary for blood building, especially red meats,
because of their iron content.
This claim is wholly without scientific support. Modern experiments have
shown that anemic animals recover most quickly on a diet rich in plant iron.
Green foods have been proven to be sources of the best iron, which is
associated with chlorophyl.
The iron of meat has been once used and is of the same sort as that which the
body throws away. It is inferior to the iron of green plants, from which the
ox makes his red blood.
Nuts contain a rich store of this precious plant iron, as do also beans.

Claim 3

That beef and other flesh meats are muscle and strength builders par
excellence.

This claim no longer has scientific support. Sugar is fuel of the body engine.
When the butcher's daughter, Gertrude Ederle, failed in her first attempt to
swim the English Channel, she very justly charged her collapse before
reaching the English shore to the mutton stew her trainer gave her before
starting. When in a second attempt, she adopted my suggestion through a
mutual acquaintance, to eat sugar instead of meat, she made a world record.
This practice is, I believe, now adopted by all successful channel swimmers.
Non-flesh eaters are far superior to meat-eaters in endurance under special
strains.
When Dempsey defeated the Argentinean giant, he had trained on modest
allowances of meat and his last meal had consisted of vitamin-rich fresh
vegetables, while Firpo loaded himself up with steaks and chops.
When Battling Nelson lost his championship, he explained to a newspaper
reporter, "'Twas the beefsteak that done it. I swiped an extra beefsteak when
my trainer was not looking, and it made me tired."
De Lesseps, the famous French engineer, became a confirmed and
enthusiastic flesh abstainer when he found his sturdy beef-fed Englishmen
could not compete in work on the Suez Canal with the Arab laborers, who
subsisted on wheat bread and onions, as did the builders of the pyramids,
according to Herodotus, 5,000 years before. He declared, in fact, that
without the hardy Arabs, he could not have done the work.
Theodore Roosevelt, in his story of his East Africa hunting expedition, said
in Scribners Magazine that a horse with a heavy man on his back could
always run down a lion fleeing for his life in a mile and a half.

Claim 4

That a man can live on a flesh or muscle meat diet such as chops and steaks.
The famous pedestrian, Weston, informed me that on his long walks, he
never ate meat and on his walk across the continent lived on corn flakes and
milk.
Carl Mann, a grocer's clerk not professionally trained, competing in a
government supervised walking race from Dresden to Berlin, 123 miles,

against the picked pedestrians of the German army and several professionals,
won easily on a fleshless diet consisting of nuts and fresh vegetables which
he pulled out of the vegetable gardens as he hurried by. The only protein he
ate was derived from nuts.
The Tarahumari Indians of Mexico are the most tireless runners in the world.
Their ancestors were the dispatch runners of Montezuma in pre-Colombian
days, and they still adhere to the simple plant regimen of their forbears.
At the time of the Boxer uprising in China some years ago, the rice-fed
Japanese were the first to arrive of the military representatives of numerous
nations who raced to the rescue of the foreign embassies besieged by the
fanatical and bloodthirsty Boxers.

Claim 5

That a man can live and enjoy good health for a year or many years on a
purely flesh or muscle-meat diet.
The packers' much heralded Stefansson stunt of living a year on an exclusive
meat diet was a discreditable fake. Stefansson did not live on a meat diet, but
on a diet consisting of one-fifth protein and four-fifths fat (caloric intake).
When compelled against his protest to eat steaks and chops, he was made
very ill with acidosis within two days, vomiting and purging so violently that
he was compelled to make a complete and immediate change. Prof.
Newburgh of our State University stated that Stefansson ate no more real
muscle meat than the average man usually eats. The Stefansson experiment
proved but one thing, namely, that a man even when accustomed to a meat
diet, cannot live on lean meat alone for more than two days without
becoming ill.
Dr. Newburgh produced nephritis, or acute inflammation of the kidneys, in
rats by feeding them exclusively on meat for a few weeks.

Claim 6

That Eskimos thrive on a meat diet.

Captain McMillan who accompanied Peary on his discovery of the North
Pole, a year or two ago informed me that the Eskimo is short lived. That he
becomes at 50 years very old and useless and at 55 infirm and helpless, and
rarely lives to the age of 60 years.
The Arctic traveler Stefansson said to me, "I do not claim to have proven
that a man can live better or longer on a flesh diet, but only that he can live.
Of course the scientific argument is against such a diet."
Prof. Irving Fisher of Yale University some years ago made a series of
endurance tests in which the endurance of the athletes of the Yale
gymnasium was compared with that of physicians and men nurses of the
Battle Creek Sanitarium. As Prof. Fisher said in his report, which was
published in the Yale Scientific Review, the endurance of the Battle Creek
flesh-abstainers was found to be not only "greater" in all the tests, but far
greater. In the arm holding (arms extended sidewise) tests, the Battle Creek
men held their arms out longer than any Yale man and nine times as long as
the same number of Yale men.
Vegetarian bicyclists have for many years held all the championships in
endurance riding tests from Land's End to John O'Groats.
Through Finland's minister to the United States I have learned that Nurmi,
the Finnish runner whose record stands unequalled, was trained on a non-
flesh dietary.
The Great War taught the world among many other important lessons, the
fact that meat may be dispensed with not only without injury, but with great
and very definite benefits.
During the World War, Denmark sold her cattle to Germany and reduced her
meat ration to a very low minimum, with the result that her death rate was
reduced one-third.
In Germany, where at the beginning of the war the cattle were killed to save
food and a practically meatless ration was maintained for more than three
years, diabetes, Bright's disease, and many other chronic maladies were
reduced in frequency to an extraordinary degree. After the war, as I was
informed by the medical director of one of the largest life insurance
companies in this country, it was discovered that the death losses among the

company's German policy holders, not excepting war casualties, were far
below the prewar average.
The Chittenden standard now universally accepted, fixes the protein intake
at 10 per cent of the total ration. This leaves little room for meat, and not a
few authorities reduce the protein to a still lower level.
For some years, McCollum of Johns Hopkins has been calling attention to
the evils of the "meat and bread" diet, which he declares to be about the
worst diet one can adopt, and adds, "We could entirely dispense with meats
without suffering any ill effects whatever."
Chalmers Watson of Edinburgh found that rats on a lean meat diet
deteriorated so rapidly that after two or three generations they became
deformed and dwarfed and ceased to reproduce.
The International Scientific Food Commission appointed by the Allies at the
time of the Great War and charged with the duty of fixing the minimum
ration of different food essentials, declared it to be unnecessary to fix a
minimum meat ration, "in view of the fact that no absolute physiological
need exists for meat, since the proteins of meat can be replaced by other
proteins of animal origin, such as those contained in milk, cheese and eggs,
as well as by proteins of vegetable origin."
It is evident from the above facts that an effort to induce the American
people to eat less meat and more nuts would do no harm and should prove
substantially beneficial.
A leading textbook on "Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics" by Carter, Howe
and Mason of Columbia University, calls attention to the encouraging fact
that "Of late there has been a distinct reaction in the meat-eating of the
wealthier classes, and one sees less meat and more vegetable habits as they
progress upward in the scale of civilization. Also, on account of their
sedentary habits, people find that the ingestion of considerable quantities of
animal protein, with the consequent increase in intestinal putrefaction, gives
rise to symptoms of toxemia, which have assumed a very definite place in
the pathology of disease."
That meat enormously increases intestinal putrefaction cannot be questioned.
It is this fact which makes the difference between the excreta of a dog or lion

and that of a cow or horse. All carnivorous animals suffer from
autointoxication.
The eminent pathologist of the Philadelphia Zoo states that all dogs over
three years of age have hardened arteries, while horses practically never
show arterial changes even when very old.
Dr. Charles Mayo states that three out of four dogs over 12 years have
cancer.
I quote the following paragraphs from a poster prepared some years ago as a
reply to "Meat Is Wholesome" poster distributed by the packers through the
post office department which presents ample evidence that meat is by no
means always wholesome:
A bacteriological examination made in the laboratory of the Battle Creek
Sanitarium of fresh meats purchased at seven different markets, all in
apparently fresh condition, showed the following number of bacteria per
ounce:

Bacteria Per Ounce
Beefsteak 37,500,000- 45,000,000
Pork
5,100,000- 87,000,000
Chops
Beef Liver 3,000,000- 945,000,000
Corned
300,000- 910,000,000
Beef
Hamburger
5,100,000- 2,250,000,000
Steak
Pork Liver 3,000,000- 2,862,000,000
The above figures agree with the findings of Tissier, Distaso, Weinzirl,
Farger, Walpole, and other bacteriological authorities.

The Fresh Droppings of Animals

Bacteria Per
Ounce

Calf 450,000,000
Horse 750,000,000
Goat 2,070,000,000
Cow 2,400,000,000
Oyster
102,000,000
Juice
The bacteria in meats are identical in character with those of manure, and are
more numerous in some meats than in fresh manure. All meats become
infected with manure germs in the process of slaughtering, and the number
increases the longer the meat is kept in storage.
Ordinary cooking does not destroy all of the germs of meat.
The importance of suppressing this intestinal putrefaction is becoming more
and more evident as medical investigation and discoveries are continually
bringing out new facts which show an intimate relation between intestinal
poisons and many chronic maladies, including gall bladder disease, high
blood pressure, heart disease which kills 300,000 Americans annually,
Bright's disease, insanity and premature senility. Many physicians are on this
account saying daily to patients, "Eat less meat." "Cut out beefsteak and
chops," and "Change your intestinal flora so as to clear your coated tongue
and eliminate the poison that taints your breath."
Nuts have the great advantage that although richer in protein than is meat,
they are much less putrescible. Fresh meats are practically always in a state
of putrefaction when eaten while nuts are delivered to us by the generous
hand of Nature in aseptic packages, ready to eat, and presenting pure
nutriment in the most condensed and refined form known to science. Fresh
meats are always contaminated with colon and putrefactive germs with
which they become contaminated in the slaughtering process. If flesh is to be
used as food, animals should be killed with the same antiseptic precautions
which are employed in modern surgery. This is never done, and within a few
days after killing, the flesh of a slaughtered animal is swarming with colon
germs, and when long kept for use of hotels and many restaurants, is covered
with a beard of green mold. Such food is fit only for scavengers. Hamburger
steak and pork liver often contain more manure germs than the fresh
droppings of animals.

The liberal substitution of nuts for meats would save billions annually.
According to Prof. Baker, of the Department of Agriculture, fully 80 per cent
of the total feed and food products in the United States is consumed by live
stock. Most of these animals are consumed as food.
The enormous loss involved is shown by the fact that 100 pounds of
digestible foodstuffs are required to produce 3 pounds of beef.
According to an announcement by the United States Bureau of Statistics, the
per capita annual cost of meat in the United States is more than $80.00,
which totals for the whole population nearly $10,000,000,000 per annum.
Prof. Baker suggests that the annual per capita consumption of meat might
without injury be reduced from the present 170 pounds to fifty pounds,
which would make a saving of $6,000,000,000 at least, for $1,000,000,000
would easily supply from nuts and other plant sources more than enough
food to replace the discarded meats.
The general belief that nuts are an expensive food is an error. When a man
pays a dollar for three pounds of steak, he is probably not aware of the fact
that three-fourths of what he buys is simply water, so that the actual solid
nutriment purchased amounts to not more than three-quarters of a pound,
making the actual cost of the water-free food $1.33 per pound.
Two pounds of almonds or other nut meats which might be purchased at the
same cost, would yield twice as much and better food.
If the whole beef industry were wiped out, the country would be the gainer.
What the nut industry needs most is a campaign of education to tell the
American public about the superior values of nuts and to correct the errors
broadcasted by the Meat Board. The public must not only be taught the value
of nuts as set forth in Mr. Russell's admirable book, but should be
encouraged by government aid to plant nut trees on barren mountain sides
and areas devastated by lumbering operations. If every lumberman had been
required by law to plant a nut tree for every ten timber trees cut down during
the last 50 years, a food source would have been provided which would
insure more than an ample supply of precious protein and satisfying fat to

feed 120,000,000 of Americans if the cereal food crops were destroyed by a
drouth or predatory insects.
If nut trees were planted along all our highways and railway thoroughfares, a
food crop would be produced of greater nutrient value than that yielded at
the present time by the entire live stock industry.
That an educational campaign may be made to succeed was shown by the
experience of the raisin producers of California.
Some years ago, when the raisin industry was prostrate, I received a letter
from the secretary of an association organized for the purpose of trying to
revive the industry, asking for information concerning the food value of
raisins. I called attention to the fact that the raisin is rich in food iron and a
good source for this food mineral and suggested that if the people were made
acquainted with this fact through a broad advertising campaign, the demand
for this delectable fruit might be greatly increased. "Have you eaten your
iron?" soon appeared in the newspapers throughout the land, and the raisin
farmers of California found it necessary to enlarge their vineyards.
A discouraging feature of the nut industry to beginners is the long time
required to bring trees to bearing. On this account, it seems to me that state
and federal governments should lend the industry a helping hand. I would
suggest that this association should instruct its president and secretary to
make an earnest effort to persuade state and federal governments to give
more attention to the planting of nut trees in their reforesting operations.
A broad belt of nut trees running the length of the great timberline which is
to be created for the protection of the western states from a recurrence of
drouth, might prove a more dependable protection to our food supply than
the possible effect of a narrow strip of woodland upon the country's climate.
I append a table which shows the high food value of nuts as compared with
other common foods. One pound of walnut meats equals in food value each
of the following:

Pounds
Beef loin, lean 4.00
Beef ribs, lean 6.50
Beef neck, lean 9.50

Veal 5.50
Mutton leg, lean 4.20
Ham, lean 3.00
Fowls 4.00
Chicken, broilers 10.00
Red Bass 25.00
Trout 4.80
Frog's legs 15.00
Oysters 13.50
Lobsters 22.00
Eggs 5.00
Milk 9.50
Evaporated cream 4.00

Dr. Deming:
I am sure everyone feels that the trip here would be worth while if we didn't
receive another bit of information but your paper, and they would really like
to develop some kind of an ailment so that they could place themselves
under your care.
Mr. Reed:
About five years ago I spent a few hours here in Battle Creek, largely as a
guest of Dr. Kellogg over at his home. While I was there he introduced me to
quite a variety of soy bean products and he rather disturbed me by telling me
that beans had much the same food values as nuts. He reminded me that you
could grow a crop of beans every year. You can't be sure of doing that with
nut trees. He gave me an economic idea to think about. I wonder if he has
anything to say about beans now. Are beans going to supplant nuts?
Dr. Kellogg:
I confess that it seems to me, from a practical and economic standpoint, that
the soy bean is a very strong rival of the nut industry. I would like to inquire
how many acres are at the present time planted in nuts. How many acres
have been added in the last twenty years? There are, at the present time,
more than 3,000,000 acres of soy beans being planted every year. It has only

been a short time since they were first introduced and there are more being
planted every year.
I believe that the government ought to take an interest in this matter of nut
tree planting, for I believe that is the best way in which it can be promoted. I
have for several years been trying to find someone who has made a fortune
out of raising nuts but I have not yet found such a man. I believe, however,
that it is a veritable gold mine of value but will have to have governmental
aid. I think the government should require all of these slaughtering
lumbermen to plant nut trees in the place of the trees they are cutting down.
Mr. Corsan:
The nut tree is one of the things that will make the boys and girls of the farm
love their homes. In a few years boys and girls will be going back to a
beautiful farm, not to pig pens, but where there are beautiful trees.

Nut Culture Work of the Living Tree Guild
By Miss Dorothy C. Sawyer, New York

The Living Tree Guild appreciates the privilege of presenting a paper at the
silver anniversary convention of the Northern Nut Growers' Association. We
feel in a humble mood when talking to you. We are new comers in the field
and the work we have done in furthering interest in the subject of northern
nut culture is only taking what you have created and endeavoring to make it
intelligible and useful to the public. It is something which arouses our
enthusiasm. We have great faith in the value of planting grafted nut trees in
the North. This new resource for beautifying and making idle land
productive is no longer restricted to this small group of nut culturists, but it
is now practical, for anyone with a little land and the urge to grow things, to
enjoy the planting of nut trees.
Our function is in educating more people to an appreciation of what
improved nut trees are and what they can do as they are at present
developed. Nut growing is just beginning to come into its own and the nut
tree should take its place as a valuable shade tree, should be included in the
home orchard and used as a paying crop by the farmer in the North. The
Guild is especially interested in introducing and popularizing new
horticultural developments. It publishes a new type of tree as a publisher
does a book. We serve as a connecting link between the horticulturist and the
layman, aiming to coordinate the work of horticulturists and to interpret the
meaning of this work to prospective planters of trees. We act as a sort of
educational sieve, our aim being to extend the number of tree planters. This
is a sales job and the Living Tree Guild is a sales organization. We work
through the press by means of conservative advertising and publicity
articles, through personal contact by means of exhibits and individual
interviews and through the mails by means of carefully prepared bulletins of
information and well selected photographs. We work to gather all the
authentic information and offer this to our customers as a unique service.
Frankly we believe that there is no other organization in the country that is
as closely associated as we are with the authorities on tree planting. Dr.

Morris, whom we all know as the dean of northern nut culture, is a member
of our Board of Advisors.
In order to symbolize the grafted nut tree the Guild has adopted a brand
name, Guild Pedigree, based on the fact that the mother trees have been
carefully selected and are well known for their quality. Experiments have
shown that they represent a selected family line and develop true to its
characteristics.
We have been in touch with northern nut tree planting for a good many
years, but our sales work has been limited to the past three years which, of
course, means that we have never tried to sell nut trees in so-called normal
times. Yet Guild Pedigrees have bucked these economic obstacles and they
are becoming recognized as offering a remarkable opportunity to the
business man who has property and to the busy farmer to make their idle
land productive with a minimum amount of care and attention. They realize
that the difficult operation of grafting has been successfully accomplished
and that they need only prepare the ground for planting according to the
character of the soil and with a little pruning and cultivation within a few
years may be assured of a new type of crop for which there is a growing
demand. They recognize the value of these trees over ordinary fruit trees
which require numerous sprayings a year and whose extremely perishable
crop must be carefully picked from the trees. Everyone knows that a certain
amount of effort is required to get good returns from farming, but
comparatively speaking improved nut trees have a decided advantage in their
facility of growth, which means that they can be planted by a much wider
range of growers than almost any other kind of crop.
In all of this we speak primarily of the black walnut which we recognize as
the best nut tree for extensive planting in the North. We believe the hazel
hybrids and filberts are of value as a secondary nut crop, as fillers-in
between the black walnuts or used as ornamental bushes for screening
around the grounds. Where local conditions justify it we recommend that the
home orchard include a variety of nut trees, the English walnut, the northern
pecan, certain hybrid hickories and a highly blight-resistant chestnut. The
Guild has realized from the start that most laymen know little or nothing
about the planting of nut trees. We, therefore, work with them individually,
advising them in detail on their particular plantings. We keep a record of all
Guild Pedigree nut trees, particularly of the black walnut, each one of which

bears a tag with a serial number. We keep a record of this number and are
gradually building up a case history of each tree, in so far as possible, in
some instances complete with photographs. We include the conditions under
which the tree was planted, whether as an orchard or as an ornamental tree,
the amount of care and attention given it and its gradual development and
increase in bearing. This is also being done with every tree that is included
in the experimental orchard the Guild is operating in the Connecticut River
valley.
The data that we are obtaining in this way is aiding us in publishing the
latest authentic information on what happens when nut trees are planted by
laymen under varying conditions. We believe these records will be a unique
contribution of the Guild to northern nut culture. By this means we can
already point to certain Guild Pedigrees as having made unusual growth or
only average development, together with the probable explanation, and of
course to some that have died from natural causes or from attacks by
woodchucks or the like. We can offer records of plantings of Pedigrees that
have been made in practically all the leading states, Canada and even abroad.
Perhaps one of the most interesting case histories is that of Pedigree No.
1527 which was planted in the spring of 1932 as a Washington Bicentennial
tree. This tree, set as a single specimen, came into full leaf immediately after
planting and a year later was all of seven feet tall and had three mature black
walnuts for its first crop. It is the proud possession of two small boys.
Young as we are in the field we have given authentic information on the
planting of northern nut trees to several thousands of tree lovers. We have
found a definite demand for detailed knowledge, and recognition of our
work has been shown by the great interests in exhibits we have staged and
from several awards which we have received from such organizations as the
Horticultural Society of New York. An analysis shows that Guild nut tree
plantings range from the true farmer to the gentleman farmer, from the small
lot owner to the owner of hundreds of acres of non-dividend paying land,
from the keen horticulturist to the youth who is taking his first step in
following a fascinating new hobby.
The selling of nut trees is a very special problem. It is not like selling other
kinds of trees. We recognize the fact that those who plant Pedigree nut trees
are in a class by themselves and we, therefore, set up a separate department
for them, making a special study of the subject. We feel certain that there is a

great future ahead for nut growing in the North with our associations
cooperating in the distribution of information and stock developed from
actual experimentation over a period of years. Above all it is important to
understand what others are doing, and appreciate that the commercial side
should go hand in hand with the purely horticultural.

Progress Report on Nut Growing in the Ithaca, N.
Y. Region
By Dr. L. H. MacDaniels New York

The status of nut growing in the Ithaca region was reported at the
Washington, D. C. meeting of this association in 1932. Since that time there
has been little change in the situation except that a few more of the varieties
have come into bearing, and the severe winter of 1933-34 has injured the
trees of many varieties.
The plantings in the vicinity of Ithaca are confined chiefly to those of the
Department of Pomology at Cornell University, and those of Mr. S. H.
Graham who is a member of this association and has been planting nut trees
for many years. Other than these there are only scattered trees either native
or planted around the dooryards by amateurs without any very keen interest
in northern nut growing. The purpose of the plantings at Cornell University
is primarily to test out varieties for their suitability for growing in the rather
rigorous climate of the region. Farmers and others throughout New York
state look to the experiment stations for information regarding the
possibilities of nut culture and the varieties which might be planted to
advantage.
As has been pointed out previously, the number of varieties adapted to the
region is distinctly limited because of unfavorable climatic conditions. These
climatic conditions are more fully described in Bulletin 573 of the New York
State Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell entitled "Nut Growing in
New York State." The breeding of new varieties and other investigational
work is being carried on at the Geneva Experiment Station where, as you
know, Prof. G. L. Slate has been growing many varieties of filberts for some
years.
The university plantings at Ithaca consist of about an acre set about 20 years
ago, including a number of varieties of different nuts recommended for
planting at that time. There is also about an acre of "butterjaps" which are

growing vigorously but have shown little promise of value because of a lack
of hardiness and generally poor cracking quality. The most important
planting is about 5 acres of cleared woodland in which many hickories have
come up naturally. These have been top worked to many of the leading
hickory varieties. A considerable number of walnut stocks have also been
planted in this area and top-worked to walnut varieties. Plans are under way
to acquire 10 or 15 additional acres to be used for further variety tests as new
varieties are brought to light in the various nut variety contests which are
being carried on.
Up to and including 1934 the black walnuts that have fruited are the
Thomas, the Ohio, and the Stabler. Of these the Thomas is the only one
which is at all satisfactory. This variety has fruited 3 years in succession and
has matured well-filled nuts every year. The Ohio and Stabler have been shy
bearers and in addition the nuts have been small and not well filled. Both are
evidently adapted to a longer growing season than that at Ithaca. In 1934 one
Stambaugh graft matured about 40 nuts. This variety appears promising but
needs further testing. In another year or two at least a dozen more of the
promising varieties of black walnuts should come into bearing.
Among the hickories the Barnes, of which there are 3 trees, has fruited
several times but in no case have the nuts been filled. The Brooks, the
Stanley, and the Weiker have also fruited sparingly but the nuts have not
been filled. During the past season, 1934, a few nuts were borne on the
Taylor, Kentucky, and Vest hickory trees, which were well filled. It may be
that these varieties will prove suitable for the region. The Kentucky looks
particularly promising. The Beaver and the Fairbanks have borne a few nuts
but the quality is not sufficiently good to make them worth growing. The
Burlington hybrid pecan makes a very beautiful tree and has set nuts in
several seasons, but they are not well filled. About half a dozen varieties of
northern pecans have been fairly hardy but the seasons are too short to
mature the nuts. They have always been frozen on the trees while still very
green.
During the past winter the temperature went down to -35° F. at the
University orchard. This killed most of the Persian walnuts outright. Even
the hardy varieties, Rush and Hall, were killed back to a few buds on the
trunks and larger branches. This experience has been quite general
throughout New York where the temperature went down below -25° F. It is

to be hoped that some of the new sorts being introduced from the Ukraine
will be better able to stand the low temperatures experienced in New York.
The low temperature very seriously damaged the 60 Chinese chestnuts
growing in the University orchard, killing the terminals back for several feet
and the sapwood all the way out to the combium and down to the snow line.
The trees so injured made only fair recovery and it is doubtful if they are
worth saving. Some Chinese chestnut trees nearer Cayuga Lake where the
temperature only reached -27° F. were only slightly injured. It would seem,
therefore, that around -30° F. was the critical temperature for the Chinese
chestnut. The Japanese walnuts were not injured seriously by the cold
weather of the winter. Many of the more tender seedlings had already been
eliminated by the cold winters of the past. The Japanese walnuts were,
however, badly damaged by the late spring frost which froze off the catkins
and new shoots. This has occurred several times in the last ten years and is a
serious drawback to the bearing of this species. Hickories and black walnuts
for the most part showed no injury except in the case of rapidly growing
grafts. All of the McCallister hican grafts were killed outright as were a
number of grafts of the shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa). At Enfield Park
where the probable temperature was about -27° F. one McCallister pecan
graft survived. The filberts were quite generally damaged both in wood and
catkins, except the Rush, which fruited heavily. Northern pecans had their
terminals killed back about 6 inches but were otherwise uninjured.
In my judgment the greatest need of northern nut growing is the discovery
and testing of new varieties adapted to the different northern regions. To find
and test these varieties is probably the greatest service that the Northern Nut
Growers' Association can perform. We cannot expect that nurserymen will
propagate commercially the new nuts which are discovered until they are
sufficiently tested to establish the value of the variety for different regions.
As has been pointed out, the Northern Nut Growers' Association is in much
the same position as was the American Pomological Society 100 or more
years ago when information regarding new varieties was the main interest of
the fruit industry. In this connection it would seem to me well worth while to
carry out the idea proposed by Dr. Deming last year which he called the Roll
Call of Nut Varieties. The older sorts have now been planted sufficiently
widely by members of the association to make it possible to get some
adequate idea of their suitability for growing in various localities. Those who
have the interest of the association at heart should do all they can to obtain

and grow any new varieties that offer any promise of being adapted to their
locality. It is only by carrying out such a program that we shall have any real
basis for making recommendations as to varieties adapted to different
regions.
I must confess that I am still skeptical about a commercial nut industry in
New York on the basis of our present varieties. After more than 20 years of
variety testing in Ithaca only the Thomas black walnut has shown any real
merit. All the other sorts that were propagated and recommended have
shown themselves to be quite unsuitable to the climate. A grower setting out
a commercial orchard 20 years ago on the basis of our knowledge of
varieties at that time would now have practically nothing to show, except as
he happened to have the Thomas black walnut, or possibly some of the
hickories of northern origin. At the present time the number of promising
varieties known has been greatly increased. They are, however, not available
in the trade, nor will they be until they have been adequately tested to
establish their merit. Fortunately some of the nurserymen growing nut trees
are willing to run test orchards as well. They are few in number and of
course their work must be augmented by the work of others in the
association. What we need more than anything else are test orchards in
different localities in which the relative yield of the different varieties over a
period of years will be kept. On the basis of such data recommendations as
to varieties to plant can be made with some degree of assurance that the
information given is sound.
Mr. C. A. Reed:
Prof. MacDaniels may have told you of a number of promising varieties
which he personally has been responsible for bringing to light during the last
year. If he didn't I hope that he will tell as a matter of record how he came to
get them and just what they are.
Prof. MacDaniels:
Prof. O. F. Curtis of Cornell University and I made a pilgrimage of about a
thousand miles back to the stamping ground of our youth with the avowed
purpose of hunting down some of the best black walnuts of the region. The
trip, though a hurried one, was packed with interest. In all, four walnuts were
located which seemed well worth testing. Probably the best of these is the

Albert Todd. The nut is thin hulled, a little smaller than the Thomas but with
a thicker kernel. The tree was about dead when found but scions were
procured and are now growing at Ithaca and Geneva. Another variety is the
Emerson, located at Madison, Ohio. This is a large round nut with a rather
tough shell and high proportion of kernel. Mr. Emerson has a good stand of
native walnut growing on bottom land. A few years ago he sold 25 trees to a
furniture company for $1000.
The third nut Dr. Curtis found on a previous journey to Ohio. It is a large nut
of rather unusual shape being higher than it is long. It has good cracking
quality and deserves further testing. The fourth walnut, the Chase, is
growing in a dooryard at Oberlin, Ohio. It is larger than any of the others,
with good shell conformation. It has the reputation of not always filling out
the kernels, a condition which may be seasonal or possibly an inherent
defect. Grafts of all four of these walnuts are growing at Ithaca and at
Geneva and will be available after a year or two.
We had one disappointment in that a tree that we particularly wanted was
found to have died only two years before. It was the old story of being too
late. Certainly such experiences ought to spur this association to new efforts
in trying to locate the best nut trees before they are destroyed.

Some Random Notes on Nut Culture
By D. C. Snyder, Iowa

Any notes concerning the behavior of nut trees in Iowa this year necessarily
recall the trying weather conditions and these must be referred to again and
again. Although winter temperatures were quite mild, catkins on the filberts
and hazels were so badly injured that none bloomed on the filberts and very
few on the Jones hybrids which had previously been hardy. The native hazels
bloomed but set very few nuts, apparently because of their repeatedly
freezing during the blooming period. The Winkler hazel seems to be a
phenomenal individual and a poor parent, not reproducing anywhere nearly
true. Thus far all its seedlings have produced nuts inferior to the parent
variety even when they were from seed which was cross-pollinated by other
choice hazels or filberts. They do, however, show much variation in foliage,
bushes and fruit and what the second generation may bring forth is yet to be
determined. Established hazel plants endured the extreme heat and drought
splendidly, but newly planted bushes did not. Well-rooted layers and
divisions planted out early made a splendid start, then backed up and were a
total failure before the July rains came.
That you may know how dry it was in Iowa the first six months of 1934, let
me tell you that only about two-thirds of the oats sown in April in well
prepared soil got moisture enough to germinate then, and about the same
part of the corn planted in May germinated. Well, along in June a shower
furnished enough moisture to germinate the remaining part, so we had corn 2
to 3 feet high and in adjacent hills only 2 or 3 inches high, and oats which
were headed out mixed with others of the same sowing which were just up.
The walnuts endured these extremely dry conditions better than any fruit or
nut bearing trees. Young seedlings made quite a satisfactory growth and year
old seedlings lined out for future grafting made almost a perfect stand, as did
the grafted trees which were unsold and lined out at the end of the selling
season. The heavy loss in walnuts was in the grafts set in May. This will be
mentioned later.

The shortage of moisture in 1933 apparently was responsible for
considerable winter killing of young hickories which were in sod. There was
no loss in cultivated ground. The hickories were like the apples this year in
that they did not bloom much, and unlike them in that the apples ripened
ahead of their normal season, while the hickories ripened later. Stratford nuts
are usually ready to gather September 1 but this year are still clinging to the
trees. Fairbanks is our most prolific kind. Nuts closely resembling Fairbanks,
yet somewhat different from it, keep bobbing up on different sides of us
when there is a good crop of hickory nuts. None of them have yet been
superior to Fairbanks. Perhaps one should give each a good testing and keep
up a search for one with better quality than Fairbanks. Certainly there is no
reason for calling Stratford a hybrid. It is one of a group of shagbarks with
smaller leaves and buds, and thinner husks than are found in what we would
call a typical shagbark. The shagbarks might be divided into several species
and be as distinct as some of the species of other trees, such as the ash for
example. Vest and Hand represent another group with thin, wavy shells and
thereby are quite distinct from the typical shagbarks.
On account of extremely hot weather coming so early the nut trees were
grafted earlier than usual and in this order: chestnuts, bitternuts, hickory
stocks, shagbark stocks and, after a few days, the walnuts and pecans. The
grafting was successful in the order worked. Immediately after the walnuts
and pecans were worked the temperature began mounting, reaching 114° F.
in the shade at one time, and of course much more in the sun and just above
the bare dry ground. The chestnuts and bitternuts had time to knit together
before the extreme heat and gave a splendid stand. The shagbarks also made
a good stand. But the walnuts and pecan stocks were near a total failure.
Apparently what occurred was that the grafting wax and paraffin which was
coated over the scion melted and penetrated the union, like that much
kerosene or penetrating oil, and prevented callusing. The cions remained
plump and green for a long time except for a thin layer at the cut surfaces.
The usual resin, beeswax, linseed oil and lamp black grafting wax was used.
Can anyone suggest a wax which will remain absolutely dry under the
conditions described above? What happened, as near as I can tell, is that the
extremely hot weather and the continuation of it melted the grafting wax and
the paraffin. They fused and made a new combination which looked like
grease and absolutely prevented any growth. The shagbark hickories gave a
good stand, about as perfect a stand as you could expect in hickories. Last of

all the pecan stocks were worked. They should have been the easiest to work
but they were a total failure. That is because the hot weather set in less than
a week after they were set, while the others had more time. The problem I
would like to see solved is one of a wax which will remain absolutely dry
during such times, and I think then we will have solved one of the big
problems of propagation.
Prof. Neilson:
I've had more or less trouble with grafting waxes since I began to graft nut
trees, and I have therefore been looking for a wax that would stand up under
extremely hot weather and which could be applied cold and was not too
costly. I think I have found one that comes nearest to the ideal. It is an
asphalt tree emulsion made by the Flintkote Co. of New York City. This
emulsion can be purchased in five gallon drums at 60c a gallon in Detroit. It
can be diluted with water and applied in a thin or heavy coating. I used this
wax last summer and I am better pleased with it than any other wax I have
ever tried.
Mr. Weber:
I thought a few years ago that I had eliminated wax trouble, but finally I
came to the conclusion that when you have a temperature that runs beyond
the place that will melt ordinary paraffin the heat will kill the grafts.
Mr. Walker:
This question is an old one. Last winter and the winter before I did a little
work on the old reports. You will find some mighty good winter reading
there. I find things hashed and rehashed over and over again. The subject of
grafting wax, of course, was discussed years ago. I might caution you on the
asphalt. It will have to be the highest, purest grade.
Member:
You can easily prevent wax from getting in between the scion and the stock
by using a paper or cellophane.
Mr. Snyder:

These grafts were tied with tape. I'm sure that this oil would penetrate
anything which was not absolutely air tight.

Winter Injury of Filberts at Geneva 1933-34[A]
By G. L. Slate

New York Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.
Last year I reported to you the winter injury to the Geneva filbert collection
resulting from a very mild winter. This year I am reporting the damage
resulting from the coldest winter on record in western New York. Varieties
that have withstood both winters may be considered sufficiently hardy for
anything western New York and regions with a similar climate have to offer
in climate.
A brief summary of the winter and its effects on other fruit plants in the
vicinity of Geneva will serve as a background for the data on filberts. The
first severe cold occurred on December 29 when the temperature dropped to
-21° F. This equalled the previous low record established in February, 1896.
On February 9 the minimum temperature recorded was -31° F. or ten degrees
lower than anything previously recorded in the history of the Station. The
minimum on February 8 was -16° F. and on February 10, -18° F.
Fruit trees suffered severe injury from these extreme temperatures. Nearly
all the older Baldwin apple trees in the vicinity were killed or so severely
injured as to be of no further value for fruit production. Peach fruit buds
were all killed and many of the trees succumbed, even in well cared for
orchards. Very few sweet cherry buds survived, and many trees were injured
or killed. Delaware, Catawba and Niagara grapes were also killed to the
ground or lost most of their buds. Japanese plums failed to bloom, and the
trees were severely injured. Nearly all climbing roses were killed to the
ground. Even the native elderberry, Sambucus canadensis, was killed back in
many cases. Such was the winter experienced by the filberts.
Before classifying the filbert varieties as to their hardiness, some general
statements regarding the effect of the cold on the filberts may be of interest.

The injury to the wood seemed to be due to a gradual drying out and the
clear cut distinction between winter killed wood and live wood so evident in
peaches, apples, and pears did not show in the filberts. The wood of the
filberts had a dried out appearance with a few brown streaks so that one
could not predict definitely in February the amount of injury. It was not until
midsummer that a true picture of the injury to the wood could be obtained.
This gradual drying out of the wood without the clear cut distinctions
between dead and live wood also characterized the winter killing of the
wood of grapes and raspberries. In the spring new growth on the injured
filbert wood started late. If the injury was slight the foliage soon reached
normal size. In some cases the early leaves were very small, but later
attained normal size. With trees that were severely injured the leaves
remained small until midsummer and then gradually turned yellow and died.
Many branches were killed outright and failed to start or only a bud here and
there would start. On the trees of a few varieties that were injured the least, a
few small leaves were the chief evidence of winter injury.
The recuperative power of the filbert seems to be nearly as great as that of
the peach and pear insofar as this may be determined by observation in the
orchard. In spite of the past winter the station filbert orchards present a fairly
good appearance except for a few varieties. It is probably safe to consider
filberts as hardy as peaches and sweet cherries.
The flowers of the filbert show a greater range in hardiness than those of
peaches and sweet cherries. The staminate flowers or catkins of a few
varieties are definitely hardier than peach flowers. Not a single peach
blossom survived but three filberts bloomed with only slightly more than the
usual amount of catkin killing. The pistillate or female flowers are much
hardier than peach flowers. The pistillate flowers are also hardier than the
wood as flowers were observed on trees the wood of which was nearly dead
by midsummer. In the older orchard about 16 varieties bore a number of
pistillate flowers that were recorded as medium or greater. These did not all
set nuts, however, owing to the scarcity of pollen, but the crop on seven
varieties was about medium. It should be emphasized at this point that there
were no peaches, practically no Japanese plums, very few sweet cherries,
and very few grapes in the Station orchards and vineyards this year. Trees in
the partially protected orchard fared somewhat better in regard to catkin
injury than those in the more exposed orchard. That full exposure to the

wind has much to do with winter killing of catkins is shown by the
following. After the severe freeze of December 29 and 30 when -21° F. was
experienced, catkins of several varieties were forced in the office. These all
opened and shed pollen normally. January 29 and 30 near zero temperatures
were experienced with very strong winds. Catkins forced in the office
immediately after this were nearly all killed. Since zero temperatures are not
uncommon at Geneva in winter, but are rare with strong winds, much of the
injury may be attributed to the combination of wind and cold.
Young trees were injured less in wood than old trees. This is well shown by a
comparison of two lots of Kentish Cob of different ages. Nine 9-year-old
trees were killed back from 50 to 80 percent in addition to considerable
weakening of the remaining wood. Eleven two-year-old trees in the same
orchard were uninjured.
The importance of exposure to winds as a factor in causing catkin killing is
further shown by a comparison of catkin killing in the two filbert orchards at
Geneva. In the younger orchard which is exposed to the full sweep of the
west wind not a catkin survived on any of the 66 varieties in that orchard. In
the other older orchard which is protected on the west and north by buildings
and spruce trees, sufficient catkins survived on three varieties to provide for
proper pollination. In discussing the effects of winter injury on the different
varieties it will be necessary to make a distinction between the two orchards.
Orchard 6 is the partially protected planting while Orchard 16 is fully
exposed. Most of the trees in Orchard 6 were nine years old, while those in
Orchard 16 are six years old or less. Wood injury, catkin injury, and pistil
injury will be treated separately.
In the first group are those varieties which suffered very severe wood injury.
They are Clackamas, Early Globe, English Cluster, and Oregon. The latter
two are very similar and may be identical. These were all nine year old trees
located in Orchard 6. The trees were so severely injured that their recovery is
doubtful and the development of new trees from suckers will be necessary.
Clackamas evidently suffered root killing as only one of the six trees is
producing suckers. In this group the trees leaved out, but the foliage was
small, usually less than one-fifth the size of normal foliage, and growth
weak. By August the leaves were yellow and many were shrivelling.

Varieties moderately to severely injured in Orchard 6 were Barcelona,
Kentish Cob (Du Chilly), Fertile de Coutard, Minna, Purple Aveline, Red
Aveline, White Aveline, White Lambert, D'Alger, and Montebello. In
Orchard 16 the severely injured varieties were Garibaldi, Kentish Filbert,
Marquis of Lorne, Princess Royal, Red Skinned, The Shah, Webbs Prize
Cob, Bandnuss, Einzeltragende Kegelformige, Liegels Zellernuss,
Multiflora, Schlesierin, Sicklers Zellernuss, Truchsess Zellernuss, Vollkugel,
Volle Zellernuss, Romische Nuss, Kruse and Rush. The trees of varieties in
this group were severely injured, but have a fair chance of recovering. In
many cases from 50 to 90 percent of the top was killed outright, and new
growth was weak. Most of the trees have a few fairly strong shoots from the
trunk or larger branches from which a new top may be developed. Four out
of 22 trees of Barcelona were killed entirely, indicating root as well as top
killing.
The last group includes those varieties of which less than 20 percent of the
wood was killed. The new growth was weakened slightly or not at all. In
many cases the tree is apparently uninjured and occasionally a single tree of
a variety may be severely injured while the others are unhurt. Varieties in
Orchard 6 belonging in this group are Alpha, Buttner Zeller, Cosford,
Daviana, Gubener Zeller, Gunzlebener Zeller, Gustav Zeller, Lange
Landsberger, Fichtwerdersche Zeller, Noce Lunghe, Italian Red, Large
Globe, Medium Long, Bollwiller, Nottingham, Halle, Red Lambert,
Gasaway, Guebener Barcelloner, Blumberger Zeller, Bixby, Jones Nos. 83,
207, 269, 310, and Corylus colurna.
In Orchard 16 varieties in this group include Cannon Ball, Duke of
Edinburgh, Pearson's Prolific, Barr's Zellernuss, Berger's Zellernuss,
Beethe's Zellernuss, Eckige Barcelloner, Grosse Kugelnuss, Heynicks
Zellernuss, Jeeves Samling, Kadetten Zellernuss, Kaiserin Eugenie,
Kurzhullige Zellernuss, Longe von Downton, Ludolph's Zellernuss, Luisen's
Zellernuss, Mogulnuss, Neue Riesennuss, Northamptonshire, Prolifique a
coque serree, Imperial de Trebizond, and Russ. Native sorts in this group are
Winkler, Littlepage, Wilder, a Corylus americana variety from the east end
of Lake Ontario, and a Corylus rostrata from Rhode Island. Seventeen 3-year
old French varieties were also uninjured, but in view of the general lack of
wood killing, on young filberts, they are not included in this list. It is evident
then that we have a number of varieties of which the wood is fairly hardy.

Catkin killing was very severe in both orchards and only those varieties
which had a few live catkins are listed. In Orchard 6 the catkin killing on
five trees of Italian Red ranged from 20 to 50 percent and on six trees of Red
Lambert from 10 to 20 percent. A few catkins on Alpha also survived. The
remaining 35 filbert varieties in this orchard lost all their catkins. Several
Jones hybrids in this orchard fared somewhat better. A few catkins survived
on Bixby. Jones 269 lost 10 percent, Jones 310 lost 30 percent, and Jones
207 lost none of its catkins. All the catkins were killed on Jones 83.
In Orchard 16, the story is soon told. Not a single live catkin was found in
the spring on the 66 filbert varieties in this orchard. Of the native hazels
Bush lost all its catkins, and Winkler none. All catkins were dead on the
Corylus rostrata from Rhode Island.
As stated earlier, the pistillate flowers were hardier than the catkins and
nearly all varieties in both orchards had at least an occasional female flower.
However, only those in which the number of pistillate flowers was described
as medium or numerous will be recorded here. In Orchard 6 these varieties
were Alpha, Cosford, Fichtwerdersche, Gubener Zeller, Gunzlebener Zeller,
Gustav's Zeller, Longe Landsberger, Noce Lunghe, Italian Red, Medium
Long, Bollwiller, White Lambert, Gasaway, Gubener Barcelloner,
Blumberger Zeller, and Unknown. Five Jones hybrids including Bixby had a
full pistillate bloom. Due to wood injury and possibly to a scarcity of pollen
only a few of these varieties bore more than a few nuts. Varieties bearing a
medium crop are Cosford, Italian Red, Medium Long, Gubener Zeller,
Gunzlebener Zeller, Bollwiller, and Unknown. Four of Jones hybrids
including Bixby, are bearing fair crops. The other varieties in this orchard
are bearing only an occasional nut or none.
In Orchard 16 the pistillate flowers were described as medium or numerous
on the following varieties: Barr's Zellernuss and the Winkler hazel. The other
65 varieties bore only an occasional flower. No filbert pollen was available
in this orchard, consequently Winkler is the only variety fruiting.
In Orchard 16 were 534 two-year-old trees from crosses between Rush and
various filbert varieties. The cross was made by Mr. Reed and the seedlings
were sent to Geneva by the late Mr. Bixby. Of these 534 seedlings, 62 bore
catkins. The catkins on 14 of these were uninjured, 19 had varying amounts
of injury, and 29 suffered 100 percent killing. Three hundred and ninety-two

bore pistillate flowers and 74 of these would probably have had full crops
had they been pollinated. In view of the complete loss of catkins on the
filbert varieties in this orchard, the survival of catkins on about half of the
blooming seedlings is of considerable interest to the filbert breeder. In
addition, none of these hybrids experienced any wood killing.
If the list of varieties which passed through the very severe winter of 1933-
34 is compared with the list of varieties which were not seriously injured by
the very mild winter of 1932-33, only two sorts, Italian Red and Red
Lambert are found to be satisfactorily hardy in wood and catkin. Red
Lambert is too unproductive to be used except as a pollenizer. Italian Red
may therefore be considered the most promising variety now available for
western New York conditions. The nut is satisfactory and the tree is one of
the most productive. Cosford and Medium Long may also be considered
among the hardiest in spite of the complete loss of catkins last winter. In all
previous winters they have been among the hardiest in wood and catkins. No
variety should be eliminated because of a lack of hardiness during the
coldest winter on record in the region where it is being grown, if it possesses
other desirable characters.
I think considerable encouragement may be derived from the previous
winter's experience. We are at last down to rock bottom and know what is
hardy and what is not. It is evident from the behavior of the Jones hybrids
and Mr. Reed's hybrids involving a similar parentage that sufficiently hardy
varieties will result from this line of breeding work to make filbert culture
possible in those sections of the country that are not too cold for peaches.

[A] Approved by the Director of the New York State Agricultural Experiment
Station for publication as Journal Paper No. 49.

Notes on Hickories
By A. B. Anthony

Sterling, Illinois
I am satisfied only when I am trying for the best, and the best to me in nuts
is the hickory. For the past nine years in the nut season, and sometimes out
of it, for nut shucks tell their story, I have been combing my own territory
with hopes of finding some hickories more worth while. About twenty
miles westward from my home brings one to the Mississippi River. One
hundred years ago most of this twenty mile land tract was covered with
timber, more or less interspersed with hickories, most of which have been
cut down. Along the Mississippi there were then shellbarks and shagbarks,
together with pecans, the latter of which I understand are all gone now. My
own location was originally prairie land out of which one could not go in
any direction without passing through a woodland tract. These nearer
woods held in nut trees more shagbarks than of any other nut variety, with
the bitter hickory nut coming in second place. As I thought about it, given a
good enough tree, it seemed to me the hickory was the greatest one we
could grow. Grandfather had let pass his opportunity to save any choice
ones. So had my father. And if the neighborhood zest was overfreighted
with purpose to find such trees I had not found it out. It looked to me like a
worthwhile endeavor not to let this neglect go further, even though chance
finds were much lessened from what they probably once were.
Having three or four kinds of hickories is no doubt a fine thing for us.
Nature cannot manage nearly so well with them as can man, but she makes
something of a hit once in a while. More than we think for, perhaps, in the
hickories we are using to graft from, there is quite likely, in the sizeable
shagbarks, something besides shagbark. Their distinctiveness, for which we
selected them, is due to a fortunate, unlike cross bringing out their
exceptional characteristics. What most hinders progress is quite conceivably
a sort of swamped unchangeableness. That is very possibly the likely
ailment we've got in our hazelnuts. There were no three or four kinds of

them scattered more or less everywhere about the country with which
nature could make chance crosses as with hickories. Seemingly my locality
ought to yield as many, perhaps more, exceptional hickory specimens than
many could. Here, or near here, the pecan of the south had reached its
northernmost trek. Here also was the shagbark, shellbark, bitternut. And
uniformity here should have more chance of a knockout. A riddance of
sameness. Hazelnuts conceded no such diversity to help nature make freaks.
In the hickory field was alteration, hope, and chance.
In the assemblage of varieties there is given opportunity for crosses that
nature occasionally delves into, and in the additional eccentric types getting
mixed, tending to offer in rare instances special merit. We have then
through mixture, not that fixedness that usually stands in the way, but a
getting away from set types where once in thousands of offerings a more
useful specimen is made, one nature herself cannot handle to our advantage,
but for which we should have our eyes open, and make use of when chance
comes our way.
Just two years ago tomorrow I came upon what to me was an eye feast. A
half grown hickory tree whose top-most limbs bent as in rare instances do
limbs when heavily laden with sleet. And the nuts were of good size for
shagbarks. With the shucks off there were forty-two pounds of them. They
proved to be quite good crackers. I sent a sample to Dr. Deming and he very
considerately gave them the name Anthony. From the shape of the nut, I
believe it has a trace of the bitternut hickory in its make-up. Mr. Reed has
likewise expressed such an opinion in writing me regarding it. This foreign
blood tinge gives it, I believe, its jump in size and its rather attractive form,
also I think, a bit lessening in quality. While we would like the very highest
quality in our nuts, it is conceivable that it may be advisable to do with
them as is done with peaches. Take the Elberta, with its many good traits,
even though it does fail somewhat in quality.
Having found this nut tree just two years ago hardly gives time enough for
adequate judgement of its merits. With something like three-fourths of an
inch of rain this year, from sometime in March to the seventeenth of June,
none of our crops can be judged by their performance. Skipping last year,
except for a very few nuts, this hickory came out this season heavy with
bloom. I was watching it at blooming time. On May 23 I brought home

from it a bit of bloom, laid it on a paper and the next morning it had shed its
pollen. The next morning after that we had a frost on low ground. This tree
is near such ground. With frost, and two dry seasons, this year's crop has
amounted to but one and one-half quarts. Most hickories have done little
since 1932.
Another hickory tree found last year that I call No. 2 did have four and one-
half pounds on it last season. It is hardly half grown, is a shagbark, my best
find toward cracking out in halves, and the earliest in maturing nuts of any
hickory I have found. It has no crop this year but is worth keeping an eye on
the coming seasons.
No. 3 is my best find in quality, quite good of cracking, good in size for a
shagbark and has possibly a trace of shellbark in its make-up. While bearing
light crops, it has been very consistent in doing so every year for at least
three years. It is an old tree, medium early in maturing its nuts and
doubtless could do better if freed from the under and surrounding smaller
trees. Its crop, shucks on this year, is sixty-five pounds, or above eighteen
pounds shucks off but not dried.
To the best of my present knowledge, and with such conveniences as I had,
and to aid in grafting, I should have been told to make a long narrow box,
put a wire screen bottom on it, make a cover for it, fasten a wire at each
end, put my scion wood in and let it down deep in a cistern, and let it hang
two or three inches over the water for scion keeping. When grafting I
should have been told to carry my Merribrooke melter around in an empty
pail to keep the wind from blowing it out and to be able to better hold the
blaze down and keep the wax at the right temperature. And when and if the
blaze does go out, do not try taking the thing apart for relighting. Instead,
split a small stick, put a match in the split, take out the wax cup, strike the
match and reach down from the top for relighting.
Talk to people about better hickories and you discern first that the subject
has never been brought to their attention. On further discussion, when they
are made to understand that worthwhile hickories can be grown, you come
to the balking point. It's the crop! It's too far off! People do not let the time
question bother them when they set out the usual dooryard trees because
expectancy goes no further than trees. In our latitude grafted hickories, first

of all trees, rightly should be in everyone's dooryard. It takes about as much
time to grow the best ornamental and shade trees as to make a hickory tree.
And the latter furnishes quite as much ornament, just as much shade as
were it some other kind of tree. Even if one cannot live long enough to eat
nuts from his own planting, plant grafted hickories anyway. Left to their
own, and most people's council, their lesser tree selections would approach
the eventual worth of a good hickory. Why not make the choice a good one?
No one knows, so far as I have ascertained, the age of a hickory. It is much
beyond that of an apple tree, at least in my locality. Of its close relation, the
pecan of the south, it has been said there are pecan trees there now bearing
nuts that were here when Christopher Columbus discovered America.
Not long ago I read that there are something like five thousand telescope
nuts in the country. (You know we here are all interested in nuts.) I can
understand that it is interesting to search off in vast spaces to ascertain facts,
but it is hard to understand why more people cannot find interest in rare and
useful nut sports that can be strived for and, in addition to that enthusiasm,
help give to future mankind that first of all essentials, food.
Whether we can get a helpful clue with experiences of the past I do not
know. But I often cannot help but recall a bit of the blindness of man when I
think of the potato. It was once said that they were fit only for hogs to eat.
Many years back when they were having war in Ireland, soldiers would go
through people's home and take all they had to eat. It was found, however,
where there was a potato patch soldiers would run right over them, giving
no thought of there finding food. There then was a chance for home
dwellers to better hold their own and it gave the impetus, the beginning of
potato growing, to the Caucasian race and the name we have to this day,
Irish potato. Years later, when they still had kings in France, their ruler
realized his poor subjects could help themselves so much if they would only
grow potatoes. There seemed no way of getting them to do so. One day,
however, the king went and had a plat of ground planted to potatoes, set
guards around it day and night, and let it be known they were the king's
potatoes and no one was going to be allowed to steal them. That awoke the
people. If potatoes were that good the king would have them, they would
have them also.

Franklin Roosevelt likes trees. Do you suppose we could get him to be a
king to lead for the finest in tree planting, grafted hickory-nut trees?
Another thing. Every bit we can add to the feeling and knowledge of our
securing is a help to us. We have many people whose make-up is not one
that enables them to provide for their later years, not even if they earned ten
dollars a day over a long period of time. Planting grafted hickories would
be something of a standby, extend away into the years, and helping too
when physical strength is no more ours. So too, we can count too much
sometimes on what we have in a bank. We may do likewise with an
insurance company. And there have been people whose governments went
back on them. Ours has, on gold promises! All one's hickory trees, had he
such, are not likely to treat him like that, at least won't all die in a bunch!
They won't even refuse a crop because of a depression! And if one couldn't
eat all of his nuts or even any of them, they are something to offer in trade
for that which can be used.
Again, if I am not mistaken, there is nothing that we of this latitude do grow
or can grow in field or garden that so equally takes the place of meat as do
nuts. Speaking of gardens, it has been said "gardening is an occupation for
which no man is too high or too low." Likewise could the truth be so said
for so clean a pursuit as nut growing.
History has spoken of "the age of acorns." We hope we can look into a not
too distant future and rightly see additional help, food, leisure, income for
everybody made so partially, in a little way at least, in an age with nuts.
Dr. Deming:
Mr. Anthony sent me quite a generous sample of his hickory and I got to be
quite familiar with it. I consider the Anthony one of our best hickories. It is
quite evident from his paper that he is a thinking man, and I noticed that he
has found out in two or three years things which I have found out only after
twenty-five or thirty years of study and which I thought were exclusively
possessions of my own.
Mr. Reed:
The shellbarks and shagbarks are among the finest looking trees in
Washington. They are symmetrical, erect and have dark green or light green

foliage. At this time of year they are taking on a superb golden yellow. The
landscape gardeners use the hickories for the golden effect of the foliage.
Before we get through with this meeting I would like to get some reports
from the people from the North as to which species grow the farthest north.
Is it the black walnut or the shagbark? Does the bitternut grow farther north
than either one of them?
Mr. Corsan:
Yes. The bitternut grows 150 miles north of Ottawa. The hickory is much
farther north than the black walnut.
Mr. Snyder:
It has always been my impression that the butternut reached farther north
than the black walnut.
Mr. Ellis:
The hickories go as far north as Lake Champlain. The butternuts go up as
far as the line of Canada.
Mr. Corsan:
Butternuts go way above the Canadian line.
Mr. Reed:
In New England the shagbark grows considerably farther north than the
black walnut and west of the Great Lakes the black walnut grows farther
north than the hickory.
Mr. Walker:
I believe the bitternut grows farther north than the butternut. I think the
rivers have an influence on them. Getting away from the rivers you don't
have to go so far before they run out.
The President:
With the exhibits is a picture of a Wisconsin black walnut I grafted myself.
Dr. Zimmerman also has one growing. The meat of this black walnut is as

white and sweet as an English walnut. I think it is quite promising for
northern territory. Mr. Reed, did you have an opportunity to test them.
Mr. Reed:
They impressed me as being very promising. I tried to get cions but was not
able to at that time.
Dr. Zimmerman:
I don't think I have ever seen a hickory nut tree so loaded with nuts as a
Manahan which I have grafted on bitternut. The Taylor every year sets a
bunch of young nutlets, but I have never yet seen a catkin on it. I don't
know anything that will pollinate it. Until we select buds for hickory nuts
and walnuts as they do for citrus and other fruit, I don't believe we can get
very far.
Mr. Reed:
I have some hickories growing and fruiting well on bitternut. I've also seen
enough of them not growing well so that I prefer shagbark to bitternut. I
prefer shagbark on shagbark.
Motion was made and carried that the next annual meeting of the Northern
Nut Growers' Association be held at Rockport, Indiana, Monday and
Tuesday, September 9 and 10, 1935.

Letter from Rev. Paul C. Crath
Kosseev, Poland

(Read by Title)
Being eager to get on time to the walnut harvest in the Carpathian region
and personally select walnuts for planting in Canada and the U.S.A. I
borrowed $400 and—now I am here. On October 11 I sent to Toronto eight
boxes of selected walnuts, about 50,000 in all, and I hope they will arrive in
Toronto in time for the Royal Winter Fair. There are 43 varieties and
amongst them some of very high quality are on the way to our Acadia. But
it was no easy task to find out here good walnuts. I bought 1400 kilograms
of different nuts before I picked out of them 600 kg. for Canada. Besides
me three men were busy searching for the best walnuts in the orchards of
Kosseev and Kooty. Inclosed please find a description of 45 walnut trees
and their nuts. A collection of these nuts I am sending you separately.
I found here that:
1. Every walnut tree bears nuts of different variety. The nuts differ from
nuts of other trees in shape, hardness of shell, size, texture and flavor of
kernels.
2. On every tree walnuts are of three sizes, large, medium and small. It
depends how much sunshine they receive. Those nearer to the trunk and on
the northern side of the tree are the smallest.
3. According to flavor the walnut trees may be divided into three different
groups. Those which bear nuts of sweet kernel are the best. Those nuts
which have some bitter flavor are not bad, but those which are languid or
tasteless are no good at all.
4. Giants have kernels smaller than the cavity of their shell. But I was told
that in this country somewhere are Giants with sweet, hard kernels which
fill up their paper-thin shell fully. Some gentleman pointed to the city of

Tchernievtjee as a source of good Giants. It is not far from Kosseev, but on
the other side of Rumanian frontier. It means that I should go to the
province of Bookovina if we wish to find those perfect Giants. I sent to
Canada some good Giants, but not perfect ones yet.
A physician who resides in Kooty told me that in the mountaineers villages
of Rozhen (500 meters above sea level) there is a tree bearing awfully sweet
walnuts. He ate those nuts but he does not know the name of the owner.
Now it is my task to find those nuts. In the village of Twedeev (400 meters
above sea level) is a tree bearing one year large nuts and next year small
nuts. But those small nuts are awfully oily. I failed to secure nuts from that
tree but I know its whereabouts. There in the mountains about 600 meters
above the sea level comes the line beyond which no walnut tree grows. That
line is stretched from the east to the west along the northern slope of the
Carpathian region. I have seen some nuts from that colder belt. In shape
they are rough, but one variety has papershell and sweet flavor. It seems to
me that among these (as natives call them Hutzoolian walnuts) we could
find some good variety for northern Ontario and maybe Manitoba. My
nearest task will be to go along the cold line and select some walnut trees
there.
Kooty and Kooseev district are really walnut country. This district produces
papershell walnuts for other parts of Poland. But walnut trees could be
found five degrees to the north. Too, I wish to investigate walnuts north of
the Dniester River and then proceed farther north to find the northern limit
beyond which no walnut grows. I am going to publish 3000 questionnaires,
one for each walnut tree. I or my friends would examine these
questionnaires when filled out. Maybe we'll come across some extra good
walnut through this inquiry. But the easiest way to locate the best walnut is
to organize a walnut contest as you did in Michigan, with the help of Mr.
Kellogg. With the help of the local agricultural papers we could have such a
contest and I am sure we'll have an amazing success. Do your best to get
some funds for the prizes. Then please go to the Royal Winter Fair which
starts this fall November 21 and inspect my walnuts I shipped there
recently. Create a judging committee of Prof. Neilson, Mr. Corsan, Dr.
Currelly and others. Open a couple nuts of each variety and judge which
walnuts are the best. Then write me from what trees I should cut scions.
You see, I am waiting now for winter to cut scions from trees bearing the

best walnuts I found. Then after Xmas I'll ship to Canada a large box
containing about 10,000 walnut scions. I expect to cut every scion
personally and that way secure the best stuff for the spring grafting.
I am told that there are in Latvia filberts of very good type. Latvian filberts
have grown eight inches thick in diameter. In that country the ground is
frozen in October, like in Manitolia. It seems to me that the Latvian filbert
will be ideal for the northern part of the North America. I wish to go there
too while I am in Europe. I would bring the Latvian filbert to Canada and
the U.S.A. if a small financial support could be given to me to accomplish
this task.
To assure bringing of the best walnut into Canada and the U.S.A. I made an
agreement with a local gardener to graft for us 500 walnut seedlings with
the scions I would secure for him. Thus grafted seedlings could be brought
to Canada the next fall. Furthermore, I have an idea to create the largest and
the best walnut which ever grew on the globe. For this purpose I selected
several walnut trees bearing Giant nuts and I wish to pollenize them next
spring with pollen of a tree which yields the hardest and the sweetest
kernel. Such a tree is in the city of Stanislav. And here in Kosseev is a tree
bearing Giants which before they are dried weigh ten nuts to one kilogram
(2.204 pounds). I hope that combination could give us a desirable type.
It is also desirable for me to stay in this country until the fall of 1935. Then
I am sure that we'd have some desirable walnuts and filberts. I hope that my
friends in Canada and the U.S.A. would come with financial help to give
me a chance to accomplish my task. To assure the shipment of scions I need
one hundred dollars. For my existence in this country I need $240 for next
twelve months, and for traveling expenses about $100. All together I need
$500. I hope that some Canadian or American would understand the
importance of my expedition and will come with the help. Please put my
case before some people who would back me in my enterprise.
Mr. Corsan:
Mr. Crath is a Presbyterian minister, he is out of a job and he is a man of
extraordinary practical skill in agriculture. Now he informs me that, up in
the Carpathian mountain region, in the valleys they don't have the English
walnut, but the estates up in the mountains for hundreds of years have

cultivated and selected it. The estates are being divided up and the trees cut
down. He has gone up there to select these trees to have the nuts sent to him
before the dealers get them and kill-dry to insure them against spoiling.

The Chestnut Situation in Illinois
By Dr. A. S. Colby, Illinois

Illinois claims prominence as a state where the commercial chestnut crop
has been a profitable one for many years, beginning nearly three decades
ago. Before chestnut blight, Endothia parasitica (Murrill), killed the trees in
the East, tons of nuts were gathered there and a considerable quantity
marketed; these, however, were chiefly of the smaller native species and
little attention was paid to the trees, most of which were wild. During the
past few years some consideration has been given chestnut culture in the far
West; this development, however, is quite recent.
Two men stand out as pioneers in Illinois nut growing: the late George W.
Endicott of Villa Ridge, who crossed the native American with the Giant
Japanese chestnut in 1895, his work resulting in the origination of the
Boone, Blair, and Riehl varieties, the fruit of which combines the size of the
Japanese with the quality of the American parent; and the late E. A. Riehl of
Godfrey, who for over 30 years, until his death in 1925, carried on
experimental work in nut culture, originating, among others, the Fuller and
Gibbens chestnuts, superior late and early varieties. Both Mr. Endicott and
Mr. Riehl planted the better varieties in orchard form and found the
undertaking a very profitable one.
The third large orchard planting in Illinois is located at Farina and owned
by the Whitford family. Here the soil type is less favorable for chestnuts and
the water drainage is not of the best, but in spite of these disadvantages, the
trees are productive.
These orchards, with other smaller plantings in the state, came into full
bearing at about the time of the gradual failure of the eastern crops and have
made money for their owners, especially where attention was paid to sizing
the nuts and to other advanced marketing practices.
During the past twenty years, interest in chestnut culture in Illinois has been
increasing gradually. Many plantings of the improved varieties have been

made in widely scattered localities. Through the co-operation of Mr. P. A.
Glenn, of the State Nursery Inspection Service, a survey of Illinois has been
begun to locate all the chestnut trees in the state. By the fall of 1934, with
about one-third of the counties surveyed, a total of 7,601 chestnut trees has
been found, approximately one-half of which are of bearing and one-half
non-bearing age. This latter group includes nursery stock and newly planted
young trees mostly of named varieties.
In a preliminary study of the approximately 3,700 trees of bearing age, a
number of facts of interest were noted. Nearly all these chestnuts were of
the named varieties, the plantings ranging in size from 1 to 800 individuals
and in age from 5 to 40 years. Most of them were planted in orchard form
and given some attention as to cultural needs. However, there were over
400 older trees averaging from 50 to 60 years with five, 80 years of age and
three reported to be 130 years old.
These older trees are in poor condition as a rule, with many dead tops and
branches and hollow trunks, but still struggling for life and producing some
nuts. Very little care had been given them. They were found along the
roadside, in pastures, in the yard about the home, in rows bordering an
orchard. Some of these older trees were known to be seedlings from seeds
brought in from the East; others had been planted, the trees coming from
eastern sections. Very few of these trees are infected with blight. They
indicate ages at which chestnut trees may be productive in Illinois if blight
is controlled.
Satisfactory soil and climatic conditions for chestnut culture are found in
most sections of Illinois, since plantings are reported from Pulaski County
in the extreme south to Lee in the north, and in the central sections from
Champaign west to Hancock County. As the survey progresses, it is
probable that these limits will be extended.
One of the reasons for the state survey was to make a careful inspection of
the trees found for evidence of chestnut blight and to have the necessary
steps taken for its prompt eradication. Blight was found in Illinois in 1926,
and efforts have been made since that time to eradicate it. Only a few
infected trees were located prior to 1934. Most of them have been
destroyed. In this year's (1934) survey, 123 diseased trees were found, and

these are being handled in the most effective way to check further spread of
the blight. These trees were found in nine counties, mostly scattered over
the southern third of the state, with one infection center in central Illinois in
Logan County.
Such is the present status of the chestnut in Illinois. What of the future? We
believe that chestnut blight will continue to spread. The disease has been
reported in several of the near-by states, including Michigan, Indiana and
Iowa. With the scattered centers of infection in Illinois, it is probable that
other diseased trees will continue to appear. Only the most determined
efforts to check it, based upon a thorough understanding of the life cycle of
its causal fungus, can be of any possible value in keeping it in control for
any considerable time. Continuous inspection of the trees, with prompt
removal of diseased material, such as cankers and infected branches,
following methods recognized as sanitary, and immediate burning will be
very helpful in checking the trouble. When the entire tree is infected,
necessitating its removal, the stump should be treated by peeling back the
bark and building a hot fire around the trunk in order that all bark tissues
shall be destroyed. It is advisable, also, that all chestnut trees be given good
care, especially as regards their needs for plant nutrients. Beginning with
the young trees, newly planted, bark injuries of any kind should be guarded
against. Extreme care is necessary in the training of the scaffold branches,
as the tree grows, in order that the mature tree shall be well formed with as
few large wounds as possible through the removal of large branches.
The application of fungicidal sprays, such as Bordeaux, at intervals
throughout the growing season, may be helpful. The trunk and the main
branches, especially, of young trees should be protected from sun scald.
Borers and other insects must be kept out. Injury from tools used about the
trees must be guarded against. Any break in the bark offers easy entrance to
the fungus spores. Wrapping the trunk with burlap or paper may be very
helpful in preventing such injuries. Probably the best time of year to make
necessary pruning cuts is in early spring. Pruning should be followed by the
painting of the wounds with shellac, later covering this with a good grade of
paint. The tree should be well fed to aid in the growth of callus formation to
cover the wound quickly.

Other methods of attack in solving the problem include the immunization of
the chestnut against the blight and the breeding of resistant varieties.
Experimental work along these lines is being carried on by individuals and
Federal and State agencies, but the work has not as yet progressed
sufficiently to give results of commercial value.
If careful cultural methods are followed in every locality, with special
emphasis on the prompt and thorough disposal of diseased material, by
removal and burning, we can look forward to a number of years of
profitable chestnut production in Illinois.
Dr. Deming:
Is the Riehl orchard free from blight?
Dr. Colby:
One of the same gentlemen who visited Ithaca the other day, by authority, is
making a very careful survey for disease of the nut trees in the eastern and
northern United States. The Riehl orchard that we visited last year about
this time had considerably over 100 trees badly diseased. We'll have to do
the best we can with the old trees but watch the young ones carefully.
Dr. Deming:
Don't you think that one of the commonest causes of the blight of chestnut
trees is through the wounds and the inoculations made by the claws of
squirrels?
Dr. Colby:
Yes, and also woodpeckers. The old trees can be preserved for a longer or
shorter time, depending on the care that is given to them. We found the
disease down in the Endicott orchard, even in plantings of mature standing.
There have been several trees located at Lincoln where the disease has been
found. Any of those old trees where there are any injuries to the bark will be
subject to the trouble.

Report on Commercial Cracking and
Merchandising of Black Walnuts
By H. F. Stoke, Virginia

(Read by Title)
The 1933 black walnut crop of southwestern Virginia was light and
exceedingly spotted. Some districts reported a complete failure, a most
unusual condition.
The volume of shelled nuts offered on the local market was smaller than
usual, due partly to scarcity of the nuts and partly because the mountain
folk who produce most of the kernels were not so keen at cracking walnuts
for a pittance when once they had tasted the sweets of 40 cents per hour on
road work offered as part of the Federal recovery program. This, apparently,
will become a factor in the development of commercial cracking plants.
The price was better than for several years past. Home-cracked nuts sold at
an average price of 25 cents per pound to local consumers, who took most
of the season's production. Sales to northern concerns were mostly at from
30 to 35 cents for hand-picked goods, ranging up to 38 cents per pound by
midsummer. I do not know present prices.
The writer knows of no new development in mechanical cracking and
separating processes. At the present time he is completing the construction
of a power driven cracker of new design, but any report must await
successful operation.
In the marketing of kernels five channels may be considered:
1. The local consumer market, which should be cultivated as far as possible.
2. Mail order consumer, usually reached by advertising. A two-pound carton
lined with wax paper makes a most satisfactory unit for sales of this kind.
This package has been selling generally at $1.25, postpaid.

3. Commercial consumers, who are usually manufacturers of food products,
such as bakeries, ice cream manufacturers, confectioners, etc. Usually these
people buy from wholesale supply houses.
In order to hold this trade the producer should be in a position to fill orders
throughout the year. An "In-and-outer" cannot hope to hold this excellent
class of customers.
4. Wholesale supply houses, who specialize on supplying commercial
consumers and nut stores.
These people depend on buying their season's supply as cheaply as possible
during the flush period and distributing later at a profit.
It is to their interest to demoralize the market early, so they can buy cheaply,
and later proclaim a scarcity so the market will advance to profitable levels.
They seem fully alive to their interests. At the opening of the past season
one very prominent New York buyer was offering from 16 to 18 cents per
pound for hand-picked kernels, though I knew of none selling at anywhere
near that figure.
This class of customer is rather unsatisfactory, though they will pay fair
prices late in the season if a real shortage exists, and they are out of
supplies.
5. A good, honest broker or commission merchant is probably the most
satisfactory channel for handling large quantities of kernels. He is
acquainted with actual prices and market conditions, as well as a large list
of possible customers. His customers are usually commercial consumers,
though he also sells wholesale supply houses. His commission is usually 3
per cent.
As a note of warning, be sure your broker is honest, then stick to him. Some
concerns masquerading as brokers or commission merchants are really
wholesale buyers on their own account. They will charge the shipper a
commission on sales to themselves at a low figure. The Baltimore market
seems especially cursed with this sort of thing, though it is now, I believe,
forbidden by a code. As a whole, Baltimore is not a very satisfactory market
for black walnut kernels, though the largest in the East. I find Philadelphia
and New York more satisfactory.

The outlook for the 1934 black walnut crop in this section is most
promising. A dry spring was favorable to a good set of nuts, while plenty of
rain during the summer guarantees good size. Prices will probably be
satisfactory, due to the extreme drought in the West and the labor situation
already referred to.
At this point I shall digress from the subject assigned me. The following
matter may be left off the record, at your discretion.
a. In my 1932 report I made mention of several promising black walnut
seedlings found in this locality. Samples of the nuts of the parent trees of
the 1931 crop have been kept to the present time. All have deteriorated to a
greater or lesser degree except the Stanley, which is as sweet and good as
when gathered. The Stanley and Caldwell are precocious as grafted trees.
The Bowman seedling tree, which was reported as most precocious, is
continuing its record of not having missed a crop since its third season from
seed. It must be reported, however, that a two-year-old graft of this tree has
not borne, as yet.
b. One thing of interest concerning the black walnut that has been observed
is the scarcity of the walnut web worm this season, none having been
observed by the writer up to September 1st. Is this a general or a local
condition?
The year of the Geneva convention, 1931, was the worst ever observed by
the writer in this respect. Do web worms occur in cycles, or do other
conditions govern their appearance?
c. The injury caused by the melting of grafting and coating waxes by the hot
sun is well known. Last spring an attempt was made to overcome the
difficulty by painting the waxed surface with aluminum bronze paint. The
experiment was a complete success, as even straight paraffine failed to melt
beneath the aluminum coating during the hottest summer here on record.
English walnut grafts so protected were more than usually successful.
Reflection of the sun's rays by the bright surface undoubtedly lowered the
temperature to below the melting point of the paraffine. This lowered
temperature was also doubtless beneficial to the life processes of the graft
union.

Direct coating of the trunks of newly set trees with the aluminum paint,
without the use of wax, was also tried with satisfactory results. Applied
direct to the dormant buds of the sweet cherry, however, it proved toxic, as
the buds never developed. This was no doubt due to the bronzing liquid
rather than to the aluminum.
The material is very easily applied, either with a brush or spray, and makes
a silvery, impervious and very durable coating. It should be completely
effective as a preventative of sun-burn of the bark of tender species,
especially to cover the creosote applications sometimes used by tree
surgeons. Such black coverings often defeat their purpose in the hot sun by
killing the living tissues by the absorption of the sun's heat.
At the present time manufacturers are being corresponded with looking to
the development of a bronzing liquid that shall be non-toxic to buds.
Now if some investigator will come forward with a non-toxic, water soluble
coating material for the roots of nursery stock, Professor Neilson's dream
will be fully realized.
Last year Mr. Homer Jacobs of the Davey Tree Expert Company gave us a
very excellent report of his company's experiments with various coatings
used in connection with the moving of large trees. It is to be hoped that they
will add aluminum bronze paint to the list of materials tested, and give us
the benefit of their findings at our next convention.
In the meantime, the private experiments mentioned will be continued.
d. A publicity stunt for the furtherance of nut culture is being tried in the
way of vases filled with sprays of Oriental chestnut, with opening burrs,
displayed in the windows of our leading department store, with a showing
of fall goods. A card gives credit for the display.
Judging from the enthusiasm with which the store manager and the window
dresser received the suggestion, it would appear that the idea could be used
almost anywhere. If living sprays were not available, a display of nuts
hardy to the locality could doubtless be used in the same manner. Cards
identifying the nuts and stating they were grown (or could be grown)
locally would add to the interest.

It is a matter of deepest personal regret that, due to a combination of New
Deal, raw deal and general lack of a great deal, I am unable to be with you
other than in spirit.
I salute you.

Nut Culture in Ontario
By George H. Corsan

Islington, Ontario
As most of you know, I was away from my place for six years, but in the
meantime my nut trees grew and yielded. The past season has been most
severe on nut trees and plants. Last winter the winds came straight across
the land without any apparent obstruction, and it blew all winter long and
we had no snow. Then a dry summer with a little moisture in the fall has
created a situation that was never known before. Last year I gathered nine
large baskets of filberts but this year I secured only about three baskets of
filberts and these from bushes that were in a protected place. Most of the
male catkins had frozen. The filberts in the unprotected places died. A
Burlington Hican (purchased as a Marquardt) lived under circumstances
that hardly any other tree could withstand. One Stanley shellbark lived and
one died. It is strange how hardy the pecans are. Not a bud was killed last
winter. It is seldom that the pecans mature a crop as the summer season is
too short in Ontario, but they grow well and make a beautiful tree. We find
that hickories grafted on pecan stocks do well, putting on two and one-half
to three feet of new growth in a year. The butternut is so common around
certain parts of Ontario and Quebec that the people do not even bring it to
market, but they do appreciate it.
I am carrying on a program over the air as I am the "Nut" man of station
CFRB and follow the farm report on prices at 1:45 o'clock each afternoon.
We are trying to influence the farmers to plant nut trees along the lanes,
around the barns and in the pastures and thus beautify the farms and bring
the boys and girls back from the cities. None of the work that has been done
in the research line of agriculture has approached the value of the work that
Prof. Neilson has done here in Michigan in the last few years. The surface
of the farms can be planted to grains and vegetables and yield practically
nothing, but you can plant a nut tree and it will reach down into the sub-soil
with its long roots and bring up the finest food in the form of nut meats.

Nut Growing on a Commercial Basis
By Amelia Riehl, Illinois

(Read by Title)
I have several times given figures stating the size of our chestnut crop and
the income from year to year. To this I might add that the crop last year
amounted to 6,423 pounds and was sold at wholesale for $1,082.76.
Because we do a good part of the work ourselves, it is hard to figure the
cost of harvesting. But the amount we paid out in cash comes away below
$100.00. We still think it pays to grow chestnuts, though things look pretty
bad around here now.
This was the third very dry season we have had in succession, and the very
worst of all. We had no rain at all for over seventy days, and the heat was
terrible. Everything suffered from drought. Even forest trees on the island
below us died from lack of moisture. You can imagine what happened to the
nut trees on the steep hillsides. All were more or less scorched, and many of
them actually died. These are the old trees that father planted years ago. The
young trees, which were planted after he was gone, on fairly level ground,
are heavy with burrs, and I know will produce a fair crop of nuts as usual.
For the first time in several years we will have no hazels. They bloomed
very early this year and were caught by late frost. There are a few walnuts
on some of the trees, but I doubt if they will be well filled.
For forty years father tried to grow English walnuts, but never succeeded in
getting any of them to bear nuts. Finally gave it up in disgust. After he was
gone we started out all over again, planting several varieties that were
thought to be hardy. Now for the first time one of them has set eight nuts. It
is the Alpine variety, scions of which were given me by Mr. J. F. Jones. Of
course, it is yet to be seen whether or not there is anything in these nuts. But
it is encouraging anyway.
We all send greetings to our many friends at the convention. Will be with
you in thought and wish you all a happy time.

Some Notes on the Hardiness of the English
Walnut in Michigan and Ontario
By J. A. Neilson, Michigan

In a study of the desirable characters of nut trees for planting in the northern
part of the United States and in southern Canada, one is forced to place
hardiness first. Rapid growth, high yield and excellent quality of nuts are of
little value if hardiness is lacking. Hardiness, of course, is a relative term
and may be applied to disease and insect resistance, adaptability to diverse
soils and capacity to withstand extremes of winter and summer
temperatures. In the present paper emphasis will be placed on resistance to
winter cold and to unusual weather conditions, such as occurred during the
autumn of 1933 and the winter of 1933 and 1934.
In order to properly understand the effect of the past winter on the English
walnut, it will be necessary to devote some attention to the weather
conditions that prevailed in the southern half of Michigan in the autumn of
1933. A perusal of the meteorological records shows that the average
maximum and minimum temperatures in September and October were
unusually high and that there was a heavy rainfall in these two months. The
following table shows the precipitation and temperatures recorded at the
Kellogg Farm where most of our nut cultural experiments are conducted.
September—The average maximum temperature, 79.1; average minimum
temperature, 55.7; precipitation, 4.55 inches. October—The average
maximum temperature, 60.1; average minimum temperature, 38.4;
precipitation, 6.81 inches.
The unusually high temperatures and heavy rainfall caused growth to
continue much later than normally and thus prevented the wood from
ripening properly before winter set in.
English walnuts are found at several places throughout the lower peninsula
and more particularly in the southern half of the state. In no place, however,

are the trees numerous with the exception of a small area around Lexington,
where there are approximately 100 trees. Inasmuch as this paper deals with
the effect of low temperatures on the English walnut, the minimum
temperatures of the weather station nearest to the places mentioned in the
following text are given hereunder.

Lowest
Mo.-
Place Temp.
Date
Allegan Feb. 9 -19
Bay City Feb. 9 -20
Caro Feb. 9 -30
Croswell Feb. 9 -26
Fennville Feb. 9 -20
Flint Feb. 9 -15
Grand Rapids Feb. 9 -16
Gull Lake—Kellogg
Feb. 9 -18
Farm
Hart Feb. 9 -22
Lansing Feb. 9 -18
Mount Pleasant Feb. 9 -21
Muskegon Feb. 9 -16
Owosso Feb. 9 -20
Saranac Feb. 20 -25
Sparta Feb. 9 [A]
-22
Leamington, Ont. Feb. 9 -18
Guelph Feb. 9 -30
Simcoe Feb. 9 -30
[A] Unofficial.

The extreme cold of the past winter following a warm, wet autumn caused a
great deal of injury to English walnut trees in this state and elsewhere. The
data presented herein were obtained by a careful examination of several
plantations or individual trees scattered over the southern half of the lower
peninsula in Michigan and in southwestern Ontario. To properly present this

information it seems desirable to group the varieties or strains according to
their place of origin.

Group 1. Cultivated Varieties from the Pacific Coast.

In this group we have Mayette, Franquette and Seeando. The Mayette has
been considered one of the hardiest of the cultivated varieties and was
therefore included in the plantings at the Kellogg Farm. More than twenty
trees were planted and every one died last winter or in the preceding winter.
Seeando, a new and supposedly hardy variety from Washington state, was
planted in limited numbers in the spring of 1933, but every tree perished
last winter. Franquette was not planted as a nursery tree, but was top-grafted
on several large black walnuts at the Kellogg Farm and at East Lansing,
Michigan. The grafts made a vigorous growth but only two out of eleven
lived through the winter. In Simcoe, Ontario, where the minimum
temperature was -30F, a six-year-old tree was so badly injured that it will
likely die this winter, but should it not perish, the degree of injury is so
severe that it will be of very little value. In the Niagara district the
Franquette top-grafted in 1926 on black walnut came through in moderately
good condition, but in this part of Ontario the minimum temperature was
only 10 below zero F.

Group 2. New Varieties of Canadian Origin.

This group contains Broadview and McDermid. Broadview scions were
secured from Mr. J. J. Gellatly of Westbank, B. C., who discovered the
variety near Broadview, B. C. These scions were grafted on a medium-sized
black walnut in 1931 and have since made a remarkable growth, but
notwithstanding the vigorous growth there was no killing back during the
past winter or in preceding winters. This variety was also grown as a top-
graft by Mr. Carl Walker of Cleveland Heights, Ohio, where the minimum
temperature last winter was -26 degrees F. Some killing back was reported
on this tree, but the injury was not severe enough to be serious. The
Broadview is reported to have endured without injury -25 degrees F. in
British Columbia and in Russia, where the parent tree originated, equally
low temperatures are said to prevail. The McDermid was obtained from Mr.

Peter McDermid of St. Catherines, Ontario. This tree is a third generation
tree in Ontario and is descended from a tree brought out from Germany
more than 100 years ago. The nuts are large with a moderately thick shell
and contain a kernel of excellent quality. McDermid has been grown as a
top graft at Simcoe, Ontario, East Lansing, the Kellogg Farm and Estate
near Augusta and at South Haven, Michigan. All of the trees of this Variety
grown in Michigan came through without injury, but the tree at Simcoe,
Ontario, suffered somewhat by killing back of the past season's growth. The
larger branches and trunk, however, were uninjured and have since made a
rank growth. The McDermid top-grafted on a black walnut on Mr. G.
Tolles' farm at South Haven proved hardy and was one of the few English
walnut trees in Michigan to bear nuts this year.
At the Michigan State College where the temperature went to -18 degrees F.
vigorous McDermid grafts on a thrifty black walnut were uninjured
whereas all the Franquette grafts on the same tree were killed outright.
Similar results were noted on several trees at the Kellogg Farm near
Augusta, Michigan.

Group 3. Carpathian Walnuts.

This strain of Juglans regia was introduced into Canada by Rev. P. C. Crath
of 48 Peterboro Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, from the Carpathian mountains
in southeastern Poland. In this part of Europe the winter temperatures are
reported to go to -20 degrees F., and occasionally lower. In the winter of
1928-29 a vast amount of injury was done to fruit trees and the less hardy
English walnut trees in Poland, but a number of English walnuts came
through without serious injury. Scion wood of some hardy selections was
sent in 1932 to the writer by Mr. Crath, who was then in Poland. This
material was grafted on vigorous growing black walnuts in the spring of
1932 and good results were secured with two varieties. These varieties
made a vigorous growth, but notwithstanding this they showed not the
slightest injury in the spring of 1934. The growth made during the summer
of 1934 has been remarkable and if this unusually vigorous growth survives
the coming winter it would seem as though we have an exceptionally hardy
strain. The nut characters and productiveness of these varieties have not yet
been determined in Michigan, but if they are equal to some of the trees of

the same origin, then we will have very valuable trees. These strains have
been named Crath and are distinguished by Nos. 2 and 5.
About 100 small seedlings of Polish origin were purchased from Mr.
Landega of Toronto, Ontario, an associate of Mr. Crath, and planted at the
Kellogg Farm in 1932. These trees have been subjected to trying conditions
through drouth, competition with alfalfa, late growth and severe winter
temperatures. As a result some have died, but a number are growing nicely,
and it is expected that some of these will eventually become established.
Seedlings of this lot suffered only slight injury near Sparta, Michigan, but
grafts from these same seedling trees set on a vigorous young black walnut
were very severely injured. Another tree from this group endured the severe
cold at Madison, Wisconsin, during the past winter and made a rapid
growth this season.
Scions from another fine tree of Polish origin growing at Mr. Crath's place
in Toronto were set on several trees in this state in the spring of 1933 and in
every case endured the lowest temperature without much injury to the new
growth. A very unusual condition was noted, though on three young black
walnut trees top-grafted to scions of this tree. On these trees the vigorous
grafts appeared to be uninjured in the wood, but the bark at the point of
union on both stock and scion was so severely injured that the grafts died.
An examination showed evidences of bark splitting and this was
undoubtedly caused by a severe and sudden cold spell following a very late
and extremely vigorous growth. Scions of this strain were grafted on a
medium sized black walnut at Caro, Michigan, and these endured -30
degrees F. without serious injury. A small black walnut tree at the Kellogg
Farm top-grafted to scions of another Crath seedling showed bark injury on
the lower half of the stock, but fortunately the extent of the injury was not
great and the graft was saved. It also made a vigorous growth this season
notwithstanding the hot dry weather and injury to the bark on the stock.
Scions of this strain were grafted on a vigorous black walnut on the farm of
F. Wilde at Wayland in 1933. These scions made an extraordinary growth
that season and were subjected to a temperature of -20 degrees F. last
winter. Some killing back occurred but no permanent injury was done as the
grafts have made a good growth this season.

Pomeroy Seedlings

This strain of walnuts originated on the farm of Mr. Norman Pomeroy of
Lockport, New York. Trees from this plantation, or seedlings of these trees,
are grown at various places throughout Michigan with the heaviest
concentration near Lexington. There are also a number of Pomeroy
seedlings on the farm of Mr. Grant Fox at Leamington, Ontario. All of the
trees in the Lexington district were more or less severely injured by killing
back of the branches and occasionally by bark splitting or bark killing. At
St. Louis one very fine tree was nearly girdled by bark injury and will
undoubtedly die. Near Ithaca another tree showed moderate killing back
and in the city two trees were killed to the ground and one other so severely
injured as to be useless. The trees at Leamington, Ontario, were also
severely injured, especially those that bore thin-shelled nuts. Some of the
larger trees in this plantation which bore nuts with moderate thick shells
were not as severely injured, and this would seem to indicate that there may
be a relationship between thickness of shell and resistance to winter cold.
In this plantation it was also found on another occasion that the trees which
bore thin-shelled nuts produced long vigorous succulent shoots with a large
pith and loose, spongy buds. On the other trees that bore thick-shelled nuts
the shoot growth was shorter and firmer than on the trees with thin-shelled
nuts. In contrast to these trees the buds on the Crath trees Nos. 2 and 5 were
short, rather broad and very solid. The wood also was very hard and well
matured with a small pith even on vigorous shoots. This seems to indicate
that there may be a relationship between density and maturity of wood and
buds and winter hardiness.

Other Seedlings

At various places in Michigan there are English walnut trees that originated
in England or which are seedlings of trees that came from England. An
exceptionally good tree of English origin grows near Ionia and is called
Larson after the owner of the farm on which it grew. The Larson tree is at
least 50 years old and bears nuts of large size and excellent quality in
favorable seasons. This variety was propagated for the college by the
Michigan Nut Nursery and some of these trees were planted at the Kellogg
Farm in 1933. Unfortunately the past winter killed all the young trees and
so severely injured the parent tree that its recovery is doubtful. Beck is

another good variety of English origin that grows near Allegan on the
Monterey road. The original tree of this variety was very severely injured
and much greater injury was noted on seven-year-old grafts of this variety
which had been set on a black walnut. At Vassar there is a tree of English
origin that yields very fine nuts, but this one was also severely injured. Near
Conklin there is an old tree of German origin and this was likewise severely
injured, but not so much as the trees from England.

Chinese Walnuts

The Chinese walnut is a geographic form of the so-called English walnut. It
occurs over a large area of central and northern China, and it is believed
that trees from the northernmost range of this species in China are
somewhat hardier than the average English walnut from western Europe.
The number of trees of this species under observation is very limited, but
those that have been seen appear to be promising. The largest and best tree
observed grows on the property of Mr. Geo. Corsan at Islington, Ontario.
This tree was subjected to -26 degrees F. last winter and was somewhat
injured. The growth this spring was delayed longer than normally and some
killing back was noted. Eventually the tree started to grow and made a
normal amount of growth. Scions from this tree were grafted on two black
walnut trees at the Kellogg Farm in 1933 and a vigorous growth was made
in that season. These grafts were carefully examined in the spring of 1934
and were found uninjured. Subsequently a very large graft on one medium
sized black walnut tree died, but this was due to injury at the point of union
rather than to the graft above. The remaining scions made a good growth
this season. Seedling trees of another strain of Chinese walnut showed some
variation in their hardiness. Some came through in good condition and
made a vigorous growth but others were more or less injured. The limited
number of trees under observation scarcely justifies definite conclusion, but
it would seem as though this form of Juglans regia is worthy of a wider trial
in southern Michigan.

Types of Winter Injury

The following forms of winter injury which have been referred to in the
preceding notes are given special attention hereunder.
(1) Killing back of branches.
This type was found on every tree except the hardy varieties of Polish and
Russian origin. In some cases the large branches were killed outright, but
usually the injury was confined to small branches, and the degree of injury
varied from slight to very severe killing. Branches so injured were attacked
by fungus diseases and some were beginning to decay and fall off when
examined in October. Killing back of the branches was also noted on one
excellent heartnut at Scotland, Ontario. This tree was subjected to -30
degrees F. but was less severely injured than many of the English walnuts
noted above, and when examined in September showed a vigorous new
growth throughout most of the top. There were also several vigorous
seedlings from this tree growing near by which were only slightly injured in
the bark or which were uninjured. It was interesting to observe that the
seedlings of the old heartnut tree that were apparently of hybrid origin were
not injured in the least and bore good crops of nuts this year, but the
seedlings that were pure heartnuts were injured slightly. This point suggests
the desirability of crossing the finest heartnuts with the best butternuts to
get a combination of the hardiness of the butternut with the good qualities
of the heartnut.

Bark Killing

Bark injury is often found on fruit trees following a severe winter and is
occasionally found on nut trees. It may be due to bark splitting or to
desiccation or both. In severe cases of bark splitting the bark splits
vertically and laterally from the ground up for several feet, but in milder
cases the bark is only split away for a short distance. Where the bark is
loosened for some distance around the tree or vertically it dies shortly
thereafter, but where only a small amount of splitting occurs, the tree may
recover if given attention. In such cases the bark should be cut back to the
living tissue and all particles of dead or injured bark scraped off. The
exposed area should then be coated with a good tree paint or asphaltic
emulsion.

The severest case of bark splitting observed was on a vigorous young
heartnut seedling at Guelph, Ontario. On this tree the bark was completely
split away entirely around the trunk from the ground up for several feet and
the injury was so great that the tree died early in the summer. Within a short
distance of this tree was another tree of the same origin that was quite
uninjured, but this tree, however, was a hybrid between the butternut and
the heartnut. On this hardy tree there was a heavy crop of nuts that were
intermediate in form between the heartnut and the butternut, this indicating
its hybrid origin. Practically all of these hybrids escaped injury even though
the temperature was -30 degrees F.
Bark injury was also noticed at the Kellogg Farm on several black walnut
trees that had been grafted in the nursery and which were planted in 1932
and 1933. On these trees the scion variety was uninjured but the bark on the
stock was more or less affected from the ground up to the point of union.
All trees thus affected came out into leaf, but shortly afterward the leaves
withered and the top died.
Bark injury from splitting or desiccation was more prevalent on young
vigorous growing trees, and on older trees that had been stimulated into a
strong growth by fertilizers or late cultivation.

Suggested Means of Control

Since it is impossible to control temperatures and precipitation, it is perhaps
a vain hope to expect complete immunity from winter injury to the English
walnut. It is possible, however, to lessen the degree of injury by certain
measures of precaution. These are as follows:
(1) Plant only the hardiest varieties.
The past winter showed very clearly that the commercial varieties of
English walnut or seedlings as grown in this state are not hardy enough to
endure the severe cold that periodically occurs in Michigan. This limits the
choice of varieties to those from central Europe or north China where
rigorous climatic conditions prevail. As already pointed out, the varieties
that endured the past winter were from the Carpathian region in Poland or
western Russia and north China. These varieties have not been widely

distributed in this state and it may be found that even these will have a
limited range in Michigan. Their behavior, however, shows that they are
somewhat hardier than varieties from western Europe or England.
Unfortunately the supply of trees of these apparently hardy kinds is limited
and it will take some time to work up a stock of the best strains. In the
meantime, those who desire to plant the English walnut had better wait until
a supply of the hardier kind is available or plant some other hardy species
such as the black walnut.
(2) Thoroughly drain all soils intended for nut trees. Well drained soils
favor good root development and seem to lessen late growth, thus reducing
to a slight extent at least the severe killing back that is noticeable on such
growth.
(3) Use nitrogenous fertilizers in moderation.
Fertilizers rich in nitrogen may stimulate the late growth and predispose the
tree to killing back.
(4) Do not cultivate the soil around nut trees late in the summer.
Late cultivation stimulates late growth and prevents the trees from properly
ripening their buds and wood. This late growth invariably suffers more
severely from winter cold than growth that is well matured.

Nut Tree Prospects in the Tennessee Valley
By John W. Hershey

Tree Crop Specialist, Division of Forestry.

Tennessee Valley Authority.
This is a vital question to discuss in the economic welfare of any
community, but the sooner the value of tree crops is recognized, the sooner
will the agriculturists be on a more simple economic basis and I feel that the
members of this association agree with me when I say that the Tennessee
Valley Authority Board of Directors should be complimented by this body
for their foresight in making tree crops a part of their economic scheme. In
my five months of work the points that I believe are of most interest to this
body are that I have actually made a cursory tree crop survey of the whole
Valley—fifteen hundred miles long and seventy-five miles wide. This is the
first time this kind of work has ever been attempted in the world on an
extensive scale. The results of this survey have been approximately the
following:
(1) A keen interest by all the County Agents in the tree crops question.
(2) I was astonished at the surprising number of County Agents that had
been advocating nut trees as a farm asset. It gave me considerable pleasure
to note the number who had nuts sticking around their offices they had
gathered up because of their interest in trying to find a good cracker of
either hickory or walnut. As we all know it would be impossible for me to
attempt to fine-tooth-comb an area as large as the Tennessee Valley basin
for thin shelled nuts, but with the enthusiasm shown by the County Agents
we will have excellent co-operation with them in getting publicity in local
papers for the contests that we have run to date on all the tree crops. The
announcement of this association's prize contest is going to have an
outstanding influence in getting a lot of samples of nuts and you can easily
see the stimulant to get two prizes in the place of one is going to make a lot

of men and women and children scour the country for the nut that will
possibly take the prize in both contests. I want to say that I feel that these
nuts, from the few samples and reports I have at hand, are going to give the
balance of the United States a run for their money in the contest.
My work, when developed along the lines as recommended, will not only
comprise the development of nuts but of all tree crops in general. Not only
in introducing selected tree crops to the farmers but in the breeding of
superior crops. The tree crops idea like the Authority's power idea will
have, in the words of Dr. Kellogg, in a recent letter to me, "It will not only
influence the welfare of the farmers in the Valley but over the whole United
States." First in showing the farmers on a worth while scale the value of
tree crops and second in introducing this health food into the diet of the
American people.

Some New Hicans and Pecans in Illinois
From J. G. Duis, Shattuc, Illinois

(Read by Title)
I am writing a short account of the new nuts I have discovered in this
vicinity, all in the Kaskaskia River Valley and not one fifty miles away. The
Duis, Swagler, Joffrey and Carlyle pecans. The Duis black walnut. The
Gerardi and Nussbaumer hicans. And the Dintleman hybrid.
The Duis pecan grows about four miles up the river from Carlyle. I claim it
as the largest northern pecan in existence, with the Swagler not far second
in size. Both have been bearing the two years I have known them, the Duis
rather prolifically. However, it was so severely whipped last fall, and the
season so dry this year, that I do not expect a crop off either tree, though I
have not visited them as they are rather inaccessible. Both graft fairly well,
especially the Swagler.
The Joffrey pecan grows alone in a corn field south of Pelican Pouch, a
glacial moraine south of Carlyle about six miles. It is the plumpest, thinnest
shelled nut of northern variety, and above average size. Fair bearer to the
best of my knowledge, but a severe hail storm and a season of severe
walnut caterpillars ruined two years' prospects. The Carlyle pecan grows in
the State Fish Hatchery and Park at Carlyle, and I have only the word of the
"game warden" and caretaker for size and quality. The same hail and
caterpillar pest hit that tree. The Duis black walnut is from a scrub tree on
Shoal Creek, about five miles northwest of Carlyle and is about crowded
out by other trees. My oldest grafted tree from it is about seven years old
and has been bearing consistently since two years old. Even this year, after
two severe dry seasons, and a late frost that nipped the early shoots, it has a
fine crop even though other trees, grafted and seedlings, are mostly barren.
The nuts are medium to rather large and readily crack out in halves
comparable to the Stabler when properly prepared for cracking. There are

so many new walnuts I know nothing about that I presume there are better
ones.
I claim only secondary credit for "resurrecting" the Nussbaumer hican and
the Dintleman hybrid, presumably king hickory and bitternut. The
Nussbaumer is the hybrid mentioned in Fuller's Nut Culturist some fifty
years ago. I thought of this for several months and corresponded regarding
this nut and finally made a couple of trips down the river to Mascoutah and
vicinity. I could hardly find a man old enough to know Mr. Nussbaumer,
who was a druggist there. Later he removed to Okawville and from there to
Texas, where he died a number of years ago. I was advised to see an old
nurseryman by the name of Jacob Leibrock, now deceased. I was told he
had two of the trees from seed. He had, but both bore bitternuts and he had
cut them down. I did not think till later that they probably were not from the
Nussbaumer tree and when I wrote for more information he had passed
away. He advised me to see two men toward Fayetteville down the river.
The first one did not know where the tree was. The second one did but was
too busy to go to it, so I hired him to go as soon as possible and advise me
and if possible send me some samples and I would return later. From what
he told me I was sure I was off the track of the Nussbaumer, but on the trail
of a new and better nut. He said the tree bore "sacks full" and the nuts were
so thin shelled you could crack them in your hand. I went farther down the
river to Fayetteville, not far from which place east the tree was located, but
was there informed the tree was dead. However, the informer told me he
had a seedling from it, but upon investigation found he had a fullblood
pecan, probably planted by a jaybird from a number of bearing trees in
close proximity, for I was satisfied by this time the nut was not even part
pecan. The two original nuts probably never grew. The innkeeper advised
me that Mr. Dintleman, a nurseryman of Belleville, Ill., had been much
interested in the nuts and might have a tree. So I wrote him asking about it
and also wrote Mr. C. A. Reed, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.
C. Mr. Dintleman wrote me that our well known Mr. J. F. Wilkinson, had a
seven-year-old budded tree from buds he sent. And Mr. Reed advised me to
write a farm advisor in Missouri. Through him I was informed a Mr. George
Miller, near Bluffton, son of Judge Miller, mentioned in Fuller's book, had a
tree thirty years old. In short, I found not only the one tree I was after but a
second king hickory and bitternut cross with a shell so thin you could

"crack it with your hands." Shall we call it a Hickbit? Mr. Wilkinson sent
me graftwood and stated he expected we call it the Dintleman. The
Nussbaumer, Mr. Miller informed me, is not a good bearer, but it may be
due to location or lack of pollinization. I now have several trees of each
from spring grafts.
All the above trees grow in overflow ground, sometimes in water for weeks,
called slashes. The Stabler walnut also seems to like that, but the Thomas
does not and is outgrown by the three-year-old Stablers. I will know more
about that in a year or two. However, nearly all grow very well on the
prairie land around here and some seem to bear better.
May I add another observation. Cultivation will produce bigger, better and
more nuts, same as for corn.

Evening session.

Dr. Deming:
I'd like to speak for a moment about some old friends, one of whom we
shall never see any more, Mr. Bixby. If you will take the trouble to go back
through our annual reports and see the number of articles he has written and
the diversity of subjects he has written on, and see what an important part
he has taken in our discussions, you will get a good idea of the ability and
broad-mindedness, the scientific knowledge and the honesty of Mr. Bixby.
There is one thing that perhaps you don't all know, and that is that his
collection of nuts has been sold to the United States Government. There is
something fewer of you know and that is that this sale was brought about by
the persistent energy, mental and physical, of Mr. Reed.
The other old friend, whom we shall perhaps never see again at a meeting,
is Dr. Morris. I've seen him twice this summer, had several letters from him,
and lunched with him once. He has with him his devoted wife and his little
daughter and he appears to be fairly well. He doesn't look very different
from what he has when he attended our meetings. He is up and around and

he walked about the place for fifteen or twenty minutes with Mrs. Morris
and me looking at his trees.
Some other old friends that I would like to call to your attention are our past
reports. I suppose that I have read those reports more times than anybody
else, since I have edited nearly all of them. I go back over them
occasionally even now and I have been astonished to find the value of the
papers and discussions that are contained there. I recommend to all of you
who have these reports to make a review of them and see how many things
were known during the early years of our association, as Mr. Walker has
said, that we are now rehashing. When you go over the names of the men
who made up the membership of the association in its early days, men
whom many of you perhaps have never seen, or have seen very seldom, you
can understand how these pioneers in nut growing would have had
something interesting to say.
I've made a little list of names of these men, some of whom are gone, and
the rest of whom we seldom see. Dr. Morris, Prof. Craig, Henry Hales, Prof.
Close, Prof. Hutt, W. N. Roper, W. C. Reed, Prof. Collins, E. A. Riehl, Dr.
Van Fleet, Prof. Van Deman, J. G. Rush, Mr. Jones, Mr. Littlepage, Mr.
Bixby, Dr. Smith, Prof. E. R. Lake, S. W. Snyder, Mrs. Erlanger, Col. Sober,
Prof. Drake and many others. I think it will pay you all to look back through
those annual reports and see what the pioneer nut growers of this country
have recorded.
Mr. Reed, I was saying that Mr. Bixby's collection of nut trees had been
sold to the Government and that it was through your help that this sale was
made. Now I'd like to ask you if there is any information that you could
properly release to the meeting about the sale of those trees. I am sure
everyone of us would be interested to know where they are going.
Mr. Reed:
The trees have been bought by the Interior Department with funds placed at
their disposal for the purpose of planting trees for the national forests. Their
attitude has been rather liberal in this case. They have felt that if they could
get trees planted, regardless of whether they were planted on Interior
Department land or not, it would be justified expense. When the matter was
laid before them, they at once thought of the arboretum which is now being

developed within the District of Columbia. The final purchase was made
largely in order that the arboretum might be able to start off with the Bixby
collection as a nucleus. A complete list of all varieties that are in the
collection will go there. Another part of the purchase comes to the branch of
the Agricultural Department which I represent, and practically all of the
varieties in the Bixby collection which are not now in the plant at Beltsville
will be sent there.
It was the original plan of the Interior Department that all of the trees which
neither the arboretum nor the branch of the department which I represent
needed, should go to the Shenandoah National Park in Virginia, and it was
with that understanding that the deal was closed. After the deal was closed
and a notice was sent to the authorities in charge at the park that a certain
number of seedlings of different species and a certain number of grafted
trees would be delivered there sometime this fall, the Shenandoah
authorities took the strange attitude that they couldn't use grafted trees. In
other words, they preferred mongrels to thoroughbreds. We chuckled in our
sleeves. But nevertheless they threw back upon us several grafted trees to
find some place for. We immediately took it up with the Forest Service.
They have land in North Carolina where all of the trees can be planted fifty
feet apart, not cultivated, but nursed and cared for, and available for study
by our own department and the state of North Carolina and any individuals.
I have omitted mentioning that there are certain limitations on the ability of
the Interior officials to buy trees for Interior Department planting. It is a
definite policy of the Interior Department that in all national parks they
plant only American species. That automatically eliminated many trees of
the Bixby collection. But the arboretum wanted a good many of those trees
and so did we.
There are still in the Bixby collection several fine Persian walnut trees. We
haven't been able to trace their source, but it is my impression that they are
of Chinese origin.
Dr. Deming:
He had a row of Pomeroy trees.
Prof. Slate:

He also had some trees from Chinese seed, because he sent some of them to
Geneva.
Mr. Reed:
We have the Bixby correspondence. By the terms of the purchase Mrs.
Bixby was to deliver to the Interior Department all of Mr. Bixby's records
pertaining to those trees, and as far as she has been able to get things
together they have been turned over to me.
Dr. Deming:
In addition to our annual reports I want to say a word about the reports of
the National Pecan Growers' Association. Twenty-five years ago I took out
a life membership in that association for $10.00, and I have been getting
annual reports ever since. While they relate almost exclusively to the
southern pecan they have also many scientific articles on the development
of twigs, blossoms and fruit, on pruning and grafting and on fertilizing and
cultivating, which are of importance to all nut growers.
I think perhaps I won't go into the subject which has been talked of so much
today, the severe winter and summer we have had. But J. G. Rush in our
third annual report has a paper which is entitled, "The Persian Walnut, Its
Disaster, Etc.," which describes events twenty-two years ago very similar to
those that have taken place in the last winter.

Nut Growing in Vermont
By Zenas H. Ellis, Fair Haven

In all my life of over seventy years I have never seen a time like the present.
We have passed through the coldest winter and the dryest summer ever
known.
I raise on my place in old Vermont every kind of tree that will grow there,
and try many that will not, or only with more or less protection. I have
apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches and figs, with berries of all kinds. I
have nut trees of many different varieties, hickories, black and English
walnuts, filberts, hazel-filberts, pecans, almonds and butternuts.
Which have stood the cold and drought the best? Strange as it may seem,
my nut trees have stood the extreme temperatures the best. My hardiest
apples like the Wealthy, Yellow Transparent, Wolf River, and Pewaukee
have gone down to their death, or so near thereto that I never expect to see
any fruit from them again. Whereas, on the other hand, my hickories, black
walnuts, butternuts and hazel-filberts have not even lost a leaf. Wonderful to
relate and almost unbelievable my large pecan tree, over forty feet in height,
and a foot in diameter, is as hale and hearty as ever.
August 15th last I picked and cracked some of my improved butternuts and
hazel-filberts, and found the kernels large, full grown and normal in every
way. Whereas I have not an apple or pear fit to eat, no, not even a berry
either.
I set out my butternut years ago in the position of honor in front of my
house, and it has merited it ever since. The kernels came out in halves and
often times whole. I have given away many of the nuts for planting, even as
far away as Kew Gardens, England. Money could not buy the parent tree. I
would not exchange it for the best cattle ranch in Colorado, the best wheat
farm in Kansas, or the best cotton plantation in both the Carolinas. It is self-
sustaining, does not require any subsidy from Uncle Sam, or any twenty-
five thousand dollars a year official to regulate it. It is better than any dollar

nowadays, always worth 100 per cent in gold instead of 61 cents, as is our
government kind. The reason is, God rules it, instead of a mere man with
any combination of the alphabet you can make.
It is the same with my improved hazel-filberts which grow tall and rank and
bend down to the ground with their branches heavily laden with large, well-
filled nuts.
My Thomas black walnuts are doing well, as also my Sier's hybrid
hickories; both are perfectly hardy but not bearing this year as it is the off
year for them. The butternut and hazel-filberts have never an off year but,
like the "brook," go on forever. My English walnuts with some protection
passed the winter in perfect safety. But the almonds, though protected as
well, fared very poorly, showing that they are not near so hardy as the
former.
The other kinds of nut trees that I have mentioned, even to the pecan,
withstood the rigors of the winter with no protection whatever.
My true filberts fared rather poorly but are coming up lustily from below
the snow line and will, I think, be as good as ever if the past winter does not
repeat itself.
What does this all mean? It means that we should plant more nut trees
instead of so many fruit trees, especially the apple, which has proven more
liable to cold injury than even the pear, if we would have any of the
delectable valuable products of the tree kind. Why, just think of it, a few nut
trees planted around every home in the country would do more to relieve
the present depression than all the other agencies and remedies put together.
Frost does not impair their fruit. Nuts will keep through the year or longer.
Insects do not injure them as they do the soft, unprotected fruits. Squirrels
may take their toll but they are far easier to destroy than a bug. To hunt
them is grand sport for young people, whereas to chase a bug is no fun at
all.
The workman, the professional man, the merchant, should especially raise
them as they would take no time from their business. Their children would
think it no work at all to gather them, that is if they were like the children of

my youth who looked forward to gathering nuts as one of the pleasantest
pastimes of the year.
If all our city parks, public squares, playgrounds, roadsides, waste places
and other like areas were planted with them, all children even to the poorest
could have a sufficiency of the healthiest food that would build up their
bodies into strong healthy adults who could go out into the country and
build it up again as it was years ago, instead of the vast, desolate region it is
now.
What makes children so puny and so unwilling to do any real work today?
It is because emigration from nut-eating countries being shut off, and our
native nut trees cut down or uncared for, there is nothing to keep up the
supply of the best food for the body today. The remedy is to raise more nuts
so the children and adults as well can again be fed on the most valuable,
healthy and strength-giving food God ever made.
Then, too, crime would be greatly reduced, especially of the juvenile kind.
The spare time of our youth would be taken up for about three months in a
year with a clean, pure, pleasant, agreeable occupation instead of searching
for mischief and quasi-vicious adventures. Have no juvenile crime and the
adult crime is reduced to a minimum, or obliterated entirely.
God started man on a nut eating diet and kept him thereon for centuries. As
long as he stuck to it he was all right. We do not hear much about that era,
for happy is the nation that has no history. Then he had no diseases to speak
of except extreme old age, no wars and hardly any troubles. But when, in
the Garden of Eden, the Devil tempted him to switch off onto some other
diet, he has been wrong ever since. So then, let us return to our old diet as
far as possible and have something of an Eden again about us today.
Perhaps you people of Michigan would like to know what my town of Fair
Haven is. It gave you James Witherell who, while congressman from
Vermont, resigned to accept the supreme judgeship of the great territory of
Michigan. In the war of 1812 he had command of the troops thereof and,
when ordered by the cowardly General Hull to surrender them to the
British, absolutely refused. After that war he laid out anew the war stricken
city of Detroit.

His grandson, Thomas Witherell Palmer, the son of a native born Fair
Haven girl, became your United States Senator, Minister to Spain and, in
1893, President of the World Fair commission at Chicago. He gave to
Detroit that large and beautiful park named after him.
So you see Henry Ford is not the whole architect of that great city, as good
Vermont blood had to relay its foundations and get it well under way for
that great auto magnate to make it the fourth city in the Union.

A Roll Call of the Nuts
By Dr. W. C. Deming

Connecticut
In the report of the proceedings at the eighth annual meeting of this
association, held at Stamford, Conn., September 5 and 6, 1917, is an
address by the Vice President, Prof. W. N. Hutt of North Carolina, entitled
"Reasons for Our Limited Knowledge as to What Varieties of Nut Trees to
Plant." I quote from that address:
"In 1847 the American Pomological Society was formed as a national
clearing house of horticultural ideas. The first work the society undertook
was to determine the varieties of the different classes of fruits suitable for
planting in different sections of the country. Patrick Barry of Rochester, one
of the pioneers of American horticulture, was for years the chairman of the
committee on varietal adaptation and did an immense amount of work on
that line. At the meetings of the society he went alphabetically over the
variety lists of fruits and called for reports on each one from growers all
over the country. This practice was kept up for years and the resulting data
were collected and compiled in the society's reports. A similar systematic
roll call of classes and varieties of nuts grown by the members of this
association would be of immense value to intending planters of nut trees. In
northern nut growing, however, it may be questioned if we have yet arrived
at the Patrick Barry stage."
These were the words of Prof. Hutt in 1917, seventeen years ago. I believe
that nut growing has now arrived at the Patrick Barry stage. It seems right,
therefore, that we should begin to have an annual roll call of the nuts. To
this end I have prepared a list of nuts of the different genera, species and
varieties grown in the northeastern United States. This list is long but by no
means complete and this, by the nature of things, it can never be. It is
evident that there will not be time enough to go over more than a small part
of this list. It is, therefore, proposed to have the list mimeographed and sent

to all members for their reports. Members are asked particularly to add to
the list the names and performances of any varieties not listed of which they
may have knowledge. In this way we shall soon be able to make our lists as
nearly complete as possible.
In order to reduce bulk and expense it will be necessary to print the names
in compact form. It is suggested that the lists be kept for reference and that
any report be made on a separate sheet under the proper heading. I will go
as far in it now as you want me to. As I call the names of the nuts on this list
I will ask the members present to report, as briefly as possible, any
knowledge they may have as to the performance of each nut, such as the
earliness of its fruiting, size and regularity of crops, growth and vigor of
tree and character of nuts.

HICKORIES

The Anthony:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
The Barnes (Shag. x Mock.):
Dr. MacDaniels: There are some at Itaca which bear.
Dr. Deming: This is undoubtedly a Shagbark—mockernut hybrid. It is
entirely at home when grafted on the mockernut. This makes it of value for
there are few of our named hickories that will do well when grafted on the
mockernut. In 1933 I top-worked a mockernut with ten grafts of the Barnes.
In 1934 it bore 30 fine nuts. It appears to be an excellent nut. There are
three other nuts that I know do well on the mockernut. One is the Wampler
from Indiana introduced by W. C. Reed. Another is the Minnie raised by
Mr. S. W. Snyder. The fourth nut is the Gobble. The Barnes is mentioned in
Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932 proceedings. Carl Weschcke has it
growing at River Falls, Wis.
The Bates (pecan x Mock.):
Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932.
The Beam:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Beaver (Shag. x Bitter.):
Dr. Deming: It grows rapidly. The nuts are not of very good quality, like
most bitternut hybrids.
The Beaver is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek and is
mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. Carl Weschcke has it
growing at River Falls, Wis. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., has one one-year graft
on bitternut, height 5 feet. J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ont., has one Beaver tree
planted in 1924 and moved in 1925 growing in light sandy soil on north
shore at west end Lake Ontario. Diameter of the trunk is about three inches,
tree fifteen feet high, bore first time in 1934. It is growing at the Riehl
Farm, Godfrey, Ill., and in the Jones Nursery, Lancaster, Pa.
The Beam:
Is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Billau:
Is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Bontrager (Shag.):
Won third prize in 1929 contest, page 53, 1931. Tree owned by John D.
Bontrager, Middlebury, Ind.
The Brooks (Shag.):
Is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It won ninth prize in 1929
contest, page 53, 1931, to Mrs. John Brooks, Ottumwa, Iowa. Carl
Weschcke has it growing at River Falls, Wis.
The Burlington (Pecan x shell.):
Dr. Deming: The true name of the nut we call Marquardt. The Michigan
Nut Nursery have trees bearing.
Miss Jones: A characteristic of all shellbark x pecan hybrids is that they
don't fill well.

Mr. Corsan: Are they in exceedingly rich soil or just ordinary? I find that
nuts respond to rich soil.
Miss Jones: They are in ordinary soil.
Dr. MacDaniels: We have two trees at Ithaca about ten years old which have
borne but the nuts have not filled very well.
Dr. Deming: Is the Burlington worth growing? Does it fill so badly that it is
not a success?
Miss Jones: The kernel fills out about three-fourths of the way. It fills better
than the McCallister.
Mr. Corsan: I have never seen such a fine nut in my life.
Mr. Wilkinson: It is a good hybrid and a wonderful bearer.
Dr. Deming: Every year?
Mr. Wilkinson: Yes, and matures unusually early.
The Burlington is in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill. It is mentioned in
Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Carl Weschcke has young trees growing
at River Falls, Wis. Sargeant H. Wellman has some young trees at Topsfield,
Mass. F. H. Frey has young tree in yard at Chicago, but it has not borne nuts
as yet. Foliage is beautiful, leaves being rather broad but some kind of
blight seems to turn them dark and they curl up about middle of the
summer.
J. W. Hershey: Of the hybrid hickories the Burlington should be eliminated
from the list and a great many others of the hickories should be thrown out
as rapidly as possible.
The Burton (pecan x shell.):
Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. It is growing in Riehl
plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and on Kellogg farm, Michigan.
The Caldwell:
It is growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill.

The Casper:
Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Parent tree in Illinois.
The Cedar Rapids:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It
is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill., the Kellogg farm at Battle
Creek, Mich., and in the Carl Weschcke plantings at River Falls, Wis.
The Clark (shag.):
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's in 1931 report.
This hickory is growing on the Carl Weschcke place at River Falls, Wis.,
and in Sargeant H. Wellman's nut orchard at Topsfield, Mass.
The Comins:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
The Cook (shag.):
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Creager:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report. This hickory is growing in the Kellogg
farm plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
The Dennis (shag.):
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
This hickory is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and
in Carl Weschcke nut orchard at River Falls, Wis. W. R. Fickes, Wooster,
Ohio, reports the Dennis promises to be a heavy, early bearer of fairly good
quality.
The Des Moines (pecan x shell.):
Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and by Dr. Zimmerman,
page 20, 1932. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg farms plantings.

The Drew (shag.):
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report.
The Edaburn:
Mentioned by Mr. Bixby in his paper in 1926 report. Carl Weschcke has it
growing in his orchard at River Falls, Wis.
The Emerick:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
THE EUREKA (shell.):
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Eversman (shell.):
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Fairbanks (shag. x bitter.):
Mr. Corsan: I had eleven nuts on my tree last year. They are very small
trees.
Dr. Neilson: A Fairbanks grafted on a pignut in the spring of 1931 at the
Kellogg estate has quite a few nuts on it this season.
Miss Jones: They bear well and regularly.
Dr. Deming: Yes, they do at my place, too.
Mr. Corsan: What kind of a flavor has it?
Dr. Deming: It is bitter when you keep it but not when fresh.
Mr. Snyder: Don't judge them by one nut. They get better as you eat them.
The more you eat the better you like them.
Miss Jones: People that try them at our place don't notice much difference
between those hybrids and the shellbarks. I give them to people any time
during the winter, and they don't notice the difference.

Mr. Reed: Mr. Bixby said at one of the conventions that the Fairbanks was a
good grower, easy to propagate, bore well, not so good as to size, thin
shelled and had all the desirable characteristics of a good nut except that it
wasn't good to eat.
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Fairbanks is mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. It is
growing in the Riehl orchard at Godfrey, Ill., the Kellogg plantings at Battle
Creek, Mich., in the Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis., and in the
E. C. Rice plantings at Absher, Ky. Sargeant H. Wellman has some young
Fairbanks trees at Topsfield, Mass. Mr. W. R. Fickes reports it is a very poor
quality hickory at Wooster, Ohio, but may be valuable for double working.
The Fluhr (shag. x shell.):
Awarded seventh prize in 1929 contest, page 53, 1931 report, to Edgar
Fluhr, Kiel, Wis.
The Freel (shag.):
Entered in 1929 contest by Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa.
The Froman (shag.):
Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to Arlie W. Froman, Bacon, Ind.
The Galloway:
H. R. Weber: I notice the Galloway is not listed among the hickory hybrids.
The parent tree is growing in Hamilton County, Ohio, and, is supposed to
be a pecan x bitternut hybrid.
The Gerardi (pecan x shell.):
A Member: It is like the Nussbaumer.
This hybrid is mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. Also
see description by Joseph Gerardi, page 45, 1932 report. It is growing in the
Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek,
Mich.
The Gissel:

It is growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and in orchard of Carl
Weschcke at River Falls, Wis.
The Glover (shag.):
It is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in
1931 report. It is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.,
the Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis., and the Sargeant H.
Wellman orchard at Topsfield, Mass. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., has two-year
grafts on shellbark and bitternut stocks. It seems to do better on the
shellbark stocks.
The Gobble (shag.):
Mentioned on page 54, 1931 report. Tree owned by William Gobble,
Holsten, Va.
The Goheen (shag.):
Awarded sixth prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. Hamill Goheen, Pennsylvania
Furnace, Penna. Sargeant H. Wellman has young trees growing at Topsfield,
Mass.
The Green:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
The Greenbay (pecan x shell.):
Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and in Dr. Zimmerman's
report, page 20, 1932.
The Griffin:
Mr. Bixby, page 15, 1928, report, states it is an early bearer. Dr. J. Russell
Smith, Swarthmore, Pa., reports the Griffin is precocious when grafted on
pecan but cracking test by Mr. C. A. Reed shows it to have a very low
cracking value.
The Grupe:

Is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It is growing in the Jones
Nursery at Lancaster, Pa.
The Hagen (shag. x shell.):
Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It was awarded ninth prize
in 1929 contest. Parent tree owned by Mrs. C. E. Hagen, Guttenberg, Iowa.
It is growing in the Snyder Bros.' plantings at Center Point, Iowa, the
Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and in the Carl Weschcke orchard
at River Falls, Wis.
The Hales (shag.):
Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Hand:
Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It is growing in the Kellogg
plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and in the orchard of Carl Weschcke at
River Falls., Wis.
The Hill (shell.):
Introduced by S. W. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa, and mentioned by Mr.
Bixby in his paper in 1926 report.
The Huber:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
The Huff:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
The Iowa (shell.):
Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Kelsey:
Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Carl Weschcke has it
growing in his orchard at River Falls, Wis.

The Kentucky (shag. x mock.):
Dr. Deming: This is said to be a shagbark x mockernut hybrid but I see no
reason for the belief. It is a vigorous grower. One year my trees were
liberally sprinkled with nuts. I know that they bear from year to year, but
the squirrels get the nuts. I think it is a shy bearer.
Dr. Zimmerman: It bears regularly at my place but at Mr. Littlepage's it isn't
bearing.
This hickory is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and in Dr.
Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932.
The Kirtland (shag.):
Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and in Mr. Reed's paper in
1931 report. It is growing in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster, Pa., and in the
orchards of Carl Weschcke, River Falls, Wis., and of Sargeant H. Wellman
at Topsfield, Mass.
The Lake (shag.):
Awarded first prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. C. Lake, New Haven, Ind., R. R.
1.
The Leonard (shell.):
Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Laney (shag. x bitter.):
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
Dr. Deming: I have never known them to bear anything yet at my place in
Connecticut.
Dr. Zimmerman: They haven't borne at my place, either.
See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. The Laney hickory is growing
in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster, Pa., the Kellogg plantings at Battle
Creek, Mich., and the Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis.

The Lingenfelter (shag.):
Mentioned in Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. It is growing in the Kellogg
plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
The Manahan (shag.):
Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and in Mr. Reed's paper in
1931 report. It is growing in the Riehl orchard at Godfrey, Ill., and the Carl
Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis.
The Mann (of Michigan shag.):
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
The Mann (of Ohio, shag. x shell.): Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to
Howard Mann, Delta, Ohio.
The McCallister (pecan x shell.):
Dr. Deming: Has anyone any new information about the filling or bearing
of the McCallister?
Mr. Wilkinson: It fills well but not heavily.
Mr. Reed: I have watched the McCallister for years and years and the nuts
have failed to fill. But there is a tree that has the reputation of bearing a
very considerable quantity of nuts. We went over to see the tree and we
found that it stood where the soil was very rich. I have wanted ever since
then to try some McCallisters and give them all of the plant food that they
could possibly consume. I believe that that has a good deal to do with
filling.
Dr. Deming: Heavy fertilization influences the filling of nuts.
The McCallister is mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. It
is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., the orchards of
Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., E. C. Rice at Absher, Ky., of Sargeant
H. Wellman at Topsfield, Mass., and in the Government plantings at
Beltsville, Md. It is also growing and doing well in the Waite Orchard at
Normandy, Tenn., see page 34, 1932 report.

The Milford (shag.):
It is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It is growing in the
Jones Nursery at Lancaster.
The Minnie (shag.):
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
Parent tree is growing in the yard of the Snyder farm at Center Point, Iowa.
This hickory is growing in the Riehl orchard at Godfrey, Ill.
The Morton (pecan x shell.):
Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. Is growing in the
Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
The Peschke (shag.):
Awarded tenth prize in 1929 contest to Grace Peschke, Ripon, Wis.
The Pleas (pecan x bitter.):
Miss Jones: It has a very thin shell. You can crack it with your hand.
Mr. Reed: Miss Riehl has said that it is worth growing for ornamental
effect. It has great long catkins that make it really a beautiful thing, and yet
it is like all of the others as far as I know, it has that bitter principle. It is
very much the same as the other bitternut hybrids.
The Pleas is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in the 1926 report and is listed
in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. It is being grown on the Riehl
farm at Godfrey, Ill., in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., in the
Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis., and Sargeant H. Wellman has
young trees doing well at Topsfield, Mass.
The Renggenberg (shag.):
Awarded eighth prize in 1929 contest to Edward Renggenberg, Madison,
Wis., R. 1, Box 142.
The Rockville (pecan x shell.):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Also mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's
report, page 20, 1932. Is growing at the Riehl farm, Godfrey, Ill., the
Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and in orchard of Carl Weschcke
at River Falls, Wis., and in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
The Roddy (shag. x shell.):
Awarded fourth prize in 1929 contest to John Roddy, Napoleon, Ohio.
The Romig:
Is in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and Sargeant H. Wellman
has some young trees in his orchard at Topsfield, Mass.
The Sande (shag. x shell.):
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
The Sayer (shell.):
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Schoenberger (shag.):
Awarded tenth prize in 1929 contest to Roy Schoenberger, Nevada, Ohio.
The Seaver (shag.):
Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to J. K. Seaver, Harvard, Ill.
The Schinnerling:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in Kellogg plantings at
Battle Creek, Mich., and in orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis.
The Shaul:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in the Kellogg plantings at
Battle Creek, Mich.
The Siers (mock. x bitter.):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's
report, page 19, 1932. Is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill., in
orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., and in the Jones Nursery at
Lancaster, Pa.
The Sobolewski (shag.):
Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to Jos. Sobolewski, Norwich, Conn.,
R. 5, Box 56A.
The Sprunger (shell):
Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to Caleb Sprunger, Berne, Ind.
The Stanley (shell.):
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in plantings on Kellogg
farm at Battle Creek, Mich.
The Stratford (shag. x bitter.):
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19,
1932. It is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and the
orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis. Dr. J. Russell Smith,
Swarthmore, Pa., reports it is one of the most precocious and productive
nuts he has when grafted on pignut. It has not missed bearing some nuts in
the last four seasons.
The Swain (shag.):
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report; Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and
Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Swartz (shag.):
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Tama Queen (shell.):
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Taylor (shag.):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report; Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report, and
Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. This hickory is growing in orchard
of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., and Sargeant H. Wellman at
Topsfield, Mass. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Taylor is a light
bearer but good in quality.
The Tiedke (pecan x shell.):
See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932.
The Vest (shag.):
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Wampler:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Weed (shag. x bitter.):
See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932.
The Weiker (shag. x shell.):
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report; Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report and
Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. Is growing in the Jones Nursery at
Lancaster, Pa., and the orchards of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., and
Sargeant H. Wellman at Topsfield, Mass.
The Weschcke:
A hybrid hickory at Fayette, Iowa, owned by Carl Weschcke of St. Paul,
Minn., who has grafted many bitternut seedlings at River Falls, Wis., with
cions from this tree.
The Westphal:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
The Wright (pecan x shell):
Awarded eighth prize in 1929 contest to C. D. Wright, Sumner, Mo. See Dr.
Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. This hickory is growing in the Kellogg

plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
The Woods (shag. x shell.):
See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932.
The Zimmerman (shag. x shell.):
See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932.
The Zurcher:
Awarded sixth prize in 1929 contest to Menno Zurcher, Apple Creek, Ohio.

NORTHERN PECANS

The Busseron:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan has been generally
propagated by nurserymen and is widely distributed. E. C. Rice, Absher,
Ky., reports it does better on shellbark stock than on pignut stock. Dr. J.
Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa., reports the Busseron pecan has proved to
be much the most precocious bearer, that ripened well filled nuts on top of
the Blue Ridge mountains, elevation 1,300 feet, fifty miles from
Washington, D. C., in a climate distinctly colder than Philadelphia.
The Butterick:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan has been generally
propagated and distributed by nurserymen.
The Greenriver:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan is also well distributed. E.
C. Rice, Absher, Ky., reports Greenriver graft on shagbark stock grew eight
feet tall in two years.
The Indiana:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan also generally distributed.
The Kentucky:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Major:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore,
Pa., reports the major has ripened nuts on top of Blue Ridge Mountain,
elevation 1,300 feet, fifty miles from Washington, D. C., in a climate
distinctly colder than Philadelphia. The nuts are small.
The Niblack:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Mr. Hershey reports it should be put
on the obsolete list.
The Norton:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Sargeant H. Wellman, Topsfield,
Mass., has some fine young trees but they are not yet bearing.
The Posey:
Is growing in the Jones and Riehl nurseries and in the Kellogg plantings at
Battle Creek, Mich.
The Upton:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Warrick (Warwick):
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore,
Pa., reports that on the Piedmont plateau, elevation 500 feet, forty miles
from Washington, D. C., in a climate approximating that of Philadelphia,
the Warrick has often not ripened its nuts although some seasons it does.
John W. Hershey states the Warrick should be put on the obsolete list.
The Witte:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. The nut is very small but of good
quality. Mr. John W. Hershey states the pecan should be put on the obsolete
list.

BLACK WALNUTS

The Adams:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report,
and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. The Adams is growing in the Kellogg
planting at Battle Creek, Mich.
The Allen:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also his paper in 1931 report. The Allen
is growing on the Kellogg farm at Battle Creek, Mich. J. H. Gage of
Hamilton, Ontario, has some young trees which have not yet borne nuts.
The Alley:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report
and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Anglin:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing on the Riehl farm at
Godfrey, Ill.
The Asbury:
Was in the 1926 contest. See Mr. Reed's paper in the 1931 report. It is
growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill.
The Atkins:
See Mr. Reed's paper in the 1931 report.
The Aygarn:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Barlee:
Is in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
The Beck:

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also his paper in the 1931 report. This
walnut is growing in the plantings on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill., and the
Kellogg farm at Battle Creek, Mich. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, states the
Beck walnut is not promising there.
The Bechtold:
Is growing in the Riehl planting at Godfrey, Ill.
Benge:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
Bloss:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
The Bohanan:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. This walnut is growing in the Kellogg
plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
The Bontz:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Booth:
See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932. This walnut is growing at the
Riehl farm.
The Bowman:
See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.
The Bomberger:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Brougham:
See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.
The Bruer:

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
The Burroughs:
This walnut is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill.
The Burton:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. This walnut is growing on the Riehl
farm. It was entered in 1926 contest by Herbert Burton, Hartford, Kentucky.
The Carper:
See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.
The Cooper:
This walnut is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill.
The Creitz:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. This walnut is growing on the Riehl
and Kellogg farms.
The Cresco:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report.
The Deming (Ornamental):
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Dependahl:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Edras:
Parent tree owned by Gerald W. Adams, Morehead, Iowa, see page 51 of
1931 report. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl
plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
The Fayette:

Is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill.
The Freel:
Awarded first prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa.
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Fritz:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Galloway:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Jones Nursery at
Lancaster, Pa.
The Germaine:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report.
The Glory (curly wood):
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Graham:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg
plantings.
The Graybill:
See Mr. Stokes' paper with test record, page 108 of 1932 report, and Dr.
Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932 report. Is growing in the Kellogg
plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
The Gregory:
See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932 report.
The Grundy:
Awarded fifth prize in 1929 contest to Mr. Rohwer, Grundy Center, Iowa.
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report. Is growing

in the Riehl and Kellogg orchards.
The Harris:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
The Hancock:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Hare:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing on Riehl farm. Was entered
in 1926 contest by Frank H. Hare, Rushville, Schuyler County, Ill., and is
mentioned on page 51, 1931 report.
The Hepier:
See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932. Is growing on the Riehl and
Kellogg farms.
The Herman (Rush):
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Hilton:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
The Hine:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Hobbs:
Was entered in 1926 contest by C. T. S. Hobbs, Fort Blackmore, Va., R. 1.
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Homeland:
Parent tree owned by Clinton Thomas, Troutville, Va. See Mr. Stokes' paper
with tests, pages 108 and 109, 1932 report.
The Hopwood:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Howell:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Kellogg plantings at
Battle Creek, Mich.
The Huber:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
The Impit:
Given eleventh place in 1929 contest. Submitted by J. U. Gellatly, West
Bank, B. C.
The Jumbo:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Kettler (Wisconsin No. 1):
Parent tree owned by Fred Kettler, Platteville, Wis. Has taken first prize in
state fair contests. Dr. Zimmerman and Mr. Frey have young trees which
have not yet borne nuts. See Mr. Kettler's letter in this report.
The Kinder:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Knapbe:
Submitted in 1926 contest by J. J. Knapbe, New Weston, Ohio. See Mr.
Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Kurtz:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Lamb (curly wood):
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
Grafts from this tree are growing in several eastern orchards, including the

Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich. It is not as yet definitely known if
the propagated trees will reproduce the curly texture of the wood of the
parent tree.
The Lee:
See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Reed's paper, page
151, 1932 report; also tests recorded in Mr. Stokes' paper, page 109, 1932
report.
The Lewis:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in the Kellogg plantings at
Battle Creek, Mich.
The Lucas:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Lutz:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Marion:
Awarded second prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville,
Iowa.
The Mark:
Entered in 1929 contest by C. E. Mark, Washington Court House, Ohio. See
Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Mattingly:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The McCoy:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The McMillen:

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932. Is growing in the Riehl and
Kellogg plantings.
The Metcalf:
Awarded eighth prize in the 1929 contest to Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville,
Iowa. In fair seasons has borne heavy crops each year. Is supposed to be the
mother tree of the Freel and Marion.
The Miller:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
Is growing in the Kellogg plantings.
The Mintle:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg
plantings.
The Monterey:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22,
1932 report. Is growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill. W. R. Fickes,
Wooster, Ohio, reports it is not promising there.
The Morris:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
The Myers:
Entered in 1926 contest by Elmer R. Myers, Bellefontaine, Ohio, R. 2. See
Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Nichols:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Ogden:
Entered in 1926 contest by Mrs. Joe Ogden, Bedford, Ky. See Mr. Reed's
paper in 1931 report. Is growing at Riehl farm.

The Ohio:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
Has been generally planted in all nut tree orchards. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky.,
has few young trees doing fine and bore a few nuts in 1934; largest in hull
he had ever seen. J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ontario, planted one Ohio walnut
in 1924, moved it in 1925. It started to bear in 1928 and has borne every
year since except one. Tree now 25 feet in height, trunk six inches in
diameter, is growing in light, sandy soil near west end of north shore of
Lake Ontario. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Ohio as not
promising there.
The Paradox (hybrid):
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20,
1932 report. Is supposed to be a rapid grower but has not proved
satisfactory in the east.
The Patterson:
Submitted in 1926 contest by Mrs. William Patterson, Wever, Iowa.
The Patuxent:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg
orchards.
The Peanut:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Pearl:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Pinecrest:
See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Reed's paper, page
151, 1932 report; also Mr. Stokes' paper and tests, page 110, 1932 report.
The Powers:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Rohwer:
Took second prize in 1926 contest. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. J.
H. Gage, Hamilton, Ontario, has young grafts of this walnut growing but
not old enough to bear. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports that the
Rohwer there is probably next to the Thomas in quality.
The Royal (hybrid):
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is reported to be a rapid grower but
has not proved satisfactory in the east.
The Ruddick:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Schimmoller:
Entered in 1926 contest by Will T. Schimmoller, Fort Jennings, Ohio. See
Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Stabler:
Parent tree in Howard County, Maryland. Has been generally planted in nut
orchards but has not proved satisfactory. It is a fine cracker. E. C. Rice,
Absher, Ky., reports it does fine there, better than Ohio. W. R. Fickes,
Wooster, Ohio, reports it is not promising there. J. H. Gage, Hamilton,
Ontario, has one tree four years of age, which bore a few nuts in 1934.
Stood last winter's weather (-30 degrees F.) with no damage whatever.
The Stambaugh:
Took first prize in 1926 contest. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. It is
being generally tested in nut orchards. J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ontario, has
some young trees growing which are not old enough to bear. W. R. Fickes,
Wooster, Ohio, reports the Stambaugh there is heavily veined, is oily, soon
shrivels and is not very good quality.
The Stanley:

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Stokes' paper with
tests, pages 108 and 110, 1932 report.
The Stevens:
See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Reed's paper, page
151, and Mr. Stokes' paper with tests, pages 109 and 110, in 1932 report.
The Stillman:
Awarded third prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. J. A. Stillman, Mackeys, North
Carolina.
The Stout:
Entered in 1926 contest by W. F. Stout, Hammersville, Ohio.
The Tasterite:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report. W. R.
Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Tasterite is not promising there.
The Ten Eyck:
One of the standards in past years. See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and
Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Thomas:
Considered the leading walnut in past years and still preferred to all others
by many growers. See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's
paper in 1931 report. The Thomas walnut seems to produce the same
quality nuts from Oklahoma to New York. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., has
young trees doing fine but not old enough to bear. J. H. Gage, Hamilton,
Ontario, has two Thomas trees planted in 1924 and moved in 1925 which
started to bear in 1928 and have borne every year since except one. Trunks
of trees are 6 to 7 inches in diameter, trees are 25 feet high and growing in
light sandy soil near west end of north shore of Lake Ontario. Temperature
last winter reached -30 F. but no damage to the Thomas trees. W. R. Fickes,
Wooster, Ohio, reports at the present time he considers the Thomas the best
all-round walnut, good in quality, self-pollinating and a heavy early bearer.

The Thorp:
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Tilley:
Submitted in 1926 contest by B. J. Tilley, Murfreesboro, N. C. Is growing in
the Riehl orchard.
The Vandersloot:
Submitted in 1926 contest by C. E. Vandersloot, Muddy Creek Forks, Pa.
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Wasson:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Wetzel:
Awarded fourth prize in 1929 contest to Annie W. Wetzel, New Berlin, Pa.
See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Wheeling:
A new excellent walnut located by Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa, in
1932.
The Weidenhammer:
See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.
The Wiard:
See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
The Woodall:
See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
The Worthington:
An excellent walnut located by Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa. See
Mr. Reed's paper, page 151, 1932 report.

Mr. H. R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio, calls attention to the fact that he has a
parent black walnut tree on his place, the nuts of which took second prize in
the 1932 Michigan nut contest. He will later give more information
concerning it.

PERSIAN WALNUTS

The following Persian walnuts are listed in Mr. Bixby's paper in the 1926
report:

Alpine
Anderson
Boston
Eureka
Franquette
Hall
Holden
Lancaster
Mayette
Meylan
Rush

Prof. Neilson's paper in this report covers the following:

Beck
Broadview
Crath
Franquette
Larson
Mayette
McDermid
Pomeroy
Seeando

In addition the Jones Nursery has growing the following:

Nebo

Potomac
Sinclair

Mr. John W. Hershey reports the Alpine and Lancaster are the same and that
the Franquette, Hall, Nebo and Rush should be listed as obsolete for
northern planting, and that the use of the Eureka in the north is
questionable. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports that the Franquette,
Lancaster, Mayette, Pomeroy and Rush winter kill at his place.

BUTTERNUTS

The following butternuts are listed in Mr. Reed's paper in the 1931 report,
pages 98 and 99:

Aiken
Bliss
Buckley
Creitz
Deming
Devon
Helmick
Hergert
Hostetter
Irvine
Lingle
Mandeville
Saugatuck
Sherman
Sherwood
Simonson
Thill
Utterbock

The Alverson, Deming, Irvine, Love, Luther and Sherman are covered in
Mr. Reed's paper in this report.

HEART NUTS

Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report covers the following Heart nuts:
Bates, Faust, Lancaster, Ritchie and Stranger. Mr. John W. Hershey reports
the Lancaster should be classed as obsolete as it is practically a hopeless
tree, and that the Stranger is a rather common-place nut and should be
classed as such.
Mr. Hershey reports a new Heart nut, the Hershey, a seedling grown on his
grounds at Downington, Pa. It is growing in a severe frost pocket but has
never winter-killed or frost-killed. The nut is excellent. Bearing has been
light due to crowding, which has been remedied by cutting down the trees
around it.

CHESTNUTS

Most of the named Chestnuts are listed in Mr. Bixby's paper in the 1926
report and are growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill. Experiments are
still being carried on with hope of producing a blight resistant chestnut.
Anyone desiring to plant chestnut trees should consult their local
nurseryman or farm advisor.

HAZELS AND FILBERTS

The filberts have not proved entirely hardy for northern territory, but the
native hazels and hybrids appear to be entirely satisfactory. The lists are too
long to publish. Full and reliable information is contained in Prof. Slate's
paper in this report.

Nut Culture in the North
By J. F. Wilkinson

Rockport, Indiana
There being other papers on the subject of nut culture I will confine this to
Indiana and surrounding territory where nut trees of several kinds are
native, and flourished before the coming of the white man.
Walnut and hickory trees are to be found growing on most kinds of soil,
chestnut and hazels mostly on hill land, the pecan as a rule in the lowlands
along the streams where vast groves of them are yet producing splendid
crops of nuts.
One mile from my nursery, around Enterprise (which was the boyhood
home of our worthy member Mr. T. P. Littlepage), are hundreds of these
trees, including one of the largest in Indiana. This tree measures 16 feet in
circumference at waist height and is estimated to be 125 feet high. It has
produced more than 500 pounds of nuts in a season and other trees near
here have produced as much as 600 pounds. One of these has a spread of
over 100 feet. It is not unusual for a large size tree to produce from 300 to
400 pounds of a good season.
One of the largest groves near here is known as the Major grove near the
mouth of Green River, containing about 300 acres, most of the trees on
which are pecan trees. Some are of immense size and probably as large as
can be found north of the cotton belt. A few trees in this grove are estimated
to be more than 150 feet tall.
Along the Wabash River is probably the largest native northern pecan grove
consisting of several hundred acres in which it is estimated there are more
than 20,000 bearing-size pecan trees. At gathering time in the fall this is a
very busy place. It is a source of revenue to many besides the owners.

I was at this grove two weeks ago and was told there that each year school
begins the first of August so they can dismiss during October and
November to allow the school children to gather pecans during those two
months. School teachers in that territory are required to sign a contract to
that effect. This grove lies between Shawneetown and New Haven, which
are eighteen miles apart.
The town of New Haven has a population of about 400. I was told last fall
by one of the three pecan buyers there that, in one day a few years ago, the
three of them paid more than $15,000 for pecans for one day's delivery.
This of course did not represent the total day's sales for this territory as
many of them were sold at Shawneetown. So one can easily see why the
people there are anxious for their children to help in this harvest, it being
the chief source of fall income to many poor people, who are given one-half
of all the pecans they gather. Often on or after a windy day the amount
gathered by each one makes a splendid day's wages. Many make a practice
of coming a distance each fall for this harvest. One party from St. Louis
told me last fall that was his twenty-sixth year at that grove.
This grove is surrounded by smaller ones and many single trees growing on
cultivated land. None of the native nut trees in this section have ever had
any care whatever, except the ones growing in cultivated fields, and those
only farm crop cultivation. Many of the native seedlings seldom bear and
some others are shy or irregular bearers. But it is noticeable how much
better as a rule those produce that have farm crop cultivation or stand in
favorable locations.
This is plainly evident in many instances where trees in the last few years
have been cleared around and cultivated, or where an individual tree is
standing alone without cultivation, but has plenty of space, food and
moisture. An excellent example of this is the Littlepage tree in Enterprise
that is probably 35 years old, has never been cultivated but stands in a well
used stock lot and has been an annual bearer since a small tree.
On the other hand, near here are a number of trees around which the land
had been cultivated in farm crops until about ten years ago, and these trees
produced well, but since that time the land has been abandoned and has

grown up in a thicket and the production of these trees has been greatly
reduced.
About twenty years ago propagation of the better varieties of northern nut
trees was begun in southern Indiana. At that time I believe that most of us
overlooked the needs of nut trees as we had been used to their taking care of
themselves. Our attention to them was mostly at nut harvest time. We failed
to take into consideration the conditions under which the best bearing trees
were growing and too strongly condemned those not bearing so well, when
it was often due to conditions instead of to the trees themselves.
The walnut and hickory will succeed and bear with less moisture than the
pecan, though they will do better with plenty of moisture if on well drained
land and having good cultivation. We failed to take in consideration that the
best bearing pecan trees were growing on low land that was usually
overflowed one or more times each season, leaving plenty of moisture and a
deposit of plant food. Many articles have been written by nut tree
enthusiasts in which the planting of nut trees on unproductive or waste land
has been advised. In this the writers were sincere in their statements. This
advice has been taken by many, causing more or less disappointment to the
planter and no encouragement to his neighbor. No successful fruit grower
would plant an orchard of peach or apple trees on poor or waste land, forget
about them for a few years and expect to go back and harvest a crop of fruit,
and neither need the nut grower expect to.
Since many trees of the named varieties have been in bearing for a number
of years it gives a broad field for studying them, and their habits are very
similar to the native trees, I do not know of a single tree that is not a
testimonial to the care and attention it has been given.
In my first nursery planting trees were left growing to supply bud and
graftwood for future use. These were left entirely too close together to
remain until large trees, but I have never yet had nerve enough to remove
all that should be taken out, with the result that they are now crowding and
robbing each other of food and moisture retarding both growth and bearing.
These are now from 15 to 19 years old and not producing as many nuts as
they did several years ago, or as many as trees several years younger that

have more space. My observations convince me that plenty of space, food
and moisture are most essential for best results.
The past four years has been a splendid time to study this as our weather
conditions have been unusual in that we have in this section had both wet
and dry seasons. I am firmly convinced that weather conditions have a great
deal to do with the nut crop not only with the quantity of nuts but quality as
well. Moisture conditions in spring and early summer determine the size of
the nut, and later in the season the quality of the kernel. Plenty of moisture
in spring and early summer will make a large size nut. After the shell once
forms the growth of nut is done. Then the plumpness of the kernel depends
on the amount of moisture after the shell is formed. Lack of moisture the
entire season spells a small, poorly filled nut. Trees growing in a crowded
position, or on hard, dry ground, seldom ever have all the moisture they
need to produce a good crop of well filled nuts. This has been plainly
demonstrated with my own and my neighbors' trees in the past few years.
The weather of the previous season also may have much to do with the crop
the following season, especially with trees growing under adverse
conditions. These conditions can often be largely overcome by the owner,
with fertilizers and cultivation.
In planting a tree be sure to give it plenty of space. If the soil is lacking in
plant food feed the tree, remembering it can draw food only from a given
space. No one would expect to grow the same farm crop on a plot of ground
for many years without fertilizer. Prepare to conserve moisture for the hot,
dry season either by cultivation or mulching. One of the thriftiest best
bearing nut tree plantings I know of is on very sharp, hilly clay ground in
Rockport, but the owner fertilizes these trees annually and gives splendid
cultivation.
A non-bearing nut tree is no better than any other kind of a tree, so it is not
a question of how many nut trees you have, but how many good bearing nut
trees you have. To get the best results provide your trees with space, food
and moisture.

Varieties of Nut Trees for the Northernmost Zone
By C. A. Reed, Bureau of Plant Industry United States
Department of Agriculture

The northernmost zone of the eastern part of the United States, within
which conditions appear at all encouraging for the planting of the hardiest
varieties of nut trees now available, may be outlined as covering the milder
portions of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York,
Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and South Dakota. Beyond the Canadian
border this zone should perhaps include the fruit belt of Ontario known as
the "Niagara Peninsula," which skirts Lake Ontario from the City of
Hamilton to the Niagara river. No doubt it should also include considerable
Canadian territory immediately adjacent to Lakes Erie and St. Clair, and
north to the lower end of Lake Huron.
In each American state within this general zone there are numerous
localities to which several species of edible nuts are indigenous, others
where the butternut alone is found, and still others to which none of the
common kinds appear to be adapted. Climate and soil are both limiting
factors within this general section. No nut trees are likely to prove hardy to
the extent of bearing heavily where winter temperatures are extremely
trying or where soils are not of high grade. A fundamental principle
involving plant ecology, which with reference to planted nut trees is too
often lost sight of, is that, regardless of species, plants are unlikely to be
altogether hardy in any locality where minimum temperatures of winter are
appreciably lower, or growing periods much shorter, than at the place where
the variety in question originated. For example, it is often assumed that a
pecan tree native to southern Texas, the lowest point of the range of this
species in the United States, should do well in southeastern Iowa, the
northernmost point within the range. Likewise, it is also sometimes
assumed that a black walnut variety originating in Arkansas, Texas or
Tennessee should be hardy in the black walnut belts of New York,

Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, or wherever the species is
indigenous or has been successfully transplanted.
There are definite degrees of hardiness which must not be overlooked. A
species or variety may be hardy enough to grow thriftily for many years,
and to make a splendid tree, hundreds of miles north of the latitude at which
it will mature occasional crops; or it may be able to produce crops that are
frequent in occurrence yet indifferent as to character; or there may be
occasional crops of first-class nuts; but good crops of good nuts are
exceedingly rare when the minimum temperatures of winter or the length of
the growing period are appreciably more adverse than in the locality where
the variety originated.
A few illustrations may help to make these points clearer. On the
Experimental Farm of the U. S. Department of Agriculture at Arlington, Va.,
directly opposite Washington, on the Potomac, there are five pecan trees of
the Schley variety which originated on the Gulf coast of Mississippi. These
trees have grown splendidly since being planted more than 20 years ago.
They blossomed and set nuts more or less regularly after they were about
eight or ten years of age, but it was only in the eighteenth year that a season
was late enough in fall for a single nut to mature. Another case is afforded
by a pecan seedling, probably from Texas, called to the writer's attention by
Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Conn., which stands near the outskirts of that
city. This is a large, beautiful tree. It rarely sets crops of nuts, and when it
does the nuts fail to become more than half or two-thirds normal size by the
time of autumn frosts. The kernels are then quite undeveloped and the nuts
therefore worthless each year.
In another case, near Ithaca, New York, the Stabler walnut from Maryland
and the Ohio from Toledo, of the state after which it was named, all appear
to be congenially situated insofar as environment is concerned until the nuts
are actually harvested and cured. The nuts of each variety appear normal
when they drop from the trees, but during the process of curing, the kernels
wither up too badly to be marketable. The Thomas from southeastern
Pennsylvania is somewhat better able to adjust itself to Ithaca conditions,
but it is far from being a commercial success in that region.

Kinds of Nuts

The kinds of nuts suitable for this northern zone naturally divide themselves
into three main groups, viz., native, foreign and hybrid. The last might well
be divided into three sub-groups, as native hybrids, foreign hybrids, and
hybrids between native and foreign species. It is perhaps true that there
should also be a fourth subgroup to which chance hybrids should be
assigned when there is uncertainty as to which of these three others a given
variety may belong.

The Native Group

Of these three main groups that of the native species is at present by far the
most important. It includes the black walnut, Juglans nigra; the butternut, J.
cinerea; the shagbark hickory, Hicoria ovata; the sweet hickory, H. ovalis;
the pignut hickory, H. glabra; the American sweet chestnut, Castanea
dentata; the American beech, Fagus americana; and two species of native
hazelnut, Corylus americana; and the beaked hazelnut, C. rostrata.

Black Walnut

The black walnut is placed at the head of the native group because of its
great all round usefulness. Wherever it grows well its timber is of leading
value among all American species. It is a splendid ornamental and the nuts
are highly edible. The black walnut range does not extend as far north as
does that of the butternut, yet wherever it grows well it is much more useful
as a tree, and is successful under a greater variety of conditions. It is
probably a more dependable bearer and, upon the average, the nuts yield a
higher percentage of kernel. Many more varieties of black walnut than of
butternut have been brought to light and more trees have been propagated.
Enough varieties of promise have originated in Michigan alone (largely as a
result of the work of Prof. James A. Neilson of East Lansing) to preclude
any obvious need, at present at least, of bringing varieties from farther
south into this zone. In addition to these, a number of other varieties have
been recognized from equal latitudes, as in New York and, west of Lake
Michigan, in Wisconsin, southeastern Minnesota and northern Iowa.
ADAMS—The Adams black walnut is a rather small variety with an
approximate size range of from 34 to 48 nuts per pound, and an average of

39. In a cracking test of the 1930 crop, conducted after the kernels had
become too dry for most satisfactory cracking, the yield of quarters was
16.75 per cent; that of small pieces 7.81 per cent, and the total 24.56 per
cent. The nuts are much elongated in form, being sharply pointed at each
end. Many are quite symmetrical, thin-shelled and, when not too dry, of
excellent cracking quality. The kernels examined have been notably bright
in color, firm in texture, very sweet and highly pleasing to the palate. The
quarters are long and slender.
The Adams was first called to public attention in 1920, when the late Henry
Adams of Scotts, Kalamazoo County, Michigan, was awarded first prize for
an entry of nuts from the original tree which he made in a contest held that
year by the Northern Nut Growers Association. In an article published in
the Michigan farmer of Detroit, on July 7, 1922, he stated that this tree grew
as a sprout in a corn row on land which he cleared in the spring of 1869.
When the tree was seen by the writer in 1929, and again in 1932, it gave the
impression of having been a moderate or slow grower. Such facts as have
been obtainable from time to time indicate that it is but a moderate bearer.
However, the character of the soil in which it stands is not of the best,
although it is far from being poor. In better soil it would doubtless produce
heavier and more uniform crops.
As nearly as it can be ascertained, the Adams was first propagated by the
late W. G. Bixby of Baldwin, Long Island, who procured scions in 1922. It
was again grafted six years later by J. F. Wilkinson of Rockport, Ind., with
scions procured by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. In April, 1930, one
of the resulting trees was shipped by the Department to the Kellogg
Experimental and Demonstration Farm, Augusta, Mich. Trees are now
growing on the grounds of the United States Department of Agriculture
Horticultural Field Station at Beltsville, Md., and records in the Bixby file
show that a tree was shipped by him to Mr. Harry R. Weber, Cleveland,
Ohio, probably about 1930. No doubt the variety is growing in other
plantings.
An entry of Adams black walnut won third prize in the Michigan contest
conducted under the direction of Professor Neilson of East Lansing at the
end of the 1929 crop year. During the same year Dr. W. C. Deming,
Chairman of the Contest Committee for the Northern Nut Growers

Association, made the following comments regarding the Adams: "Shell
thin, cracking quality good to perfect, color of kernel light, condition
plump, texture tender, quality rich, flavor high." His summary was put
tersely, "An excellent nut."
In the event that this variety would do better in a richer soil than that where
the parent tree stands, it might prove to be one of the most desirable of all
kinds now known for use in the northernmost zone. The parent tree is now
owned by a son of the late Henry Adams, Mr. H. R. Adams of Scotts, who
now lives on the old homestead.
ALLEN—The Allen black walnut is another Michigan variety which
appears to be of considerable promise. It has been under observation by the
U. S. Department of Agriculture at Washington since the summer of 1923,
when it was called to the attention by the Honorable Charles W. Garfield of
Grand Rapids. The parent is a healthy double tree standing some twenty
rods from Thornapple Creek on the farm of Mr. Glenn W. Allen, R. F. D. 1,
Middleville, Barry County. The local conditions of soil and moisture are
highly favorable. The tree frequently bears heavy crops, although, like most
others of the species, it tends more to alternate rather than to annual
bearing.
Five pounds of the 1931 crop tested in Washington showed a range of from
31 to 37 nuts per pound and an average of 34. The percentage of quarter
kernels was 22.45, that of small parts 1.10, and that of bad, O.31 per cent,
making a total kernel yield of 23.86 per cent. The cracking quality was
good, the kernels were plump, the quality of the kernel rich and the flavor
medium sweet.
The Allen was awarded first prize by Professor Neilson in the Michigan
contest of 1929. It should be well worthy of test planting in the northern
zone. It has been disseminated to a very considerable extent for use in small
plantings.
ALLEY—The Alley is a New York variety from the farm of Miss Amy A.
Alley, Lagrangeville, Duchess County. This farm is within fifteen miles of
the Connecticut line and some 50 to 75 miles above New York City. The
Alley was first brought to attention by Miss Alley in 1918, when she was
awarded first prize in the contest for that year of the Northern Nut Growers

Association. The late W. G. Bixby, in reporting for the committee in charge,
said that the Alley had a shell thinner than that of Stabler and that the
cracking quality was "100 per cent."
In none of the tests conducted by the department has this variety ranked
with the best of the more recent kinds, yet because of its latitude of origin
and the fact that in general merit it is well above the average seedling, it is
believed that it should be included in northern trial plantings.
Three pounds of the 1931 crop tested by the department counted 39, 41 and
42 nuts each, respectively. The range was 36 to 45. The percentage yield of
quarter kernels was but 13.96, for out of 122 nuts cracked 15, or 12.29 per
cent, were bad. The total yield of kernel amounted to 25.57 per cent. The
kernels that year were neither particularly plump nor especially well filled.
BECK—The Beck is another Michigan variety of black walnut which in
many respects has compared favorably with the best varieties yet brought to
light from any source. The parent tree was called to the attention of the U.
S. Department of Agriculture in March, 1929, by Mr. Howard Harris, R. F.
D. 7, Allegan, Allegan County, Michigan. It was on a farm then owned by
Mr. Daniel Beck, R. F. D. 2, Hamilton, also of Allegan County. It is a
double tree standing in an open field some 20 rods back of the barn. Like
many other northern varieties of black walnut, the nuts are rather small,
ranging in 1930 from 28 to 49 per pound, and having an average of 37. In
that year it had the high percentage of quarter kernels of 25.36, and a total
percentage of kernel of 33.08. The shell was thinner than that of the average
black walnut, the cracking quality very good, and the kernel bright-colored,
plump, rich and sweet.
The Beck has been successfully grafted in the Bixby nursery at Baldwin,
Long Island, and at the E. A. Riehl Farm and Nursery at Godfrey, Illinois;
by J. W. Arata, Mishawka, Ind.; by Professor Neilson, and probably by
others. It is growing in the government test orchard at Beltsville, Md.
BLOSS—The Bloss black walnut was called to the attention of this
department in January of 1934 by Mr. Joe Bloss, R. F. D. 2, Box 65, Bristol,
Indiana, who at that time forwarded 23 specimen nuts to Washington. These
averaged 33 per pound and had a range of from 29 to 36. In the test which
followed they yielded 21.05 per cent of quarters and 3.35 per cent of small

pieces, making a total of 24.40 per cent of kernel. The cracking quality was
very good, the kernel bright, medium sweet, and fairly rich. On the whole
this appeared to be a very good nut.
Because of the very creditable showing made by these nuts, it is believed
that the Bloss should be investigated further. It may prove valuable in the
general locality of its origin, and as Bristol is but a few miles below the
Michigan state line, it would seem that the variety should be given careful
consideration in plantings throughout the milder portions of the northern
zone.
BRUER—The Bruer black walnut first came to attention in 1926 when Mr.
Milo Bruer of East Main Street, Sleepy Eye, Minn., sent specimen nuts to
Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Conn., for entry in the contest being conducted
that year by the Northern Nut Growers Association. Dr. Deming reported
that he found the shell thin, the cracking quality good, the kernel white,
plump, medium rich in quality, and of mild, nutty "pecan-like" flavor. Later
examination in Washington of 20 specimens of the same crop showed that
the nuts averaged 37 per pound. By that time they were dried beyond the
most satisfactory point for cracking, and, consequently, in this respect, the
quality was medium only. The kernels were then but medium plump.
In other respects they appeared to be about as had been observed by Dr.
Deming.
As this is the best variety yet brought to attention from Minnesota, it is
believed that it should be used in all northern plantings until superseded by
others of superior merit.
CRESCO—The parent tree of the Cresco black walnut stands in a creek
bottom, on what is known as the Patterson farm, two miles southwest of
Cresco, Howard County, Iowa. It is probably within ten miles of the
Minnesota state line. So far as known, with the exception of Bruer (of
Minnesota), the latitude of its place of origin is greater than that of any
other variety originating west of Chicago. It was discovered by Mr. W. A.
Bents, proprietor of Cresco Nurseries, Cresco, Iowa, by whom, in 1929,
specimen nuts of the 1928 crop were sent to the late S. W. Snyder, of
Snyder Bros., Inc., of Center Point, Iowa. Scions of this variety were also
sent to Mr. Snyder, by whom it was first grafted in 1929. The Cresco has

since been disseminated to a considerable extent and is now growing in a
number of widely remote plantings, including those of the E. A. Riehl Farm
and Nursery, Godfrey, Ill., and the U. S. Department of Agriculture at
Beltsville, Md.
Seventy-three nuts of the 1930 crop examined in Washington averaged 35
per pound and yielded 24.55 per cent of quarter kernels, 4.09 per cent small
pieces and 0.73 per cent bad, making a total kernel percentage of 29.18.
The latitude of origin, together with the apparent general merit of the
Cresco black walnut, makes this variety appear to be of special promise in
the northernmost zone.
EDRAS—This is a particularly promising variety, brought to light by Mr.
Gerald W. Adams, of Moorhead, Iowa, in connection with the 1926
Association contest; when it was No. 3 of three entries made by Mr. Adams.
(It was No. 1 that was designated by the Association as "Adams" at that
time and awarded twelfth prize. This variety received no prize.) The variety
was first called "Adams" in his honor, but as a Michigan variety had
previously been so designated, the name was changed to Edras, after the
first name of Mrs. Adams.
The Edras was rated as being "Outstanding" by the late S. W. Snyder of
Iowa (Iowa State Hort. Soc. Ann. Rep. 1924, p. 49). Prof. N. F. Drake, of
Fayetteville, Ark., in the Proceedings of the Northern Nut Growers
Association (p. 24) for 1930, stated: "I think this variety should be kept in
mind, especially for breeding purposes where it is desired to develop a
strain with a high percentage of kernel."
In a test of nuts from the 1930 crop, the Department of Agriculture obtained
a percentage yield of 20.98 for quarters and a total kernel yield of 34.31.
That year, 0.43 per cent of the kernels were found bad, and 12.91 per cent
were of small parts. It is not improbable that another test would result in an
even higher total yield and appreciable improvement in the yield of
quarters.
This variety has been quite widely disseminated. It is known to be growing
on the Riehl Farm and Nursery grounds at Godfrey, Ill.; at the Morton
Arboretum, Lisle, Ill.; on the Kellogg Experimental and Demonstration

Farm, Augusta, Michigan; on the farm of Mr. Harry W. Weber, Cleves,
Ohio; and on the governmental test orchard at Beltsville, Md.
The latitude of Moorhead is somewhat below that of the southern boundary
of the northern zone, yet climatic conditions of extreme western Iowa are
probably no less severe than those of southern Michigan. For this reason,
and because of the excellent rating that this variety has received, it is
believed that the Edras should be included in further test plantings of the
northernmost zone.
GERMAINE—The Germaine black walnut, named in honor of Mr. John W.
Germaine, R. 6, Allegan, Mich., owner of the original tree, was called to the
attention of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in March of 1929 by Mr.
Howard Harris, R. F. D. 7, also of Allegan, when he forwarded a few
specimen nuts of the 1928 crop to Washington. These were found to have
very good cracking quality and plump kernels of rich quality and pleasing
flavor.
Scions have been placed in the hands of various individuals and agencies.
Trees of this variety are now growing at Beltsville, Md., and at Morton
Arboretum, Lisle, Ill.
GRUNDY—The Grundy black walnut originated with a thrifty young
seedling owned by Mr. John Rohwer, Grundy Center, Iowa. It was brought
to light in 1927, when it received first prize in a private contest conducted
by Prof. N. F. Drake, Fayetteville, Ark., and by him given the temporary
designation of "Iowa."
According to President F. H. Frey of the Northern Nut Growers Association,
in a statement appearing in the Proceedings for 1932 (p. 158), Mr. Rohwer
exhibited this variety during the Missouri State Fair of 1928 and was given
first prize. The same year, according to this statement, the Grundy was
awarded second prize during the meeting of the Mid-West Horticultural
Show held in Cedar Rapids. In the opinion of Mr. Frey, the Grundy is
superior to Rohwer in flavor of kernel and its equal in cracking quality. An
entry of Grundy made in the 1929 contest of the Association was awarded
fifth prize.

Little is known of the bearing habits of this variety, although Mr. D. C.
Snyder, the surviving member of Snyder Bros., Inc., of Center Point, wrote
to Washington on July 31, 1933, that he was "afraid" that both this variety
and Rohwer might not prove to be "reliable bearers."
An opinion of Ex-President of the Association, C. F. Walker, expressed July
16, 1933, by letter to the writer, was to the effect that the Grundy walnut
was "fair" only.
Three pounds of the 1931 Grundy walnuts tested by the Department at
Washington yielded 27.74 per cent quarters, 1.57 per cent bad, and 2.35 per
cent small pieces, making a total of 31.66 per cent kernel. The nuts
averaged 35 per pound and had a range of from 28 to 36. The cracking
quality was very good, the kernels bright, plump, rich in quality and of
agreeable flavor.
Considering the good points in favor of this variety, even though its latitude
of origin is somewhat below that of the south Michigan border, it would
seem that until worthier nuts are found, this should be included in test
plantings of the northernmost zone.
HARRIS—The Harris walnut first became known to the department in
December of 1924, when Mr. Howard Harris, R. F. D. 7, Allegan, Mich.,
owner of the original tree, submitted specimens for examination. The
feature which attracted immediate attention was the superior cracking
quality, due to the largeness and openness of its kernel chambers. The
kernels were not as plump as might have been desired, but this is assumed
to have been due to the light, sandy soil where the parent tree grows.
In examining specimens of the 1927 crop, Dr. Deming noted that the nuts
were "small, clean," the shell "thick," the cracking quality "good to perfect,"
and the kernel "not plump, light (in weight) and texture hard." He placed
the flavor at "fair to sweet," yet felt that the variety should be given further
consideration. Many of the kernels of the nuts which he examined, like
those from this tree during most years, were "shrunken."
Two pounds of the 1930 crop tested in Washington yielded 10.91 per cent
of quarters, 3.30 per cent of bad kernels, and 4.41 per cent of small pieces,
making a total of but 18.63 per cent.

This is a much lower rating than that of any other variety included in this
list, and were it not for the superiority of its cracking quality and the
latitude of its origin, it would hardly now be included. However, it should
probably be included in all test plantings in the northernmost zone,
especially if breeding is contemplated. The soil where this original tree
stands is of a light, sandy nature. Allowance for this should be made in
evaluating the merits of the variety.
HILTON—The Hilton black walnut came to the attention of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture in early March of 1933, when specimens were
received through the courtesy of Prof. L. H. MacDaniels of Ithaca, New
York, by whom its propagation had already been successfully begun.
Professor MacDaniels wrote that he did not feel that it was "outstanding,"
except that "apparently it does succeed rather far north and is much above
the average in general merit."
The nuts sent to Washington averaged 25 per pound, had a range of from 21
to 28 per pound, and were therefore quite large, especially for that latitude.
The yield of quarters was 20.46 per cent, that of small kernel parts O.66 per
cent, and the total 21.12 per cent. The cracking quality was very good, the
kernel quality rich and the flavor very good.
The original tree, according to Professor MacDaniels, is tall and difficult to
climb. It stands on the lot of a next-door neighbor of Mr. D. C. Wright of
Hilton, through whom it came to the attention of Professor MacDaniels.
As the town of Hilton is within ten miles of the shore of Lake Ontario, the
origin of the variety was practically on the extreme northern edge of
western New York. In view of this, it is felt that the Hilton variety should be
carefully considered in connection with any planting in the northernmost
zone.
HUBER—The Huber black walnut was brought to light by Mr. Ferdinand
Huber, Cochrane, Wis., in 1929, when he made an entry in the Association
contest. Although the nuts were awarded no prize, the Bixby report made
special mention of these nuts as being "notable for the high percentage of
kernel (1930 Proc. N. N. G. A., p. 108), having yielded 32.8 per cent of
total kernel."

The variety has not been tested by the department, although several
attempts have been made to procure specimens for the purpose, but each
such effort has been coincident with a crop failure by this particular tree.
LAMB—The Lamb black walnut is a variety propagated and grown for its
wood only. The parent tree stood on a farm one-quarter mile east of Ada,
Kent County, Michigan, perhaps ten miles due east of Grand Rapids. After
the log had been cut and shipped to a mill, discovery was made that the
wood of the original tree had a highly figured grain. Mr. George Lamb, then
Secretary of the American Walnut Manufacturers Association, 616 South
Michigan Avenue, Chicago, traced the origin of the log back to its source,
where the top was found to be still green, although the tree had been cut
two months previous. Scions were cut and sent by Mr. Lamb to the
Department of Agriculture in Washington, and also to Dr. Robert T. Morris,
Merribrooke Farm, Stamford, Conn. At the suggestion of Dr. Morris, Mr.
Lamb also sent scions to Mr. Ford Wilkinson, Rockport, Ind.
Some of the scions received by the Department were placed in the hands of
others, including the late Messrs. Jones, Bixby and Snyder, also Prof. V. R.
Gardner, Director of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station at East
Lansing, and Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Piketown, Pa. Drs. Morris and
Zimmerman, Professor Gardner, and Messrs. Wilkinson and Bixby, were all
successful in their efforts at grafting. Mr. Bixby made new grafts as soon as
the original could be cut for scions, and also made some distributions of
scions. At the time of his death in August, 1933, there were a dozen or more
nursery trees of various sizes and degrees of condition among his stock at
Baldwin. From these, scions were sold to a number of Association members
during the spring of 1934.
While it has not yet been established that the character of figured grain is
transmissible with scions, the value of such wood is so great that anyone
interested in producing walnut trees of outstanding value would do well to
investigate this variety to the extent of growing a few trees. In all likelihood
the combined results from tests made by a large number of persons would
be of great value to science.
TASTERITE—The parent tree of the Tasterite walnut, owned by Everl
Church, R. F. D. 3, Ithaca, New York, was discovered and named by Mr. S.

H. Graham, a neighbor, living on Route 5, also out of Ithaca. The latter
submitted specimens to the department in Washington in 1929, where they
made a highly favorable showing. Tasterite nuts entered that year in the
contest of the Northern Nut Growers Association, although receiving no
award by the committee were given the rating of "excellent" by Dr.
Deming. In 1930, Prof. N. F. Drake of Fayetteville, Ark., gave Tasterite nuts
a rating of "100 per cent on cracking quality." He obtained a total of 28.05
per cent of kernel. Nuts of the 1930 crop examined in Washington averaged
36 per pound, ranged from 34 to 38, and yielded 20.92 per cent of quarters
and 7.22 per cent of small pieces, making a total of 28.14 per cent.
The shell of the nut is thinner than the average and the cracking quality
distinctly superior. The kernels of nuts promptly harvested, hulled and cured
have been bright, plump, rich in quality, and especially pleasing in flavor.
The one weak point of the Tasterite appears to be in the matter of size, but
this smallness is well offset by superiority in the points just mentioned, and
also in what is perhaps more important, the latitude and altitude of the place
of origin. Any variety which will yield heavy crops of nuts distinctly
superior to the average black walnut in cracking quality and kernel merit at
a 42-degree latitude plus, and a 2,000-foot altitude, should be potentially
very valuable in the northernmost zone.
WIARD—This is another Michigan variety, apparently of much merit.
Vague bits of information regarding it have reached the department at
Washington from time to time since June, 1926, when Greening Bros., of
Monroe, stated to the writer that Mr. Everett Wiard, a fruit grower near the
eastern outskirts of Ypsilanti, was grafting a promising seedling of his own
origin. This clue was not successfully followed up until 1932, when a few
specimen nuts were obtained. These were found to be of medium size and
of excellent cracking quality. The kernels were plump, bright, rich in
quality, and of pleasing flavor.
On February 12, 1934, Professor Neilson wrote the department that this
seedling had come to his attention during Farmers' Week, held shortly
before, at East Lansing. He stated that to him this appeared to be one of the
best seedlings thus far discovered and that he was recommending it for
propagation. He added that the nut was "of medium size, somewhat

diamond-shaped, thin-shelled, easy to crack and of excellent extractive
quality." Very likely more will be learned of this variety in the future.
Butternut Varieties
The American butternut, Juglans cinerea, although commonly held to be a
slow grower, a tardy and light bearer, and a producer of thick-shelled nuts
hard or impossible to crack without extreme difficulty, is frequently quite
the opposite in one or more, or all, of these respects. Under favorable
environment the trees grow rapidly, bear early, and oftentimes the nuts may
be easily cracked and the kernels extracted in perfect halves. Probably more
than a dozen varieties from various portions of the North have been named.
A few of these appear to be of considerable promise.
The northern range of the butternut extends from Nova Scotia over Maine,
across New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, the upper peninsula of
Michigan, and through Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota to South
Dakota south to Georgia and Arkansas.
Butternut flavor is preferred by many people to that of any other nut.
Throughout New England the kernels are used to no inconsiderable extent
in the making of highly pleasing food products. Oftentimes the ground
kernels are used in the home manufacture of pastries and confections which
are either consumed at home or sold on roadside markets at good profit.
The butternut is not without certain weak points which must not be
forgotten. The timber is less valuable than that of black walnut, the trees
grow to smaller size and seldom live more than 75 or 100 years; outside of
the best growing sections of the North, it is possible that the majority
succumb under 40 years.
Being less symmetrical, butternut trees are not as suitable for ornamental
planting as are nut trees of many other kinds. Nevertheless, a tree or two of
each of the best varieties now available should be included in all nut
planting as far south as the species is indigenous, and perhaps farther down.
ALVERSON—The parent tree of this variety is owned by Mr. M. E.
Alverson, Howard City, Montcalm County, Michigan. It was first called to
public attention when it was awarded third prize in the 1932 State contest
held at East Lansing under the direction of Prof. James A. Neilson, of

Michigan Agricultural College. A one-pound lot tested in Washington
during April of the same year counted 47 specimens. It yielded 14.44 per
cent of quarters and 1.11 per cent of small pieces, making a total of 15.55
per cent kernel. The cracking quality was found to be good. The kernels
were large, long, plump, medium bright, and the flavor distinctly pleasing.
DEMING—This variety was called to attention by Olcott Deming, a son of
Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Conn., to whom it was awarded first prize in
the 1918 contest of the Northern Nut Growers Association. Dr. Deming
sought to have this variety called Olcott, but the name became fixed when it
appeared in the Jones catalogue of 1920, and later in various reports of the
Association.
The Deming butternut is probably an early bearer, as in notes prepared by
the late J. F. Jones for use during the 1926 convention held at Lancaster,
reference was made to two trees (Nos. 88 and 89), which were in "bearing
while still quite young," the latter of which "bore two nuts the next year
after being grafted," and which was then "bearing its third consecutive
crop." Mr. Jones began its propagation in 1920, commenting to the writer at
the time that it was "larger and had a thinner shell than Aiken."
IRVINE—This variety was awarded first prize ($50.00) in the Northern Nut
Growers Association contest of 1929. The parent tree is owned by Mrs. L.
K. Irvine, Menominee, Dunn County, Wis. In a Washington test of three
pounds, conducted in 1931, the nuts averaged 53 per pound and had a range
of from 44 to 59. The kernel yield was 22.13 per cent quarters, 3.90 per cent
small pieces, and 0.38 per cent bad. The cracking quality was excellent, the
kernels large and highly attractive, the quality good, and the flavor mild.
This is apparently one of the finest although not the richest or sweetest, of
any variety of butternut yet discovered. It is known to have been
successfully propagated but to a limited extent only.
LOVE—This butternut originated on the farm of Mr. Frank Love, R. F. D.
2, Howell, Livingston County, Mich. It was discovered by chance, when the
large size and generally sound condition of the parent tree caught the
attention of the writer in 1931. In a cracking test conducted later that year
the nuts averaged 53 per pound, had a range of from 44 to 71, and yielded a

total of 27.32 per cent kernel. The yield of quarters was 24.68 per cent, and
that of small pieces 2.64 per cent.
The Love butternuts are considerably smaller than those of some other
varieties, and in comparison with Irvine of that year the kernels were much
less attractive in appearance, but richer in quality and of more pleasing
flavor. On the whole, these nuts now stand among the very best yet called to
attention, although during a test made a year later of nuts also from the
parent tree, the result was but 17.19 per cent of kernel, composed of 16.86
per cent quarters and 0.33 per cent of small pieces.
These nuts have not appeared in any contest, and in all probability they
would have received no award during any but the most favorable years.
However, their record of 1931 placed the variety in a class at that time quite
by itself.
Scions from the original tree, purchased by the department in 1933, and
placed in the hands of several commercial propagators, have resulted in at
least one living grafted tree. This is being carefully guarded, and as soon as
possible others will be grafted from it. As Mr. Love is quite averse to
having the tree cut for scions, it may not be possible to obtain new scions
from the original source.
LUTHER—This butternut came to light as a result of the contest held by
Professor Neilson at the end of the 1932 crop year, when it received second
prize. The entry was made by Mr. F. Luther of Fairgrove, Tuscola County,
Mich.
In Washington, nuts of the 1932 crop averaged 52 per pound and yielded
15.45 per cent of quarters and 2.21 per cent of small pieces, making a total
of 17.66 per cent of kernel. This test was made in April, after the nuts were
rather too dry to crack to the best advantage. At that time the cracking
quality was fair only.
SHERMAN—The Sherman butternut first became known in 1929, when
Mrs. E. Sherman, Montague City, Mass., was awarded ninth prize in the
Northern Nut Growers Association contest of that year. Tested twice in
Washington, it has at neither time rated with the best in so far as cracking
quality is concerned. In 1931 it made the high kernel yield of 29.41 per

cent. However, only 11.76 per cent was of quarters. Exactly the same
percentage was of small pieces, and 5.88 per cent of kernels were bad. In
1932, the total per cent of kernel dropped to 15.31, that of quarters to 4.78,
and that of kernels to 0.96, while that of small pieces rose to 9.57.
Further studies will be made to see if under optimum conditions of handling
after proper harvesting and curing the record of cracking quality cannot be
improved upon.

Hickories

According to Alfred Rehder, of Harvard, in the Standard Cyclopedia of
Horticulture, six species of hickory are indigenous to that region east of the
Rocky Mountains here discussed under the term of the northernmost nut
zone. These are the shagbark, the shellbark, the sweet hickory, the pignut,
the mockernut and the bitternut. The shagbark hickory, Hicoria ovata, and
the sweet hickory, H. ovalis, are the principal ones among this group
offering promise as sources of varieties fit for cultivation in this zone. The
former is well known as a rich-land species, having shaggy bark and a more
or less sharply angled sweet nut; the latter, often called pignut, has recently
been listed as "sweet hickory" to distinguish it from H. glabra, also called
pignut, yet which is sometimes better. The sweet hickory is less exacting in
soil requirements than the shagbark, although often nearly or quite as good
a nut, popular prejudice notwithstanding. When shelled the kernels can be
distinguished only with difficulty.
Of the other hickories indigenous to this zone, all are omitted from the
discussion for definite reasons, chief of which is the fact that few or no
seedlings of promise have been found. The shellbark, H. laciniosa, which is
much like the shagbark in many respects, occurs in this zone sparingly and
only in the southernmost part. Nuts of this species, while very large, are
thick-shelled and commonly more or less objectionable because of the
frequency with which the kernels are imperfectly developed or entirely
wanting. The pignut hickory, H. glabra, already mentioned, is omitted from
further discussion because of being no better than the sweet hickory in any
known respect, and because of the frequent bitterness of its kernel. The
mockernut, H. alba, while indigenous practically everywhere that any other

hickory grows, and producing a sweet, agreeable kernel, has too thick a
shell to justify particular attention at this time. The bitternut hickory, H.
cordiformis, is rarely palatable. The tree makes an attractive ornamental,
but is relatively unimportant in so far as timber production is concerned.
Intermediate forms of hickory and hybrids originated from chance crosses
under purely natural conditions are fairly common. Quite a good many
belonging to one or the other of these groups have been brought to light
during the last two decades, largely as a result of discovery by the Northern
Nut Growers Association. Several of these will be discussed in alphabetical
order along with varieties of pure species.
ANTHONY—The Anthony shagbark originated with a seedling tree
discovered by Mr. A. B. Anthony, R. F. D. 6, Sterling, Whiteside County,
Ill. It appears to be a particularly choice variety, and as the latitude of
Sterling is practically the same as that of Chicago, it might do very well in
the lower portion of the northernmost zone. In a cracking test of the 1932
crop the yield of quarters was 41.66, that of small pieces 0.60, making a
total of 42.26 per cent. The nuts were large, averaging 74 per pound;
attractive in appearance, clean, and of nearly white color. The cracking
quality was good, the kernel plump, bright, rich in quality and medium
sweet in flavor, but not being equal to some others in this last respect. This
is believed to be one of the choicest hickory nuts yet brought to light.
CEDAR RAPIDS—This shagbark is from Cedar Rapids, Linn County,
Iowa, where the latitude is about 42 degrees north, or about the same as that
of Chicago, Ill., Tecumseh, Mich., and the boundary line between
Pennsylvania and New York. Like Anthony (of Sterling, Ill.) the merit of
this variety is believed such as to justify its trial planting in the southern
portion of the northernmost zone.
The Cedar Rapids shagbark was discovered and brought to light by the late
S. W. Snyder, senior member of Snyder Bros., Inc., nurserymen at Center
Point, Iowa. The exact or even approximate year of discovery and first
propagation is not known to the writer, but a remark made by Mr. Snyder
during the 1930 convention, and passed on to him by Dr. Deming, would
indicate that grafts were made as early as 1914. It was, "a Cedar Rapids
shagbark grafted on a hickory (probably meaning shagbark), bore in its

third year and has borne every year since, but the same variety grafted 16
years ago on a bitternut has not borne." In various comments made by Mr.
Snyder from time to time, especially in connection with the Iowa meetings
of the State Horticultural Society and of the Mid-West Horticultural
Exposition, he continued to rate this as one of the best varieties within his
acquaintance. There are a number of grafted trees of this variety in various
parts of the country, but very few yet in bearing. The department at
Washington has had no opportunity to test the nuts in detail.
(There is also a variety of bitternut from Iowa known as Cedar Rapids, but
the two are quite unlike and should not be confused.)
COMINS—The original tree of the Comins shagbark hickory, awarded
eighth prize in the 1929 contest, is owned by Mrs. Nancy E. Comins,
Amherst, Hampshire County, Mass. This variety is probably worthy of
further investigation, although specimens of the 1929 crop examined at
Washington did not appear to as good advantage as did many others.
CREAGER—The Creager hickory is a supposed shagbark and bitternut
hybrid known since about 1925, when it was given a high rating, named,
propagated and disseminated to a limited extent by Snyder Bros., Inc., of
Center Point, Iowa. It was called to their attention by Mr. W. O. Creager,
Sumner, Bremer County, Iowa, discoverer of the original tree. The nuts are
quite small, averaging in a test made in Washington of the 1930 crop 149
per pound. The yield of kernel was 30.27 per cent quarters, 8.76 per cent
small pieces, and the total 39.04 per cent. As this test was made in February,
1932, the nuts were more than a year old, and allowance should be made for
this fact. The parent tree had been cut down in the meantime and nuts were
not obtainable later.
The shells of the nut are quite thin, easy to crack, and the kernels fairly
sweet. Like most others when their parentage involves a cross with the
bitternut, a distinct bitterness of flavor hangs over in the mouth as an after-
taste.
The grafted tree is said to be a rapid grower and so highly ornamental as to
be well worth growing for its beauty alone. A few trees of such a hybrid as
this should be in any variety test planting wherever they will succeed. As
the latitude of Sumner is 43 degrees, this hybrid should be of interest as far

north as Milwaukee, Wis.; Grand Rapids, Mich.; Buffalo, N. Y., and the
northern boundary line of Massachusetts. Being primarily an ornamental,
the Creager might be grown with safety even farther north.
DENNIS—The Dennis shagbark hickory is another variety brought to light
by Snyder Bros., Inc., of Center Point, Ia. The original tree was found near
the City of Cedar Rapids and called to their attention by the late Dr. A. B.
Dennis of that city. Information is lacking as to the exact year, but
according to Mr. Bixby's address before the 1920 convention of the
Association, Snyder Bros. used Dennis in 1916 in top-working.
No test of the nuts by the department has yet been possible. However, Mr.
S. W. Snyder wrote in 1926 that he then considered the Dennis "... the best
shagbark yet discovered in Iowa." He added further that "where the nuts are
gathered and hulled promptly after ripening, the color of the shell is usually
highly attractive." He also stated that the shell was quite thin, and owing to
its inner structure the kernels could be extracted easily. He regarded the
quality of the kernel as rich and the flavor sweet and pleasing.
This variety is represented in several known plantings and abundant nuts for
testing should soon be procurable. Meanwhile, the variety should be
included in further test plantings of the northernmost zone.
DREW—The Drew hickory is a shagbark named in honor of Mr. Arthur
Drew of Howell, Livingston County, Mich., by whom it was called to
attention in 1916. The parent tree stands on the Lyman Beach farm, Marion
township, about six miles southwest from the post office. It was then one of
many young seedlings less than forty feet tall standing in a cattle pasture.
When first examined the nuts were unimpressive, but later specimens
received high rating. The tree is difficult to reach and its exact identity
probably known only to Mr. Drew.
The latitude of origin, the early age of bearing, and the superiority of nut,
both with reference to cracking quality and merit of kernel, seem to call for
further study.
EMERICK—This shagbark was discovered by Prof. L. H. MacDaniels of
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Specimens of the 1932 crop were
submitted to him by Miss Etta Emerick, West Camp, Ulster County, New

York. In Washington seven of these nuts averaged 67 per pound and yielded
33.33 per cent quarters, 2.22 per cent small pieces, and a total of 35.55 per
cent kernel. The cracking quality was very good and the nuts otherwise
appeared to be of considerable promise.
FAIRBANKS—This is a hybrid hickory, apparently the result of a chance
cross between shagbark and bitternut. The parent tree was discovered by the
late S. W. Snyder, of Center Point, Iowa, probably about 1912. It then stood
near a line fence on the farm of Mr. C. A. Fairbanks, nine miles northwest
of Anamosa, Jones County, Iowa. With reference to the merit of this variety,
the late Mr. Bixby once commented, "A heavy bearer, nuts attractive, large,
smooth and thin-shelled. The variety has about all the good points desirable
except that its palatability is too low. It is the Ben Davis of the hickories."
The latitude of Anamosa is such that the Fairbanks should be hardy in the
south three or four tiers of counties of Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, and
over much of Massachusetts. It has been widely disseminated, and because
of the popular feeling in its favor, will likely continue to be planted in
experimental orchards.
GREEN—The parent tree of the Green sweet hickory is owned by Mr.
Steve Green, R. F. D. 9, Battle Creek, Calhoun County, Mich. It was
brought to attention in 1929, when it was awarded fifth prize by the
Association among the hickory entries that year. This variety is the first of
its species (Hicoria ovalis) to have received a prize from the Association.
HUBER—The Huber shagbark hickory originated with a seedling tree
owned by Mr. Ferdinand Huber, Cochrane, Buffalo County, Wisconsin. It
came to light in 1929, when it was awarded second prize in the Association
contest.
HUFF—Like Green, this variety is a sweet hickory, Hicoria ovalis. The
parent tree is owned by L. S. Huff, White Pigeon, St. Joseph County,
Michigan. Aside from the fact that it was awarded ninth prize in the
Association contest of 1929, little is known as to its merits.
LANEY—This variety was brought to light by the late John Dunbar, First
Assistant Superintendent of Parks in Rochester, New York, who wrote the
department in Washington on March 13, 1916, that the original tree was on

a farm owned by Mr. R. J. Sheard, superintendent of a cemetery in Webster
County, New York. It appears to be the result of a natural cross between the
shagbark and the bitternut hickories. It was given the species name Laneyi
by Sargent in his Manual of the Trees of North America, in honor of Mr. C.
C. Laney, Superintendent of Parks, in Rochester, by whom it had been
called to his attention.
This variety is probably of chief value for ornamental and breeding
purposes. The nuts are large, like those of Fairbanks, attractive, thin-
shelled, easy to crack and of pleasing palatability to some people. Upon
becoming thoroughly cured, especially after a few months, the disagreeable
taste characteristic of bitternut usually becomes quite pronounced.
MANN—This shagbark hickory came to light when awarded first prize in
the Michigan contest of 1932, held under the direction of Prof. James A.
Neilson, East Lansing. The parent tree is owned by Mrs. Rae D. Mann, R. F.
D. 3, Davison, Genesee County, Mich. In a cracking test of nuts from the
crop of 1932, conducted in Washington, the average was 75 per pound; the
yield of quarters was 43.52 per cent, that of small pieces 3.53 per cent,
making a total of 47.06 per cent. The cracking quality was excellent, the
kernels large, plump, of rich quality and particularly sweet flavor. The
kernels were a trifle dark, but otherwise this hickory appears to be one of
the most promising kinds yet discovered.
MILLER—This shagbark hickory is another apparently highly promising
variety, brought to light as a result of Professor Neilson's efforts. It was
awarded second prize in the 1932 state contest held under his direction. The
parent tree is owned by Mr. D. P. Miller, Route 3, North Branch, Lapeer
County, Mich. It and Mann are from adjoining counties, and the parent trees
are probably not over twenty miles apart. The two are of about equal merit
and much alike, although Miller nuts are somewhat smaller. In the cracking
test of the 1932 contest, fifty nuts weighed one-half pound. Of these, two
were spoiled, yet the percentage of quarters was 48.02, that of small pieces
1.32, thus making a total of 49.34 per cent kernel.
The cracking quality was excellent, the kernel a trifle dark, yet very plump,
rich and sweet.

SANDE—The Sande shagbark hickory is from the farm of Elmer T. Sande,
Story City, Story County, Iowa, about sixteen miles north of Ames. It was
brought to light by the late S. W. Snyder as early as November, 1928, when
he became responsible for having it mentioned (p. 24) in the premium list
of the Seventh Mid-West Horticultural Exposition held in Cedar Rapids,
Iowa, November 14 to 17. It received seventh prize in the 1929 contest of
the Northern Nut Growers Association.
Mr. Snyder commented on this variety, as recorded in the 1930 proceedings
of the Northern Nut Growers Association (p. 15), to the effect that the
cracking quality of the Sande excelled that of any other variety of Iowa
origin known to him at that time. The variety has twice received awards
during the State Fair of Iowa. Mr. Snyder stated that the parent tree was
then rather young but bearing well.
As the latitude of Story City is slightly greater than 42 degrees, this variety
should do well throughout much of the northernmost zone.
SWAIM—The parent tree of the Swaim shagbark hickory stands on
Maplewood farm, R. F. D. 1, South Bend, St. Joseph County, Ind., and is
now owned by Mr. I. H. Swaim. It is one of a number of seedlings growing
from local nuts planted during the early sixties by the late J. M. Swaim,
grandfather of the present Mr. Swaim. It was called to the attention of the
department in 1912 by Mr. H. H. Swaim, father of the present owner of the
tree, who is still living near by on the same mail route.
The Swaim was first propagated about 1914 by W. C. Reed of Vincennes,
Ind., who has found it a highly satisfactory variety, with reference to
regularity and size of crops and general merit of nuts.
The Swaim is one of three varieties to tie for fourth place in the contest of
the Association held in 1919. In a cracking test conducted in Washington
with one pound of the 1930 crop, the nuts averaged 84 per pound and
yielded 44.73 per cent of quarters, 4.62 per cent small pieces, and 0.44 per
cent of bad kernels, thus making a total of 49.78 per cent of kernel. The
cracking quality that year was excellent, the kernels large, plump, and
bright. The quality was rich and the flavor sweet and pleasing.

As the city of South Bend is but a few miles below the Michigan state line,
this variety should be well worth considering for use in test plantings
throughout the lower fringe of the northernmost zone.
WESTPHAL—The Westphal is a shagbark hickory from Mr. Otto
Westphal, R. F. D. 2, Kendall, Monroe County, Wis. It was awarded fourth
place in the 1926 contest of the Philadelphia Society of Agriculture. So far
as known, no other examination has been made of the nuts. However, the
place they received in this contest, together with its latitude of origin, which
is nearly 44 degrees, should commend the Westphal to the consideration of
all who are interested in hickories for the northernmost region.

The Filbert

The filbert situation in the north is difficult to characterize. Repeated
plantings have been established in this part of the country, probably since
colonial days, only to perish in due time. Filbert blight was responsible for
much of this loss, but so also were destructively low temperatures. Western
New York now seems to be particularly favored, as trees there, notably at
Geneva, bear regularly. Mr. Bixby's trees at Baldwin, Long Island, failed
significantly during practically the whole of their life. Similarly, a
comprehensive collection of varieties in the orchard of Dr. F. L. Baum,
Boyertown, Pa., fruits practically not at all. Trees at Arlington, Va., on the
government experimental farm, suffer sufficient winter injury each late
winter or early spring to be quite regular in non-bearing. The varieties of all
these plantings are much the same, and failure is not due to winter killing of
the trees, as there is normally very little of this. It appears to be due to
destruction of the flowers wrought by low temperatures following weather
in January, February or March mild enough to start the flowers into bloom.
At the present moment it looks as though European varieties of filbert
might do much better where the trees bloom in April, as in western New
York, than where flowers come out in February, as at Arlington, or in
March, as on Long Island.
For the present not a great deal of encouragement can be offered regarding
the European varieties of filbert in the east, except in the most suitable

sections. Certain hybrid varieties are now being developed, but they are not
yet available for planting.

The Chestnut

No species of chestnut now available through the usual nursery channels
can be recommended at the present time for planting in the northernmost
zone except for experimentation along somewhat doubtful lines. The
American sweet chestnut appears likely soon to be wiped out by blight. No
chestnuts from the Old World, either European, Japanese or Chinese, have
yet been found which are entirely hardy and otherwise satisfactory at this
latitude. The European chestnut is quite as fatally subject to blight as is the
American. The Japanese is mostly of too low degree of palatability to offer
much promise, and horticultural varieties of Chinese chestnut are not yet
available. Varieties of the Chinese hairy chestnut, Castanea mollissima,
apparently of much promise, are now being developed, but trees are
unlikely to become available for foundation stock to nurserymen for several
years.

Other Species

The Persian (English) walnut, Juglans regia, and the Japanese walnut, J.
sieboldiana, are both planted to some extent throughout the entire east and
north, but neither promise to assume special prominence in this zone. Fine
appearing trees in small numbers or occasional orchards of the former may
be seen in many places. These are usually near large bodies of water, as
within a mile or so, or two or three at most, of the shores of the lower Great
Lakes, the Finger Lakes of New York, Long Island Sound, and various
rivers and other smaller bodies of water within this general section. They
are also to be found near buildings, especially in villages and small towns,
but as orchard trees, or even single specimens out in the open, they are
almost never met with except possibly while very young.
The Japanese walnut is likewise little more than a novelty in this region. It
is probably somewhat more hardy than is the foregoing, but it is not its
equal in desirability. It grows rapidly under favorable environment, often
becomes a handsome ornamental, comes into fruit while young, and bears

freely but seldom heavily. The nuts are small, variable in character, and not
particularly popular on the market. In flavor the kernels resemble butternut,
but are much more mild. The nuts of this species are of two distinct types,
the larger being shaped like a guinea egg, having a rather thick shell, and of
doubtful merit. The other, known as the heartnut, is small as a rule,
distinctly heartshaped, and easily opened with a knife by splitting the shell
in half. A number of varieties are available through nurserymen.

Between these two distinct types of Japanese walnut there are numerous
intermediate forms hard to classify but invariably less desirable than
heartnuts. There are also numerous offspring of marked vigor, producing
nuts distinctly butternut-like in form but having even thicker shells. These
last do not commend themselves for any purpose other than that of genetic
use.

Summary

The black walnut, the shagbark hickory, the sweet hickory, the butternut and
certain hybrid hickories are now believed to offer greater inducement to
prospective planters of nut trees in the northernmost zone east of the Rocky
Mountains than do other species. Varieties of strictly northern origin are
now available to those who are capable of doing their own grafting. Many
of these are of considerable promise, apparently, at least, equal in merit to
any of the older varieties now being offered by nurserymen.

The Tour—September 11th

On Tuesday forenoon, September 11, the convention visited the Kellogg
Factory and the Battle Creek Sanitarium and at noon returned to the W. K.
Kellogg Hotel, where a delicious luncheon was served to the members and
guests. Miss Mary I. Barber, Director of Home Economics of the Kellogg
Company, in behalf of Mr. W. K. Kellogg, graciously acted as hostess at the
luncheon.
On Tuesday afternoon the convention went to the Kellogg Company farm
by motor bus and auto to visit the nut trees. They then proceeded to the Bird
Sanctuary and the Kellogg estate. This was followed by a motor boat trip
around beautiful Gull Lake and dinner at Bunbury Inn. A session followed
the dinner.
The President:
I wish to present Professor V. R. Gardner, the Director of the Experiment
Station at Michigan State College, East Lansing, who has kindly consented
to address us this evening.

Prof. Gardner:
In the field of horticulture we have many problems and these problems may
be classified in different ways. From one standpoint, at least, there is a
typical group or class of problems that arises in connection with a crop like
the peach or apple or pear. If you knew that tomorrow or next week or next
month you were to attend a meeting of peach or pear growers, you would
have a pretty good idea of the type of questions that would be raised. They
concern variety, insect and disease control, fertilization, and many questions
relating to harvesting, packing and marketing the crop. On the other hand,
suppose you were to attend a meeting of peony, delphinium, or dahlia
growers. You would find not only an entirely different type of question
under discussion, but an entirely different atmosphere.
Now, are the problems of those who are interested in nuts more like those of
the peach or the delphinium grower? You probably have your own answer
to that question. At least, answers are coming to your mind. To my way of
thinking—though of course I may be wrong—the kind of problem that
presents itself to the person who is interested in growing nuts is more like
the type that presents itself to those who are interested in dahlias or
delphiniums or sweet peas than the problems that present themselves to the
pear or cherry grower. In other words, it seems to me as though the
problems of the nut grower are essentially the problems of the amateur.
That does not mean they are less important or less interesting than they
would be were the industry on more of a commercial basis like peach
growing.
About a year ago I was talking with Dr. Magness of the U. S. Bureau of
Plant Industry and the discussion happened to turn to nuts. I knew that
within the preceding six months Dr. Magness had covered most of the
southern states where the pecan is grown commercially and had occasion to
give considerable attention to the problems of the pecan industry. I asked,
"What percentage of the commercial pecan growers at the present time are
producing 1,000 pounds of cured nuts to the acre?" He replied, "Don't ask
me what percentage. We can't talk about it in those terms. You can probably
list on the fingers of one hand the growers who, year in and year out, are
producing pecans at the rate of a thousand pounds to the acre, and certainly
you can on the fingers of two hands." To me that was a rather striking

statement. Dr. Magness may not have been entirely correct in his answer,
but he was probably not far off. Anyway, the percentage of commercial
pecan growers obtaining really large yields is extremely small. In the
Pacific Coast States, a larger number and a larger percentage of the walnut
growers regularly produce a thousand pounds of cured walnuts to the acre,
though there are more who average 500 or 600 pounds. As yet, in any of our
retail markets you may purchase first class named varieties of pecans at
from 25c to 40c a pound. The same thing is true of English walnuts. If the
cultivated varieties of the black walnut, hickory and the chestnut are to be
put on the market in quantity, they will come into competition with the
pecan, English walnut, almond and Brazil nut. This means that they must
sell at comparable prices.
Therefore, one of the principal problems of the nut industry, as I see it, just
as with delphiniums or the peony or the dahlia or iris or in others that I
might mention, is the problem of plant materials, more specifically, the
breeding or discovery of varieties that are superior and that consequently
can really compete with the English walnut and pecan and that likewise are
productive and that can be produced at a low cost. As a matter of fact, in all
of your meetings up to the present time the finding, testing, and the
evaluating of chance seedlings that appear to be of promise has constituted
not only an essential but one of the larger features to claim attention.
Furthermore, I believe it will continue to claim attention for many years to
come.
Practically all of your present materials, from the Fairbanks hickory to the
Thomas or Stabler walnut, have just happened—that is, occurred as chance
seedlings. They have been found and recognized as something a little better
than the general run. Someone has brought them to the attention of the
public, your Association placed approval on them, and they have been
propagated and finally become more or less disseminated.
I presume that by a more thorough combing of the territory more good
material will be found and brought to the front. However, after you do a
certain amount of combing, you eventually exhaust the resources.
Nevertheless, when that time comes in a matter of this kind, a good deal
more can be done. If the plum or grape grower had stopped when he had
scouted all of the territory where vines are native and had introduced into

cultivation the best of the chance seedlings that nature had given us, we
wouldn't have the grapes or plums or other fruits that we have today.
At this point I wish to make a suggestion as to one thing that this
association, as an association, and perhaps some of its members as
individuals, can give some attention to as a part of your program in the
years to come. It is the job of breeding superior varieties of nuts, because
much improvement is called for in walnuts, hickories, and the other kinds
before they are all that you or the consuming public wants of them. The
situation is essentially the same with nuts as with other fruit and ornamental
plants. We have some pretty good peaches, but ten years from now the
producers in Michigan will be growing very few of the varieties that they
are growing today, and I dare say that twenty-five years from now they will
be growing hardly any of them. We have some very attractive delphiniums
and dahlias, but in 1950 few of today's favorites will be in cultivation. They
will be superseded by new and superior varieties. In 1950, or 1975, we
should be growing nut varieties that are far superior to what is available at
the present time.
To say that there is room for much improvement sounds all right, but who is
going to effect it? Nut trees are not the easiest things in the world to grow.
They require a long time to come into bearing, and it is almost out of the
question for a person of middle age to undertake a breeding project with a
crop like the black walnut or northern hickory and expect to get anywhere.
Even if an Experiment Station undertakes a problem of this kind, there is
the likelihood that it may be dropped before much will have been
accomplished, for the person who starts it may go somewhere else or be
compelled to divert his attention to something else, while the person who
succeeds him has no interest in the project. That has happened time and
time again with investigations of many kinds, but it has been particularly
true of breeding projects.
If we are ever to make any real progress in the breeding of nuts, one of the
first things we need to know is the value of the different materials with
which we have to work and the varieties that are used as parents. The
Stabler, Thomas and Ohio are relatively superior black walnuts, but we do
not know which is the best of these for breeding for size or vigor of tree or
productivity or quality of nut or any other quality. We haven't the slightest

idea. Yet before really scientific plant breeding work can be initiated, there
is need of information as to which of these can be depended on for
transmitting to its offspring certain specific qualities. Through experiment
and experience we have learned some of these things with regard to some of
the other fruit and ornamental crops. For instance, we know that the J. H.
Hale is not only a wonderful variety in itself, but that it has the ability to
produce superior progeny. Certain other varieties lack this ability. So,
doubtless, it is with nuts. How are we to obtain this information? If your
Association could get two or three growers, say here in Michigan, to
inbreed the Stabler walnut and grow the resulting seedlings—perhaps a
thousand in number—to fruiting age and someone somewhere else to do the
same with the Thomas and with the Ohio and other varieties, it would not
be long before a body of information would be collected that would furnish
a definite basis for the scientific breeding of nuts. Incidentally, the chances
are that some of this first group of seedlings would be superior and I believe
that the chances are better than 50-50 that the resulting nut orchard would
be a fairly good one.
Where are you going to get these inbred seeds? That probably is what you
can put up to your experiment stations. For instance, I am inclined to think
that Mr. Neilson, if he found out that there is a member of this organization
that is willing to grow a hundred inbred seedlings of the Stabler or Thomas
to maturity, would undertake to hand-pollenize the flowers for that number
of seeds, you would have a start in the direction of developing superior
varieties of nuts. I don't mean to say that by undertaking a thing like this
you should pay less attention to looking for native trees that are superior,
but your problem now, and for the next thirty years, with northern nuts, is
one of materials and the method of procedure that I have suggested would
put it on a basis of a fairly definite breeding project.
The President:
I think it is self-evident that this association came here to Battle Creek for
its convention this year principally because of the work that has been
started by the Michigan State College. We think that the states and the
national government ought to do just what you are doing here, and the
power of the association is going to be back of those projects in the future.
To our sorrow, and I'd say to the loss of the entire nation, several very

valuable plantings have been started and the passing of the owner has made
it necessary that they be abandoned, and in some cases lost entirely; in
others a few of the trees have been transplanted. We feel that if these
specimen trees can be maintained on state and national property, it will
serve to call attention to this nation's potential resources, which are not
appreciated at present.

The 1934 Ohio Black Walnut Contest
By Carl F. Walker, Cleveland Heights, Ohio

The first prize contest confined to the state of Ohio to discover superior
seedling black walnuts was conducted in the fall of 1933 by the Ohio
members of the Northern Nut Growers' Association in co-operation with the
farm paper, the Ohio Farmer. The original announcement was made in mid-
September and several follow-up articles were published, including some
illustrations. Further publicity was obtained by mailing press copy to the
rural newspapers throughout the state.
The response was generous with 303 persons mailing in 423 samples of
black walnuts. These came from all sections of the state, indicating a
universal interest over the entire area. The first package of nuts arrived on
September 25th and for the next six weeks few further sample lots were
received. During the latter part of November and up to the date of close of
the contest, December 15, the entries were mailed to the judges in quantity.
This period coincided with inclement weather when outdoor farm work
could not be carried on.
The growing season had been abnormal due to a lack of precipitation and it
is believed that the nuts were not as large nor as well filled as could be
expected in a normal season. Defoliation through caterpillar attack had been
severe, especially in the northern third of the state, and this condition may
also have affected the normal development. The kernels of many lots were
shrunken and since these included some nuts which would otherwise be
given a high score, the method of judging by points, partly mathematically
determined, was used as a guide only, rather than an exact means of
choosing prize winners. Shell structure, together with the shape and relative
size of kernel cavity, was the determining factor in choosing the prize
winners. No differential for kernel color was made, for it was recognized
that this was dependent in part upon the method used in harvesting and in
handling the nuts. The varieties that were poorly sealed were discarded.

All of the prize winners, on the basis of the merits of the nuts, are
considered worthy of propagation for home or experimental orchard
planting. The locations of the parent trees give a sufficiently general
coverage for the entire state for the selection of a variety to propagate for
almost all climatic and soil conditions in any part of the state. This, in itself,
is considered the advantage and the justification of a contest confined to a
single state or a limited region. Also, when residents of a state, through a
contest, discover promising seedlings within their own state, it is believed
that there is created in the sponsors more incentive to compile continuous
data about the new kinds than would exist when the prize winners are
chosen from regions quite removed. That so many examples were submitted
was the result of excellent publicity by the Ohio Farmer.
The first prize was ten dollars, the second five dollars, the third three dollars
and the remaining seven prizes were subscriptions to the Ohio Farmer of
from five years to one year in length.
The prize winners were as follows:
First—Mrs. Willard Brown, Rock Bridge, O.

Second—Sam Tritten, Lisbon, O.

Third—B. A. Cowle, Defiance, O., Rt. 8.

Fourth—W. W. Janson, Jefferson, Ohio.

Fifth—Harmon Barnhart, Mt. Vernon, O., Rt. 6.

Sixth—R. E. Havice, Bellevue, Ohio, Rt. 1.

Seventh—C. H. Markey, Beallsville, Ohio.

Eighth—Kermit C. Hoover, Glenford, O.

Ninth—Ralph H. Miller, 300 Monroe St., Delta, O.

Tenth—F. C. Murphey, Sunbury, Ohio.

The final judging was done at the Ohio State Experimental Station by Dr. J.
H. Gourley, Chief of Horticultural Department, Walter H. Lloyd, Editor of
the Ohio Farmer, and Carl F. Walker, assisted by Homer L. Jacobs of the
Davey Tree Expert Co., John T. Bregger, Editor of the American Fruit
Grower, and Ray T. Kelsey of the Ohio Farmer.
The President:
That concludes the program. There is just a little business to handle now.
Before we go on to that I would like to call attention to Dr. Deming's
remarks about some of the old timers, which I thought very touching,
interesting and instructive. There are two foreign members of the
association whom I have never met. One is Mr. Spence, an Englishman, and
the other Mr. Wang of China. Mr. Wang was a life member. The reports that
I sent to him came back. All letters came back. I took it upon myself to
write the Commissioner General of the United States at Shanghai, China,
and call his attention to the fact that some twelve years ago Mr. Wang
secured through this association some black walnuts, wanting to plant them
along a certain highway in China. The Commissioner General answered,
saying they could find nothing about him, and that the trees had not been
planted where Mr. Wang had planned. I think Mr. Wang must have died or
moved away.
There is one item of business I think we should have, and that is a brief
report from Mr. Ellis who was our delegate to the horticultural exposition at
Paris.
Mr. Ellis:
In 1930 I was appointed your delegate to represent you at the Paris
Horticultural Congress. I sent on the delegate's sheet. I received a reply
making me a member of that congress. It went along about a month or two,
then the terrible depression came on and before going I thought it better to
investigate. So I wrote to Washington and found out that no one was going
from there. I wrote to Canada and no one was going from there. They could
not afford it. I said, "It's going to cost me $800 if I go." Then I found out
that there was to be a similar congress in New York, so I switched off and
went to the congress at Ithaca, New York, and I was very glad of it because
I met a great many more men that I liked to meet than if I had gone to Paris.

I wrote over to the congress at Paris and sent another fee of the same
amount, because I knew they needed it, saying that I'd decided not to go.
They had the congress. The President was shot at about that time, and that
kind of broke it up. I received accounts of all the proceedings. They treated
me very fairly, in as much as they put me down as a delegate from the
United States of America, and I was the only delegate from the whole
United States. I don't suppose anyone else could afford to go, so if I had
gone over, I should have been there all alone.
I said to myself, "It only cost me a hundred dollars to go out to Ithaca, so I
saved $700. I'm not going to make anything out of this." So I took that $700
and I gave it away for charitable purposes. You know I gave you some. I got
a letter from one person privileged, and I never had a more grateful and
appreciative letter in my life. The balance of that $800 and more I gave to
this purpose. I gave some to the Catholic Daughters of America, I gave
some to the Parent-Teachers' Association, I gave some to the schools, and
lots to the poor in one way or another. I've sent five girls to different
summer schools of religious education, and a girl scout to a summer camp. I
helped them all out all around, not only in my own district, but in other
places in different parts of the country. So you got everything. You got your
delegate over there duly enrolled, and you got some money when you most
needed it, and so did all those other people. Not only to the amount of $800,
but to a good deal more. I feel better satisfied and I think that you all ought
to be better satisfied. If there is anyone that isn't satisfied, let him get up and
I'll argue it out with him.
The President:
I might state at this time that there will be another contest this year, at least
for black walnuts and hickories. The prizes will be as follows: first prize
$10, second prize $5, third prize $3, fourth prize $2, fifth prize $1, and
honorary mention for others. Instructions will be issued and anyone desiring
to enter this contest should write the secretary for instructions. It's
understood, I might say, that the nuts will be sent to Mr. C. A. Reed of the
United States Department of Agriculture at Washington, who has kindly
consented to look after that work and report to a contest committee which
will be named later.

The President:
We will now have the report of the resolutions committee.

RESOLUTION

The Northern Nut Growers Association assembled in convention at the W.
K. Kellogg Hotel, Battle Creek, Michigan, September 10 and 11, 1934,
expresses its sincere appreciation of the courteous hospitality of the local
committee on arrangements, headed by Prof. James A. Neilson. It would
mention in particular Mr. W. K. Kellogg, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, and the
W. K. Kellogg Hotel management. It appreciates the use of the splendid
auditorium and is grateful for the attractive bouquets arranged about the
room.
The association heartily commends the nut work being done in the state of
Michigan with the aid of Mr. W. K. Kellogg and under the direction of the
Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station and actively under the lead of
Prof. Neilson. The association records its pride in the establishment and
maintenance of 115 acres of nut trees for purposes of experimentation and
variety testing. In so far as known to the association there is no other tract
of equal area in existence for this purpose.
Be it resolved, that a copy of this resolution be spread upon the minutes of
this meeting and that the secretary be instructed to send copies to Mr. W. K.
Kellogg, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, the Kellogg Hotel management,
Director V. R. Gardner and Prof. James A. Neilson.
The Northern Nut Growers Association records its extreme sorrow at the
death of its active and able, although but recently elected, treasurer, Newton
H. Russell of South Hadley, Massachusetts, on April 27, 1934. For many
years Mr. Russell was a very active member of the association, a regular
attendant at its conventions, and a loyal supporter of its various activities.
The genial personalities of both Mr. and Mrs. Russell are greatly missed at
this convention. Our deep sympathy is expressed to Mrs. Russell and her
children in their bereavement.
Be it resolved, that a copy of this resolution be spread upon the minutes of
this meeting, and that the secretary be instructed to send a copy to Mrs.

Newton H. Russell.

Resolutions Committee,

G. L. Slate, Chairman
C. A. Reed
A. S. Colby.

Dr. Deming:
I think that the thanks of the association are especially due to our president,
Mr. Frey, for having so successfully stepped into the breach for the
completion of the arrangements for this meeting, and for the very excellent
program which he completed. I think he should also be thanked for the
separate notices which he sent out, directing the attention of the persons
coming to and going from this meeting to the nut orchards and other things
of interest that may be seen on the way.
The President:
I thank you. I might say that the suggestion for visiting interesting trees and
nut plantings came from Mr. Reed. I want to call to your attention again that
next year's meeting will be held at Rockport, Indiana, on September 9 and
10, 1935.
The dues of this association are now only $2.00, and action taken at this
convention will result in your receiving without additional charge the
American Fruit Grower Magazine, which has been adopted as our official
journal and included with the dues. You also have the privilege of joining
the American Horticultural Society for the fee of $2 instead of $3.00. We
are affiliated with that society and they allow to their affiliated associations
the privileges of the members. Secure a membership and get the quarterly
journal for the price of $2.00. We certainly recommend this association. We
think that you get your money's worth many times over and it does a great
deal of good.
The only other item of business is a report from the nominating committee.
Dr. Deming:

Your nominating committee reports through the chairman the nomination of
the following members as officers for the ensuing year:
President—Mr. Frank H. Frey, Chicago, Illinois.
Vice President—Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Secretary—Mr. George L. Slate, of Geneva, New York.
Treasurer—Mr. Carl F. Walker, of Cleveland Heights, Ohio.
For Members of the Executive Committee—Mr. Frank H. Frey, Dr. G. A.
Zimmerman, Mr. George L. Slate, Mr. Carl F. Walker, Professor J. A.
Neilson and Mr. D. C. Snyder.
As Dean of the Association—Dr. Robert T. Morris, of Connecticut.
As Field Secretary—Mr. Zenas H. Ellis, of Vermont.
I move that the secretary be authorized to cast one ballot for the election of
the ticket nominated.
The motion was unanimously carried, and the officers nominated by the
committee were elected for the ensuing year.
The President:
I might say that I won't, at least, have to sing a "swan song," and I'm not
going to take the time to make any speech of acceptance. I appreciate your
confidence in re-electing me and I am sure the other officers feel the same
way. We'll all do what we can for your interest and what we are all
interested in. Sometimes we may be a little slow in getting results but with
your help I think we can make progress.
The twenty-fifth annual convention of the Northern Nut Growers'
Association adjourned at 9:30 P. M. Tuesday, September 11, 1934.

Letter from J. U. Gellatly

British Columbia
I have just returned from a six weeks' trip to the B. C. Coast scouting for
new nut trees and selling nut tree nursery stock. The outstanding discovery
of the trip is the Rapier walnut tree. This young giant was planted 24 years
ago by Mr. Rapier on Texada Isl. I estimate this tree to be 60 to 70 feet in
height, the measured spread is 60 feet one way and 70 at widest point, and
other measurements as follows: from ground to first limbs there is 8 feet of
straight trunk with a girth of 7 feet one inch taken one foot above ground,
and at 6 feet above ground girth is 69 inches. The tree has cropped regularly
since it was about 6 years old. The largest crop to date was produced in
1931 totaling 500 pounds. The shape of nut is long oval, size medium. The
flavor of those I tasted of the 1933 crop certainly was the sweetest I have
tasted to date for this class of nut.
I have no definite information as to source of this tree, but judge it to be a
Franquette seedling as that was the class of trees sold by the nursery from
which the tree was purchased. I have made arrangements for sample nuts
from this year's crop and will send you some later. This tree is well worth
testing for hardiness as it is evidently self-fertile, there being no other nut
trees of the same age near by.
Another discovery of interest from the nut breeding angle is the McDonald
walnut. This is a hybrid English X. J. Sieboldiana, growing at West
Vancouver, B. C. Nut large and heavy shell, but the best kernel cavity I
have seen in any of these crosses. The tree is a nice tree and leaves show
distinct crossing. This is the first year it has borne and it had 2 nuts. One
shell I am sending you with other samples of new nuts.
The Watt English walnut at Penticton, B. C., is proving a regular cropper of
uniform large round nuts of good flavor. This tree is a seedling from my
own nursery. I do not know from what tree it grew, but it is worthy of
testing for hardiness in districts north of present location as there is some
evidence of hardiness. I know this tree to be a good cropper but have no
definite record of any one year's crop as the tree is located where many
persons help themselves to the nuts.
The Lindy walnut from the beaches at Kelowna, B. C., continues to make
good tree growth and produce good crops of large round nuts with thin

shells and well developed kernels of good flavor. This tree is a seedling
grown from a nut brought from Kulu Hills, India, in 1912. This tree is also
worthy of trial for hardiness in districts north of present locations. I do not
know how this tree is as a self-pollenizer as there are two other trees near
by of the same stock and planting. I do know that seedlings grown from this
tree make a good growth and look alike in the nursery row and are very
uniform as to color and growth of leaf, in striking contrast to seedlings from
some other trees which vary a lot in every feature.
In heartnuts the newest I have of outstanding promise are from my own
nursery. Two are now growing at Peachland, B. C. One, the MacKenzie, is a
vigorous, well grown tree and bears regularly heavy crops of large, rough-
shelled heartnuts that are easily cracked. The kernels are light in color and
of good flavor.
The other, the Rover heartnut, is a young tree just carrying a record crop.
Tree is in a poor location on the edge of wild timber competing for soil
space. The nut is a big step in the elimination of the central division, so
pronounced in most heartnuts. This is the outstanding feature of this nut.
Cracking and other features are still undetermined but promising. I have a
number of others that are promising. One is the Flavo Heart, a heartnut and
butternut cross. This is a seedling of Callender heart and butternut. The
outstanding features are the shape of nut, flavor of kernel and ease of
extraction. This is its first crop.

From B. D. Wallace

Portage la Prairie, Manitoba
I will endeavor to give you a short account of our progress in the culture of
butternuts and black walnuts.
Our success with butternuts has been due, very largely, to the method we
adopted some twenty years ago and might be summed up in the following
report. From one hundred pounds of butternut seed, which we secured in
the fall of 1914, and which we planted the same season in October, we got

in the following year a splendid stand of seedlings which gave great
promise the first summer. During the winter of 1915 a great number of
those seedlings were partially or altogether destroyed, through the climatic
conditions of the country. But quite a number of them stood up in splendid
condition. After about three years we eliminated everything that did not
stand up 100 per cent and show a splendid growth. We had in the
neighborhood of fifty trees and thus, through a survival of the fittest, the
foundation of this industry became established. We distributed perhaps
twenty or more trees to the Experimental Farm and other places. These have
all stood up, as far as I can learn, with splendid success. This left about
thirty of the original trees in our nurseries. These thirty have never shown
any sign of frost killing nor are they in any other way affected.
Our trees commenced to bear in their sixth year, in 1920 and have increased
in size and fruiting year by year, until today they are about thirty feet high
with a spread of about thirty-six feet and are without question the most
beautiful row of trees west of the Great Lakes. We have grown at least one
hundred thousand trees from the nuts taken from these trees, which have
been distributed over a very wide territory, reaching from the northern part
of Ontario to the Rocky Mountains. Many of our customers have now their
own trees bearing. In addition to our selling the trees, we offer to our
customers one two-year-old butternut or horse chestnut with each ten dollar
order sent in. We took this method to get our nut trees into the hands of a
great number of the people.
We have followed practically the same line with black walnuts, but with
less success than with butternuts, as a very much greater percentage of the
black walnuts went down. Notwithstanding that we have a number of trees
which have survived in splendid condition. One of these is bearing for its
second year and one other is just bearing for the first time. However, we
have a good deal of hardy wood, as our trees are growing bushy and we
intend to use the butternut seedlings for stocks on which to graft the black
walnut. By this method we will not have to wait so long to get a good
supply of trees. There is no question whatever about the future success of
the butternut, as we have this year the third generation of them bearing,
which is ample proof that they have become entirely acclimated. The
butternuts grow fully as large as in eastern Canada, as do also the black
walnuts, and as far as I can see the quality is equal if not better.

In addition to the butternut and black walnut, we have made a complete
success of the horse chestnut. Ours were planted in 1914, and commenced
bearing about the same time as the butternut, and we have grown great
crops of nuts continually from that date to the present. We are also trying
out the heartnut, both from young trees and from seed. Out of three
different plantings that is planted the same year but in different sections,
one planting of six trees has stood up completely for the last three years,
whereas the other two freeze back a little. In addition to these we are
growing from seed the filbert, which seems to be hardy, but is not old
enough to fruit yet. However, there is no question in my mind whatever that
we shall succeed with all those different trees, following our own method of
only using wood and seed from those trees which are proof against the most
severe climatic conditions. We used this same method thirty-five years ago
in laying the foundation for fruit growing. Out of twelve thousand of the
hardiest fruit trees that we could buy from Dakota and Minnesota, after
three years we eliminated all but fourteen trees. These were divided
between standard apples, crab-apples, plums and plum hybrids. By using
northern Russia plum seed and Siberian crab seed for roots, we have been
able to lay a foundation for fruit growing in this western country that will
live long after we are forgotten.

From Vera Nekiassena

Turkestan
My opinion is there are two kin species growing in Turkestan—Juglans
regia L and J fallasc Dode; the first in the Kopet-Dag, the second in the
Fansha mountains, in guissar and Darwas. The J. regia is further cultivated
in Turkestan gardens and in the Lowawschan Valley. The J. Kamaonia Dode
is occasionally to be observed likewise in gardens. I did not chance to see it
personally and am in possession of only one of its nuts. Both species (the J.
regia and the J. fallasc) produce a great variety of nuts as to shape,
thickness of shell and size of kernel. Both these species have been united by
some authors (Mr. M. Popof in Bull. of Applied Botany of Genetics and
plant breeding XXII N3 (1929), p. 294) into one—that of J. regia but
always distinguishing the Kopet-dog nuts in the jsp. turcomanica Popof;
difference between them being certainly esctant. The number of leaflets of

the J. fallasc amounts to 2-4, they are rounder and more obtuse, the shell of
the nut is thicker and also rounder and smaller. The number of J. regia
leaflets is 3-5, they are narrower and more pointed (lance shaped), the nuts
more elongated, larger and their shell thinner.
Having been for my part mainly occupied with the geographical distribution
of nuts without regard to the variation of the fruit shape, I would
recommend you to apply for a choice of nuts to Mr. Gursey, (Caucasus,
Pjabigorsx), who is making a special study of the problem.
For cultivation in the north you will be interested in J. Manshurica
originating in the Far East and very hardy. It is cultivated and produces fruit
in Leningrad, young specimens of it were planted on the Solovetsky Islands
in the White Sea and there outlived excellently.
Concerning the list of trees appended to your letter, I can give you the
following information.
J. Regia grows well in the park of Botanic Institute in Leningrad, attaining
8-10 M.; in the southern part of Smolensk district the tree produces fruit as
far as Minsk. There is a considerable number of fruit producing specimens
in the Masir district in the north of White Russia.
J. Sieboldiana freezes up in cold winters in Leningrad.
J. cinerea is very hardy and effects self-polinasation in White Russia; near
Kasan there is one specimen producing about 100 fruits yearly.
J. rigra produces fruits in Koslon.
Corylus Colurna—a large old specimen esctant in Leningrad rather
frequently observed in many parks of European U. S. S. R.
C. Acellana is widely spread in a wild state attaining Ladoga-laxe.
C. Mascima frequently in the Crimea and the Caucasus.
Castanea Sabiva grows in the Caucasus only, and cultivated in Urraina.
Castanea Henryii Corylus chinensis.
C. Lacquement and Cticstica I do not know in U. S. S. R.

C. Seguinu, C. Crensta and C. Mollissima, separate strains probably to be
had in Suchum.

From Divisional Forest Officer

Utilization Division, Baramulla Kashmir
There are two distinct species of of walnut growing here. One which grows
from 3,500 to 7,000 feet above sea level near about habitations and on rich
fertile soil has got good big sized nuts which are very easy to break even
with the pressure of hand, and about which you probably seem interested.
The other species grows higher in the forest up to about 11,000 feet
elevation. It has hard nuts which cannot be broken easily and have
moreover very little kernel as compared to former species. Even the timber
of both the species is distinctly different, in as much as the former has dark
gray color and the latter has reddish gray. Regarding nomenclature the
botanists differ. The former species is named Juglans regia hin. The latter
species which is wild may be called Juglans fallax, Dode or Juglans
Kamaonia, Dode, but actually it is a bit different from either and is
something midway between the two and so is yet to be determined properly.
Corylus colurna is the only species of Corylus found here out of your list.
B. The altitudes of walnut zone has been stated above. Corylus Colurna also
grows between 8,000 and 11,000 feet. Both the walnut species are confined
to Kashmir and Chamba states, while Corylus Colurna grows all over the
Himalayas.
C. The maximum height and girth of a tree I have felled was 100 ft. and 15
ft. respectively. This tree grew in a forest at 9,000 foot altitude amongst firs.
Trees growing outside in the fields in the open are sometimes bigger in
girth but their bole is very short and the height also is small compared with
forest grown trees. The trees growing in the fields in the open are of soft
rind species.

D. The trees growing in the fields and of soft rind species are generally fast
grown and they have about 8 to 10 rings to an inch. The trees growing in
the forest have about 16 to 20 rings to an inch.
E. The length of frost-free season depends upon the situation and locality,
generally from May to September there is no frost, the rest of the season has
frost.
F. The maximum temperature is 92 degrees, while the minimum is many
points below zero when the country is snow-bound all over. There is snow
in the forests for about six months.
G. The average annual rainfall is between 54 and 34 inches in the year,
according to the locality.
H. All the walnut trees are grown for extraction of oil from their nuts. This
oil is used for cooking purposes, in place of fats and butter. When the tree
gets old or gets diseased, it is felled and timber is used for making furniture
and carving. Kashmir walnut carving is well known.
I. Hazel trees grow wild in the forest, the hazel nuts are collected and are
eaten. Sometimes these nuts are exported to British India, where kernels are
used chiefly to adulterate almond kernels.
Corylus has not been grown here as a garden tree and so I do not know its
requirements of germination. I will however be thankful to you if you could
kindly send me a little fresh seed, C. Colema, to grow it here in Kashmir.
Some years ago I had sent for the seeds of Rhamnus Purshiana from U. S.
A. This was sown here but it did not germinate. I shall feel obliged if you
could let me know the requirements of this species, that is, the situation,
soil, et cetera, which this species demands. Rhamnus dahuricus grows wild
here as a small shrub. Do you think I can get American species by grafting
my species with Rhamnus Purshiana scions?

Communication from John W. Hershey, 1934

I called at the experimental nut planting place of the late J. W. Waite, at
Normandy, Tennessee, on June 1st and found he had been dead about eight
months. I talked with a native who told me he was one of the most plucky

men he had ever seen, having had, because of some disease, both legs
amputated, was all crippled up otherwise, and traveled in a wheel chair. He
even use to milk cows and drive around in an old buggy.
This setting at the Waite place is going to be of immense value to the T. V.
A. tree crop program. I met the daughter who knew very little about the
trees, but the first thing she mentioned was the wonderful nuts they got off
the McCalister tree.
I could identify a few of the trees but will not make much progress at it
until this fall, when the nuts are ripe. They are heavily set with bloom now.
To assist me in this work, I am wondering if the Association has anything in
its files pertaining to the varieties that he has. As you know, one can
identify a tree quicker if he knows what he is looking for.

Letter From Mrs. E. W. Freel

Pleasantville, Iowa, September 5, 1934
Yesterday, when coming home, we drove around (which was not out of our
way) to see those walnut trees about which you made inquiry. The Freel tree
has been topped and it has made a wonderful growth this year and is going
to make a very pretty tree. The Marion has a few walnuts on this year, but
they are falling off due to the dry weather this year. Last year it was loaded.
The Metcalf tree has some on but, like the others, most all of them have
fallen off. It was also full last year. The Worthington tree also had some on
this year, but have all fallen off. It also had walnuts on last year.
I have never known any of these trees to be a complete failure unless it
would be this year due to the drought which has been pretty severe with us.
We have had no garden to speak of and the crops in this section have almost
been a complete failure.
The Wheeling tree had walnuts on last year but I have been unable to get
out there this year. It is off the gravel road and it has been raining here for
the last two days.
I have not been able to get out to the hickory nut trees. They had some nuts
on last year but not very plentiful. I have noticed along the highways, as we

would be driving along, that some of the hickory nut trees were full and
others would not have any on, but do not know as yet how the drought will
affect them.
I wish we could attend the convention, but it will be impossible for us this
year.

Letter From Geo. W. Gibbens

Godfrey, Illinois, September 6, 1934
The Mid-West Nut Growers' Association is not functioning.
There will be a normal crop of black walnuts in this section of the state. The
hickory and pecan crop is very light. The chestnut crop will be light. Many
of our chestnut trees were killed by the drought this summer. Some young
trees on cultivated land will develop nuts, and a few of the older trees may
do so.
For many years here (E. A. Riehl Farm) we have been trying to grow the
English walnut to bearing size. This year we have a young tree that is
bearing. It is the Alpine.
I wish we could attend the convention.

Letter From Fred Kettler

Platteville, Wisconsin
In regard to the Kettler walnut tree here: It seems to be gradually dying; has
many dead branches, which is caused by the drought we have had the last
few years. We should get 25 to 30 inches rainfall a year and we had only 8
or 10 last year and about that same amount this year. The ground is wet
down only about 15 inches on top. Below that it is dry.
The old tree had quite a few nuts on this year. However, most of them were
blown off by a cyclone six weeks ago. There is about a peck of nuts on the
tree now.

All walnuts here are only half a crop on account of the June beetle and the
weather conditions, and they are quite small nuts, the weather being so dry.
I grafted 150 of the Wisconsin No 1, or Kettler walnut. It was boiling hot
here in April and May and it again spoiled it for me. We watered them every
day and shaded them, but the heat and dry, hot dirt was too much. All were
grafted on young yearling trees close to the ground where I covered them
with dirt. Many started, but died later; anyway, I succeeded in getting six
more nice trees started (one to three feet tall now). My tree from last year is
about five feet tall and made some side branches; so you see I am getting
started. I doubt if I can get any graft wood from the old tree next spring.
We are in the nursery business just in a small way. We have only the best of
varieties.
I have discovered also a thin-shell hickory nut with a wonderful meat. I
don't know if I will get any of the nuts this year as they have been stealing
them every year, I am told by the man who owns it. I succeeded in getting
one growing on a young pecan tree I had. I think it is even better than my
walnut. I enclose one with a this year walnut sample. The hickory is a last
year sample.
What our country needs is timber on every farm from one acre to ten acres,
according to size of farm, all over the United States. Then we will get more
rain. That would be a real crop control—instead of destroying crops like the
New Deal is doing. Planting a strip of timber from Canada to the Gulf will
not help anyone. We believe the "brain-trusters" need a doctor.

Telegram

Sept. 11, 1934.
Dear Dr. Morris:
The Northern Nut Growers' Association is in session in the W. K. Kellogg
Hotel, Battle Creek, Michigan. The members present are reminded that this

is the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Association. It recalls with interest the
first meeting held in New York City, which was called to order by Dr.
Deming, at which you became charter President, Mr. T. P. Littlepage of
Washington, charter Vice President, Dr. Deming, charter Secretary.
It is the unanimous feeling of the present membership that the society for
which you and the others so ably laid the foundation at that time has been
abundantly justified by the accomplishments of the organization. We are
especially indebted to you for the able leadership from you which the
Association enjoyed, not only while you served in an executive capacity,
but during the many years which followed while you were an active leading
member, and now for approximately ten years during which you have been
Dean.
We regret that impaired health makes it impossible for you to attend
meetings at present, but we assure you that your name is not being forgotten
nor is the work which you inaugurated being allowed to lapse.
(Signed by the members present.)

Catalogue of Top-Grafted Nut Trees on the
Kellogg Farm, Kellogg School Grounds, and
Kellogg Estate.
Year
Place and Variety Species Stock
Grafted

Kellogg School—
Hybrid
1. Fairbanks Pignut 1933
Hickory
2. Pleas, Des Moines
Hicans Pignut 1934
and McCallister

Kellogg Farm (Farm
Lane)
English Black
1. Broadview 1931
Walnut Walnut
English Black
Crath 1932
Walnut Walnut
Black
2. Allen Black Walnut 1932
Walnut
Black
Wiard Black Walnut 1933
Walnut
3. Dennis Shagbark Pignut 1934
Hybrid
4. Creager Pignut 1934
Hickory

(Hickory Block)
Hybrid
1. Fairbanks Pignut 1931
Hickory
Black
2. Rohwer Black Walnut 1932
Walnut

English Black
3. Crath (McIntyre) 1933
Walnut Walnut
4. Haviland Shellbark Pignut 1931
5. McCallister Hican Pignut 1931
6. Burlington Hican Pignut 1932
7. Des Moines Hican Pignut 1932
Hybrid
8. Creager Pignut 1932
Hickory
9. Dennis Shagbark Pignut 1932
10. Stanley Shellbark Pignut 1931
Black
11. Wiard Black Walnut 1933
Walnut
Black
12. Ohio Black Walnut 1931
Walnut
13. Des Moines Hican Pignut 1932
14. Pleas Hican Pignut 1934
15. Cedar Rapids Shagbark Pignut 1931
Black
16. McDermid English 1933
Walnut
17. Shinnerling Shagbark Pignut 1932
18. Stratford Shagbark Pignut 1932
19. Hand Shagbark Pignut 1932
20. Rockville Hican Pignut 1931
Black
21. Rohwer Black Walnut 1933
Walnut
22. Des Moines Hican Pignut 1932
23. Stratford Shagbark Pignut 1932
Hybrid
24. Beaver Pignut 1932
Hickory
25. Gerardi Hican Pignut 1934
Black
26. Creitz Black Walnut 1931
Walnut
Black
27. Ohio Black Walnut 1930
Walnut

Black
28. Ohio Black Walnut 1930
Walnut
Howell Black Walnut

Kellogg Farm (55
acre field)
Black
1. Creitz Black Walnut 1932
Walnut
Black
2. Rohwer Black Walnut 1932
Walnut
Black
Stambaugh Black Walnut 1932
Walnut
Black
Wiard Black Walnut 1932
Walnut
English Black
McDermid 1932
Walnut Walnut
English Black
Crath 1932
Walnut Walnut
English Black
3. Crath 1932
Walnut Walnut
English Black
4. Wilkinson 1933
Walnut Walnut
Black
5. Wiard Black Walnut 1933
Walnut
Black
6. Adams Black Walnut 1934
Walnut
Black
7. Beck Black Walnut 1934
Walnut
Black
8. Wiard Black Walnut 1933
Walnut
English Black
9. Franquette 1933
Walnut Walnut
Black
10. Ohio Black Walnut 1931
Walnut

Black
Rohwer Black Walnut 1932
Walnut

Pasture Field—
Black
1. Ohio Black Walnut 1930
Walnut
Black
2. Ohio Black Walnut 1930
Walnut
3. Des Moines Hican Bitternut 1933
and Pleas Hican 1934
Black
4. Ohio Black Walnut 1931
Walnut
Black
5. Ohio Black Walnut 1931
Walnut
Black
6. Wiard Black Walnut 1933
Walnut
Black
7. Ohio Black Walnut 1930
Walnut
English Black
8. Crath 1932
Walnut Walnut
English Black
9. Crath No. 2 1932
Walnut Walnut
English Black
10. McDermid 1932
Walnut Walnut
Chinese Black
11. Corsan 1932
Walnut Walnut
Black
12. Carpenter Black Walnut 1932
Walnut
Black
Beck Black Walnut 1933
Walnut
Black
13. Grundy Black Walnut 1932
Walnut
English Black
Franquette 1933
Walnut Walnut

Kellogg Estate—
Hickory
1. Fairbanks Pignut 1931
Hybrid
English Black
2. Crath No. 5 1932
Walnut Walnut
3. Burlington Hican Pignut 1932
Nursery
4. Stratford Shagbark 1932
Tree
Japanese
5. Faust Heartnut 1932
Walnut
English Black
6. Crath 1932
Walnut Walnut
English Black
7. Crath 1932
Walnut Walnut
English Black
8. Alpine 1932
Walnut Walnut
Tree Hazel
9. Turkish Hazel Seedling 1932
(colurna)
English Black
10. McDermid 1932
Walnut Walnut
11. Burlington Hicans Pignut 1932
Des Moines 1933
Hickory
12. Fairbanks Pignut 1931
Hybrid
Dennis Shagbark 1931
Des Moines Hicans 1933
Hybrid
13. Fairbanks Pignut 1931
Hickory
Burlington Hican 1931
Des Moines Hican 1932
Stratford Shagbark 1931

EXHIBITS

Mr. A. B. Anthony, Sterling, Ill.
Bitternut No. 1
Bitternut No. 2
Shagbark—Shellbark cross No. 1
Shagbark—Shellbark cross No. 2
Shagbark—Shellbark cross No. 3
Shagbark—Shellbark cross No. 4

Mr. J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Ind
Busseron pecan
Indiana pecan
Kentucky pecan
Major pecan
Greenriver pecan
Butterick pecan
Posey pecan
McCallister Hican
Hican variety Mr. Wilkinson suggests calling Bixby
in honor of the late Willard G. Bixby.
Ohio black walnut
Stabler black walnut
Thomas black walnut

Mr. F. H. Frey, Chicago, Ill.
Wheeling black walnut, new find by Mrs. E. W.
Freel, 1932
Worthington black walnut, from Mrs. E. W. Freel,
1932
Marion black walnut, Mrs. E. W. Freel, 1932

Freel black walnut, Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville,
Iowa
Metcalf black walnut, from Mrs. E. W. Freel
Stabler walnut, "one lobe," O. H. Casper, Anna, Ill.
Oklahoma seedling, black walnut, evidently J.
rupestris
(per Dr. Waite, pg. 61—1932)
Rohwer black walnut, from John Rohwer, Grundy
Center, Iowa
Grundy black walnut, from John Rohwer, Grundy
Center, Iowa
Kettler or Wisconsin No. 1, from Fred Kettler,
Platteville, Wisc.
Shellbark hickory, seedling No. 1, Mrs. E. W. Freel,
Pleasantville, Iowa
Shellbark hickory, seedling No. 2, Mrs. E. W. Freel,
Pleasantville, Iowa
Cedar Rapids shagbark hickory, from S. W. Snyder,
Center Point, Iowa
Shinnerling shagbark hickory, from Chas.
Shinnerling, Amana, Iowa
Hagen shagbark hickory, from S. W. Snyder, Center
Point, Iowa

G. H. Corsan, Echo Valley, Islington, Ontario,
Canada
DuChilly and other European filberts grown on his
place in Canada
Jones hybrid filberts, corylus americana—corylus
avellana
Photograph of Corsan nut exhibit at Canadian
National Exhibition
Craxezy, butternut, from Union City, Mich. From
Harry Burgart, Michigan
Nut Tree Nursery

Mitchel hybrid heartnut, from Scotland, Ontario
Stratford hickory, exhibited by Mr. Snyder, Center
Point, Iowa. Mr. Snyder
says this is the best bearing hickory for his section
in Iowa.

Prof. J. A. Neilson, Michigan State College, E.
Lansing, Mich.
Harris black walnut, Allegan, Mich.
Thomas black walnut
Everett Wiard black walnut, Ypsilanti, Mich.
Glen Allen black walnut, Middleville, Mich.
Dan Beck black walnut, Hamilton, Mich.
Ten Eyck black walnut
Adams black walnut, Scotts, Mich.
M. S. C. Campus heartnut, East Lansing, Mich.
Crawford heartnut
Mrs. Henry Hanel, heartnut, Williamsburg, Mich.
Gellatly heartnut, Westbank, B. C.
Lancaster heartnut, Graham Station
McKenzie heartnut, B. C.
Mitchell heartnut, Scotland, Ont.
Fred Bourne, heartnut, Milford, Mich.
W. S. Thompson heartnut, R. 2, St. Catherines, Ont.
English, Chatham, Ont.
Mitchell butternut, Scotland, Ont.
Col. B. D. Wallace butternut, Portage La Prairie,
Manitoba, Can.
Korean pine nuts, Abbotsford, P. Q.
W. S. Thompson filbert, R. 2, St. Catherines, Ont.
Harry Weber hazel, R. 2, Cleves, Ohio
Beck English walnut, Allegan, Mich.
W. S. Thompson English walnut, R. 2, St.
Catherines, Ont.

Larsen English walnut, Ionia, Mich.
English walnut, from Broadview, B. C.
McDermid English walnut, St. Catherines, Ont.
Clyde Westphal pecan, Marcellus, Mich.
Fairbanks hickory, grown at Grand Rapids, Mich.
Haviland hickory, Bath, Mich.
Green hickory, Battle Creek, Mich.
Mrs. Ray D. Mann hickory, Davison, Mich.
Hill hickory, Davison, Mich.
Lyle House hickory, Fowlerville, Mich.
Miller hickory, North Branch, Mich.
Pleas pecan and bitternut hybrid hickory
Burlington hican
Rowley chestnut, Orleans, Mich.
John E. Dunham, chestnut, Oshtemo, Mich.
Chinese chestnuts, Ridgetown, Ont.

REGISTRATION

Frank H. Frey, Chicago, Illinois
A. S. Colby, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
A. B. Anthony, Sterling, Illinois
Mr. Harry Burgart, Union City, Michigan
Mrs. Harry Burgart, Union City, Michigan
Mrs. Charles Halder, Ceresco, Michigan
Mrs. Anton Burgart, Union City, Michigan
Mr. Gilbert Becker, Climax, Michigan
Mrs. Gilbert Becker, Climax, Michigan
Carl F. Walker, Cleveland Heights, Ohio
Lennard H. Mitchell, Washington, D. C.
Mrs. Lennard H. Mitchell, Washington, D. C.
Homer L. Bradley, Kellogg Farm, Augusta, Michigan
J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Indiana

G. H. Corsan, Echo Valley, Islington, Ontario
Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Oliver T. Healy, Union City, Michigan
Mrs. Anna H. Bregger, Bangor, Michigan
John T. Bregger, Bangor, Michigan
Mrs. John T. Bregger, Bangor, Michigan
S. E. Monroe, Chicago, Illinois
J. A. Neilson, East Lansing, Michigan
Mrs. J. A. Neilson, East Lansing, Michigan
Mrs. C. M. McCrary, Augusta, Michigan
C. M. McCrary, Augusta, Michigan
Mildred M. Jones, Jones Nurseries, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Mr. Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio
Mrs. Harry Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio
D. C. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa
W. K. Kellogg, Battle Creek, Michigan
Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Battle Creek, Michigan
Rollin H. Tabor, Mt. Vernon, Ohio
George L. Slate, Geneva, N. Y.
L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York.
L. Housser, Cloverdale, Ontario
Fae Noverr, Enquirer and News, Battle Creek, Michigan
Zenas H. Ellis, Fair Haven, Vermont
Joan Deming, Hartford, Connecticut
Mrs. Oliver Healy, Union City, Michigan
Mr. Howard W. Harris, Allegan, Michigan. R. D. No. 7
Mr. Scott Healy, Otsego, Michigan. R. F. D. No. 2
Mrs. Scott Healy, Otsego, Michigan. R. F. D. No. 2
Glen Grunner, Coldwater, Michigan. R. D. No. 3
Leon Ford, Battle Creek, Michigan
Marshall Moon, Battle Creek, Michigan
Dean Phillips, Battle Creek, Michigan
Lawrence Poole, Battle Creek, Michigan
Evelyn Alwood, Battle Creek, Michigan
Martha Richmond, Battle Creek, Michigan
Irene VaVn De Bogart, Vicksburg, Michigan

Cleone Wells, Battle Creek, Michigan
Herbert Bush, Battle Creek, Michigan
Dorothy Jenney, Battle Creek, Michigan
Cecelia Plushnik, Battle Creek, Michigan
Vernice Fox, Battle Creek, Michigan
Edward A. Malasky, Battle Creek, Michigan
C. A. Reed, U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
T. V. Hicks, Battle Creek, Michigan. R. 3
Norman Crittenden, Galesburg, Michigan
Arnold G. Otto, Detroit, Michigan
Miss Mary Barber, Kellogg Co., Battle Creek, Michigan
Professor V. R. Gardner, M. S. C., East Lansing, Michigan
H. A. Cardinell, M. S. C., East Lansing, Michigan
E. P. Gerber, Apple Creek, Ohio
Lila M. Gerber, Apple Creek, Ohio
Dora E. Gerber, Apple Creek, Ohio
H. W. Kaan, Wellesley, Massachusetts
R. S. Galbreath, Huntington, Indiana
Mrs. R. S. Galbreath, Huntington, Indiana
Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Connecticut
Everett Wiard, Ypsilanti, Michigan
Mrs. E. Wiard, Ypsilanti, Michigan

BOOKS AND BULLETINS ON NORTHERN
NUT GROWING
1. Nut Culture in the United States, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1896. Out of
print and out of date but of great interest.
2. The Nut Culturist, Fuller, pub. Orange Judd Co., N. Y., 1906. Out of print
and out of date, but a systematic and well written treatise. These two books
are the classics of American nut growing.
3. Nut Growing, Dr. Robert T. Morris, pub. MacMillan, N. Y. 2nd edition
1931, price $2.50. The modern authority, written in the author's entertaining
and stimulating style.
4. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1501, 1926, Nut Tree Propagation, C. A. Reed, to
be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. A very full
bulletin with many illustrations.
5. Tree Crops, Dr. J. Russell Smith, pub. Harcourt, Brace & Co., N. Y.,
1929, price $4.00. Includes the nut crop.
6. Annual reports of the Northern Nut Growers' Association from 1911 to
date. To be had from the secretary. Prices on request.
7. Bulletin No. 5, Northern Nut Growers' Association, by W. G. Bixby. 2nd
edition, 1920. To be had from the secretary. Price 50 cents.
8. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1392, Black Walnut Culture for both Timber and
Nut Production. To be had from the Supt. of Documents, Gov. Printing
Office, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents.
9. Year Book Separate No. 1004, 1927, a brief article on northern nut
growing, by C. A. Reed, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
10. Filberts—G. A. Slate—Bulletin No. 588, New York State Agricultural
Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y., December, 1930.

11. Leaflet No. 84, 1932, Planting Black Walnut, W. R. Mattoon and C. A.
Reed, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
12. Harvesting and Marketing the Native Nut Crops of the North, by C. A.
Reed, 1932, mimeographed bulletin, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
13. Dealers in Black Walnut Kernels, mimeographed bulletin by C. A.
Reed, 1931, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.
C.
14. Eastern Nursery Catalogues Listing Nut Trees, mimeographed leaflet to
be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
15. Twenty Years Progress in Northern Nut Culture. A 48-page booklet of
valuable information and instruction by John W. Hershey. Nuticulturist,
Downingtown, Penna. Price 25 cents.
16. Files of The American Nut Journal, to be had from the publishers,
American Nurseryman Publishing Co., 39 State St., Rochester, N. Y.

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