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Title: Index of the Project Gutenberg Works of John Stuart Mill

Author: John Stuart Mill

Editor: David Widger

Release date: January 1, 2019 [eBook #58583]
Most recently updated: February 25, 2021

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDEX OF THE
PROJECT GUTENBERG WORKS OF JOHN STUART MILL ***

INDEX OF THE PROJECT
GUTENBERG

WORKS OF

JOHN STUART MILL

Compiled by David Widger

CONTENTS

Click on the ## before many of the titles to view a linked
table of contents for that volume.

Click on the title itself to open the original online file.

THE CONTEST IN AMERICA

## CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT

## AUTOBIOGRAPHY

## UTILITARIANISM

## SOME UNSETTLED QUESTIONS OF POLITICAL
ECONOMY

AUGUST COMTE AND POSITIVISM

THE SUBJECTION OF WOMEN

## PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

ON LIBERTY

## 7th ED. VOL 1: A SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND
INDUCTIVE

## 7th ED, Vol. II: A SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND
INDUCTIVE

## 8th ED: A SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND
INDUCTIVE

SOCIALISM

## PHENOMENA OF THE HUMAN MIND

TABLES OF CONTENTS OF
VOLUMES

CONSIDERATIONS ON
REPRESENTATIVE
GOVERNMENT

By John Stuart Mill

CONTENTS

Preface
To What Extent Forms of Government are a Matter of
Chapter I
Choice.
Chapter II The Criterion of a Good Form of Government.
That the ideally best Form of Government is Representative
Chapter III
Government.
Under what Social Conditions Representative Government is
Chapter IV
Inapplicable.
Chapter V Of the Proper Functions of Representative Bodies.
Of the Infirmities and Dangers to which Representative
Chapter VI
Government is Liable.
Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and
Chapter VII
Representation of the Majority only.
Chapter
Of the Extension of the Suffrage.
VIII
Chapter IX Should there be Two Stages of Election?
Chapter X Of the Mode of Voting.
Chapter XI Of the Duration of Parliaments.
Chapter XII Ought Pledges to be Required from Members of Parliament?
Chapter
Of a Second Chamber.
XIII
Chapter
Of the Executive in a Representative Government.
XIV
Chapter XV Of Local Representative Bodies.

Chapter Of Nationality, as connected with Representative
XVI Government.
Chapter
Of Federal Representative Governments.
XVII
Chapter
Of the Government of Dependencies by a Free State.
XVIII
Footnotes

AUTOBIOGRAPHY

By John Stuart Mill

CONTENTS

CHAPTER
1806-1819 — CHILDHOOD AND EARLY EDUCATION
I
CHAPTER 1813-1821 — MORAL INFLUENCES IN EARLY YOUTH
II — MY FATHER'S CHARACTER AND OPINIONS
CHAPTER 1821-1823 — LAST STAGE OF EDUCATION, AND
III FIRST OF SELF-EDUCATION
CHAPTER 1823-1828 — YOUTHFUL PROPAGANDISM. THE
IV "WESTMINSTER REVIEW"
CHAPTER 1826-1832 — CRISIS IN MY MENTAL HISTORY. ONE
V STAGE ONWARD
1830-1840 — COMMENCEMENT OF THE MOST
CHAPTER VALUABLE FRIENDSHIP OF MY LIFE—MY FATHER'S
VI. DEATH—WRITINGS AND OTHER PROCEEDINGS UP
TO 1840
1840-1870 — GENERAL VIEW OF THE REMAINDER
OF MY LIFE.—COMPLETION OF THE "SYSTEM OF
LOGIC"—PUBLICATION OF THE "PRINCIPLES OF
POLITICAL ECONOMY" —MARRIAGE—
CHAPTER RETIREMENT FROM THE INDIA HOUSE—
VII. PUBLICATION OF "LIBERTY" —"CONSIDERATIONS
ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT"—CIVIL WAR
IN AMERICA —EXAMINATION OF SIR WILLIAM
HAMILTON'S PHILOSOPHY—PARLIAMENTARY LIFE
—REMAINDER OF MY LIFE
NOTES:

UTILITARIANISM

By John Stuart Mill

CONTENTS

CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I GENERAL REMARKS
CHAPTER II WHAT UTILITARIANISM IS
CHAPTER OF THE ULTIMATE SANCTION OF THE PRINCIPLE
III OF UTILITY
CHAPTER OF WHAT SORT OF PROOF THE PRINCIPLE OF
IV UTILITY IS SUSCEPTIBLE
OF THE CONNEXION BETWEEN JUSTICE AND
CHAPTER V
UTILITY

ESSAYS ON SOME UNSETTLED
QUESTIONS OF POLITICAL
ECONOMY

By John Stuart Mill

CONTENTS

PREFACE.
CONTENTS.
Of the Laws of Interchange between Nations; and the
ESSAY I. Distribution of the Gains of Commerce among the
Countries of the Commercial World
ESSAY II. Of the Influence of Consumption upon Production
ESSAY III. On the Words Productive and Unproductive
ESSAY IV. On Profits, and Interest
On the Definition of Political Economy; and on the Method
ESSAY V.
of Investigation proper to it

PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL
ECONOMY

By John Stuart Mill
Contents

Preface.
Introductory.
A Sketch Of The History Of Political Economy.
Books For Consultation (From English, French, And German Authors).
Preliminary Remarks.
Book I. Production.
Chapter I. Of The Requisites Of Production.
§ 1. The requisites of production.
§ 2. The Second Requisite of Production, Labor.
§ 3. Of Capital as a Requisite of Production.
Chapter II. Of Unproductive Labor.
§ 1. Definition of Productive and Unproductive Labor.
§ 2. Productive and Unproductive Consumption.
§ 3. Distinction Between Labor for the Supply of Productive
Consumption and Labor for the Supply of Unproductive Consumption.
Chapter III. Of Capital.
§ 1. Capital is Wealth Appropriated to Reproductive Employment.
§ 2. More Capital Devoted to Production than Actually Employed in it.
§ 3. Examination of Cases Illustrative of the Idea of Capital.
Chapter IV. Fundamental Propositions Respecting Capital.
§ 1. Industry is Limited by Capital.
§ 2. Increase of Capital gives Increased Employment to Labor, Without
Assignable Bounds.
§ 3. Capital is the result of Saving, and all Capital is Consumed.
§ 4. Capital is kept up by Perpetual Reproduction, as shown by the
Recovery of Countries from Devastation.

§ 5. Effects of Defraying Government Expenditure by Loans.
§ 6. Demand for Commodities is not Demand for Labor.
Chapter V. On Circulating And Fixed Capital.
§ 1. Fixed and Circulating Capital.
§ 2. Increase of Fixed Capital, when, at the Expense of Circulating, might
be Detrimental to the Laborers.
§ 3. -This seldom, if ever, occurs.
Chapter VI. Of Causes Affecting The Efficiency Of Production.
§ 1. General Causes of Superior Productiveness.
§ 2. Combination and Division of Labor Increase Productiveness.
§ 3. Advantages of Division of Labor.
§ 4. Production on a Large and Production on a Small Scale.
Chapter VII. Of The Law Of The Increase Of Labor.
§ 1. The Law of the Increase of Production Depends on those of Three
Elements-Labor. Capital, and Land.
§ 2. The Law of Population.
§ 3. By what Checks the Increase of Population is Practically Limited.
Chapter VIII. Of The Law Of The Increase Of Capital.
§ 1. Means for Saving in the Surplus above Necessaries.
§ 2. Motive for Saving in the Surplus above Necessaries.
§ 3. Examples of Deficiency in the Strength of this Desire.
§ 4. Examples of Excess of this Desire.
Chapter IX. Of The Law Of The Increase Of Production From Land.
§ 1. The Law of Production from the Soil, a Law of Diminishing Return
in Proportion to the Increased Application of Labor and Capital.
§ 2. Antagonist Principle to the Law of Diminishing Return; the Progress
of Improvements in Production.
§ 3. -In Railways.
§ 4. -In Manufactures.
§ 5. Law Holds True of Mining.
Chapter X. Consequences Of The Foregoing Laws.
§ 1. Remedies for Weakness of the Principle of Accumulation.

§ 2. Even where the Desire to Accumulate is Strong, Population must be
Kept within the Limits of Population from Land.
§ 3. Necessity of Restraining Population not superseded by Free Trade in
Food.
§ 4. -Nor by Emigration.
Book II. Distribution.
Chapter I. Of Property.
§ 1. Individual Property and its opponents.
§ 2. The case for Communism against private property presented.
§ 3. The Socialists who appeal to state-help.
§ 4. Of various minor schemes, Communistic and Socialistic.
§ 5. The Socialist objections to the present order of Society examined.
§ 6. Property in land different from property in Movables.
Chapter II. Of Wages.
§ 1. Of Competition and Custom.
§ 2. The Wages-fund, and the Objections to it Considered.
§ 3. Examination of some popular Opinions respecting Wages.
§ 4. Certain rare Circumstances excepted, High Wages imply Restraints
on Population.
§ 5. Due Restriction of Population the only Safeguard of a Laboring-
Class.
Chapter III. Of Remedies For Low Wages.
§ 1. A Legal or Customary Minimum of Wages, with a Guarantee of
Employment.
§ 2. -Would Require as a Condition Legal Measures for Repression of
Population.
§ 3. Allowances in Aid of Wages and the Standard of Living.
§ 4. Grounds for Expecting Improvement in Public Opinion on the
Subject of Population.
§ 5. Twofold means of Elevating the Habits of the Laboring-People; by
Education, and by Foreign and Home Colonization.
Chapter IV. Of The Differences Of Wages In Different Employments.

§ 1. Differences of Wages Arising from Different Degrees of
Attractiveness in Different Employments.
§ 2. Differences arising from Natural Monopolies.
§ 3. Effect on Wages of the Competition of Persons having other Means of
Support.
§ 4. Wages of Women, why Lower than those of Men.
§ 5. Differences of Wages Arising from Laws, Combinations, or Customs.
Chapter V. Of Profits.
§ 1. Profits include Interest and Risk; but, correctly speaking, do not
include Wages of Superintendence.
§ 2. The Minimum of Profits; what produces Variations in the Amount of
Profits.
§ 3. General Tendency of Profits to an Equality.
§ 4. The Cause of the Existence of any Profit; the Advances of Capitalists
consist of Wages of Labor.
§ 5. The Rate of Profit depends on the Cost of Labor.
Chapter VI. Of Rent.
§ 1. Rent the Effect of a Natural Monopoly.
§ 2. No Land can pay Rent except Land of such Quality or Situation as
exists in less Quantity than the Demand.
§ 3. The Rent of Land is the Excess of its Return above the Return to the
worst Land in Cultivation.
§ 4. -Or to the Capital employed in the least advantageous Circumstances.
§ 5. Opposing Views of the Law of Rent.
§ 6. Rent does not enter into the Cost of Production of Agricultural
Produce.
Book III. Exchange.
Chapter I. Of Value.
§ 1. Definitions of Value in Use, Exchange Value, and Price.
§ 2. Conditions of Value: Utility, Difficulty of Attainment, and
Transferableness.
§ 3. Commodities limited in Quantity by the law of Demand and Supply:
General working of this Law.

§ 4. Miscellaneous Cases falling under this Law.
§ 5. Commodities which are Susceptible of Indefinite Multiplication
without Increase of Cost. Law of their Value Cost of Production.
§ 6. The Value of these Commodities confirm, in the long run, to their
Cost of Production through the operation of Demand and Supply.
Chapter II. Ultimate Analysis Of Cost Of Production.
§ 1. Of Labor, the principal Element in Cost of Production.
§ 2. Wages affect Values, only if different in different employments; "non-
competing groups."
§ 3. Profits an element in Cost of Production.
§ 4. Cost of Production properly represented by sacrifice, or cost, to the
Laborer as well as to the Capitalist; the relation of this conception to the
Cost of Labor.
§ 5. When profits vary from Employment to Employment, or are spread
over unequal lengths of Time, they affect Values accordingly.
§ 6. Occasional Elements in Cost of Production; taxes and ground-rent.
Chapter III. Of Rent, In Its Relation To Value.
§ 1. Commodities which are susceptible of indefinite Multiplication, but
not without increase of Cost. Law of their Value, Cost of Production in the
most unfavorable existing circumstances.
§ 2. Such commodities, when Produced in circumstances more favorable,
yield a Rent equal to the difference of Cost.
§ 3. Rent of Mines and Fisheries and ground-rent of Buildings, and cases
of gain analogous to Rent.
§ 4. Résumé of the laws of value of each of the three classes of
commodities.
Chapter IV. Of Money.
§ 1. The three functions of Money-a Common Denominator of Value, a
Medium of Exchange, a "Standard of Value".
§ 2. Gold and Silver, why fitted for those purposes.
§ 3. Money a mere contrivance for facilitating exchanges, which does not
affect the laws of value.
Chapter V. Of The Value Of Money, As Dependent On Demand And
Supply.

§ 1. Value of Money, an ambiguous expression.
§ 2. The Value of Money depends on its quantity.
§ 3. -Together with the Rapidity of Circulation.
§ 4. Explanations and Limitations of this Principle.
Chapter VI. Of The Value Of Money, As Dependent On Cost Of
Production.
§ 1. The value of Money, in a state of Freedom, conforms to the value of
the Bullion contained in it.
§ 2. -Which is determined by the cost of production.
§ 3. This law, how related to the principle laid down in the preceding
chapter.
Chapter VII. Of A Double Standard And Subsidiary Coins.
§ 1. Objections to a Double Standard.
§ 2. The use of the two metals as money, and the management of
Subsidiary Coins.
§ 3. The experience of the United States with a double standard from 1792
to 1883.
Chapter VIII. Of Credit, As A Substitute For Money.
§ 1. Credit not a creation but a Transfer of the means of Production.
§ 2. In what manner it assists Production.
§ 3. Function of Credit in economizing the use of Money.
§ 4. Bills of Exchange.
§ 5. Promissory Notes.
§ 6. Deposits and Checks.
Chapter IX. Influence Of Credit On Prices.
§ 1. What acts on prices is Credit, in whatever shape given.
§ 2. Credit a purchasing Power, similar to Money.
§ 3. Great extensions and contractions of Credit. Phenomena of a
commercial crisis analyzed.
§ 4. Influence of the different forms of Credit on Prices.
§ 5. On what the use of Credit depends.
§ 6. What is essential to the idea of Money?

Chapter X. Of An Inconvertible Paper Currency.
§ 1. What determines the value of an inconvertible paper money?
§ 2. If regulated by the price of Bullion, as inconvertible Currency might
be safe, but not Expedient.
§ 3. Examination of the doctrine that an inconvertible Current is safe, if
representing actual Property.
§ 4. Experiments with paper Money in the United States.
§ 5. Examination of the gain arising from the increase and issue of paper
Currency.
§ 6. Résumé of the subject of money.
Chapter XI. Of Excess Of Supply.
§ 1. The theory of a general Over-Supply of Commodities stated.
§ 2. The supply of commodities in general can not exceed the power of
Purchase.
§ 3. There can never be a lack of Demand arising from lack of Desire to
Consume.
§ 4. Origin and Explanation of the notion of general Over-Supply.
Chapter XII. Of Some Peculiar Cases Of Value.
§ 1. Values of commodities which have a joint cost of production.
§ 2. Values of the different kinds of agricultural produce.
Chapter XIII. Of International Trade.
§ 1. Cost of Production not a regulator of international values. Extension
of the word "international."
§ 2. Interchange of commodities between distance places determined by
differences not in their absolute, but in the comparative, costs of
production.
§ 3. The direct benefits of commerce consist in increased Efficiency of the
productive powers of the World.
§ 4. -Not in a Vent for exports, nor in the gains of Merchants.
§ 5. Indirect benefits of Commerce, Economical and Moral; still greater
than the Direct.
Chapter XIV. Of International Values.

§ 1. The values of imported commodities depend on the Terms of
international interchange.
§ 2. The values of foreign commodities depend, not upon Cost of
Production, but upon Reciprocal Demand and Supply.
§ 3. -As illustrated by trade in cloth and linen between England and
Germany.
§ 4. The conclusion states in the Equation of International Demand.
§ 5. The cost to a country of its imports depends not only on the ratio of
exchange, but on the efficiency of its labor.
Chapter XV. Of Money Considered As An Imported Commodity.
§ 1. Money imported on two modes; as a Commodity, and as a medium of
Exchange.
§ 2. As a commodity, it obeys the same laws of Value as other imported
Commodities.
Chapter XVI. Of The Foreign Exchanges.
§ 1. Money passes from country to country as a Medium of Exchange,
through the Exchanges.
§ 2. Distinction between Variations in the Exchanges which are self-
adjusting and those which can only be rectified through Prices.
Chapter XVII. Of The Distribution Of The Precious Metals Through The
Commercial World.
§ 1. The substitution of money for barter makes no difference in exports
and imports, nor in the Law of international Values.
§ 2. The preceding Theorem further illustrated.
§ 3. The precious metals, as money, are of the same Value, and distribute
themselves according to the same Law, with the precious metals as a
Commodity.
§ 4. International payments entering into the "financial account."
Chapter XVIII. Influence Of The Currency On The Exchanges And On
Foreign Trade.
§ 1. Variations in the exchange, which originate in the Currency.
§ 2. Effect of a sudden increase of a metallic Currency, or of the sudden
creation of Bank-Notes or other substitutes for Money.

§ 3. Effect of the increase of an inconvertible paper Currency. Real and
nominal exchange.
Chapter XIX. Of The Rate Of Interest.
§ 1. The Rate of Interest depends on the Demand and Supply of Loans.
§ 2. Circumstances which Determine the Permanent Demand and Supply
of Loans.
§ 3. Circumstances which Determine the Fluctuations.
§ 4. The Rate of Interest not really Connected with the value of Money,
but often confounded with it.
§ 5. The Rate of Interest determines the price of land and of Securities.
Chapter XX. Of The Competition Of Different Countries In The Same
Market.
§ 1. Causes which enable one Country to undersell another.
§ 2. High wages do not prevent one Country from underselling another.
§ 3. Low wages enable a Country to undersell another, when Peculiar to
certain branches of Industry.
§ 4. -But not when common to All.
§ 5. Low profits as affecting the carrying Trade.
Chapter XXI. Of Distribution, As Affected By Exchange.
§ 1. Exchange and money make no Difference in the law of Wages.
§ 2. In the law of Rent.
§ 3. -Nor in the law of Profits.
Book IV. Influence Of The Progress Of Society On Production And
Distribution.
Chapter I. Influence Of The Progress Of Industry And Population On
Values And Prices.
§ 1. Tendency of the progress of society toward increased Command over
the powers of Nature; increased Security, and increased Capacity of Co-
Operation.
§ 2. Tendency to a Decline of the Value and Cost of Production of all
Commodities.
§ 3. -except the products of Agriculture and Mining, which have a
tendency to Rise.

§ 4. -that tendency from time to time Counteracted by Improvements in
Production.
§ 5. Effect of the Progress of Society in moderating fluctuations of Value.
Chapter II. Influence Of The Progress Of Industry And Population On
Rents, Profits, And Wages.
§ 1. Characteristic features of industrial Progress.
§ 2. First two cases, Population and Capital increasing, the arts of
production stationary.
§ 3. The arts of production advancing, capital and population stationary.
§ 4. Theoretical results, if all three Elements progressive.
§ 5. Practical Results.
Chapter III. Of The Tendency Of Profits To A Minimum.
§ 1. Different Theories as to the fall of Profits.
§ 2. What determines the minimum rate of Profit?
§ 3. In old and opulent countries, profits habitually near to the minimum.
§ 4. -prevented from reaching it by commercial revulsions.
§ 5. -by improvements in Production.
§ 6. -by the importation of cheap Necessaries and Implements.
§ 7. -by the emigration of Capital.
Chapter IV. Consequences Of The Tendency Of Profits To A Minimum,
And The Stationary State.
§ 1. Abstraction of Capital not necessarily a national loss.
§ 2. In opulent countries, the extension of machinery not detrimental but
beneficial to Laborers.
§ 3. Stationary state of wealth and population dreaded by some writers,
but not in itself undesirable.
Chapter V. On The Possible Futurity Of The Laboring-Classes.
§ 1. The possibility of improvement while Laborers remain merely
receivers of Wages.
§ 2.-through small holdings, by which the landlord's gain is shared.
§ 3. -through co-operation, by which the manager's wages are shared.
§ 4. Distributive Co-operation.
§ 5. Productive Co-Operation.

§ 6. Industrial Partnership.
§ 7. People's Banks.
Book V. On The Influence Of Government.
Chapter I. On The General Principles Of Taxation.
§ 1. Four fundamental rules of Taxation.
§ 2. Grounds of the principle of Equality of Taxation.
§ 3. Should the same percentage be levied on all amounts of Income?
§ 4. Should the same percentage be levied on Perpetual and on Terminable
Incomes?
§ 5. The increase of the rent of land from natural causes a fit subject of
peculiar Taxation.
§ 6. Taxes falling on Capital not necessarily objectionable.
Chapter II. Of Direct Taxes.
§ 1. Direct taxes either on income or expenditure.
§ 2. Taxes on rent.
§ 3. -on profits.
§ 4. -on Wages.
§ 5. -on Income.
§ 6. A House-Tax.
Chapter III. Of Taxes On Commodities, Or Indirect Taxes.
§ 1. A Tax on all commodities would fall on Profits.
§ 2. Taxes on particular commodities fall on the consumer.
§ 3. Peculiar effects of taxes on Necessaries.
§ 4. -how modified by the tendency of profits to a minimum.
§ 5. Effects of discriminating Duties.
§ 6. Effects produced on international Exchange by Duties on Exports and
on Imports.
Chapter IV. Comparison Between Direct And Indirect Taxation.
§ 1. Arguments for and against direct Taxation.
§ 2. What forms of indirect taxation are most eligible?
§ 3. Practical rules for indirect taxation.
§ 4. Taxation systems of the United States and other Countries.

§ 5. A Résumé of the general principles of taxation.
Chapter V. Of A National Debt.
§ 1. Is it desirable to defray extraordinary public expenses by loans?
§ 2. Not desirable to redeem a national Debt by a general Contribution.
§ 3. In what cases desirable to maintain a surplus revenue for the
redemption of Debt.
Chapter VI. Of An Interference Of Government Grounded On Erroneous
Theories.
§ 1. The doctrine of Protection to Native Industry.
§ 2. -had its origin in the Mercantile System.
§ 3. -supported by pleas of national subsistence and national defense.
§ 4. -on the ground of encouraging young industries; colonial policy.
§ 5. -on the ground of high wages.
§ 6. -on the ground of creating a diversity of industries.
§ 7. -on the ground that it lowers prices.
Appendix I. Bibliographies.
Appendix II. Examination Questions.
Footnotes

A SYSTEM OF LOGIC
RATIOCINATIVE AND
INDUCTIVE--VOLUME I.
BEING A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF
EVIDENCE AND THE METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC

INVESTIGATION

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOL. I.

SEVENTH EDITION

By John Stuart Mill

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME

INTRODUCTION.
§ 1. A definition at the commencement of a subject must be 1
provisional
2. Is logic the art and science of reasoning? 2
3. Or the art and science of the pursuit of truth? 3
4. Logic is concerned with inferences, not with intuitive 5
truths
5. Relation of logic to the other sciences 8
6. Its utility, how shown 10
7. Definition of logic stated and illustrated 11
BOOK I.
OF NAMES AND PROPOSITIONS.
Chapter I. Of the Necessity of commencing with an
Analysis of Language.
§ 1. Theory of names, why a necessary part of logic 17
2. First step in the analysis of Propositions 18
3. Names must be studied before Things 21
Chapter II. Of Names.
§ 1. Names are names of things, not of our ideas 23
2. Words which are not names, but parts of names 24
3. General and Singular names 26
4. Concrete and Abstract 29
5. Connotative and Non-connotative 31
6. Positive and Negative 42

7. Relative and Absolute 44
8. Univocal and Æquivocal 47
Chapter III. Of the Things denoted by Names.
§ 1. Necessity of an enumeration of Nameable Things. The 49
Categories of Aristotle
2. Ambiguity of the most general names 51
3. Feelings, or states of consciousness 54
4. Feelings must be distinguished from their physical 56
antecedents. Perceptions, what
5. Volitions, and Actions, what 58
6. Substance and Attribute 59
7. Body 61
8. Mind 67
9. Qualities 69
10. Relations 72
11. Resemblance 74
12. Quantity 78
13. All attributes of bodies are grounded on states of 79
consciousness
14. So also all attributes of mind 80
15. Recapitulation 81
Chapter IV. Of Propositions.
§ 1. Nature and office of the copula 85
2. Affirmative and Negative propositions 87
3. Simple and Complex 89
4. Universal, Particular, and Singular 93
Chapter V. Of the Import of Propositions.
§ 1. Doctrine that a proposition is the expression of a relation 96
between two ideas
2. Doctrine that it is the expression of a relation between the 99
meanings of two names

3. Doctrine that it consists in referring something to, or 103
excluding something from, a class
4. What it really is 107
5. It asserts (or denies) a sequence, a coexistence, a simple 110
existence, a causation
6. —or a resemblance 112
7. Propositions of which the terms are abstract 115
Chapter VI. Of Propositions merely Verbal.
§ 1. Essential and Accidental propositions 119
2. All essential propositions are identical propositions 120
3. Individuals have no essences 124
4. Real propositions, how distinguished from verbal 126
5. Two modes of representing the import of a Real 127
proposition
Chapter VII. Of the Nature of Classification, and the Five
Predicables.
§ 1. Classification, how connected with Naming 129
2. The Predicables, what 131
3. Genus and Species 131
4. Kinds have a real existence in nature 134
5. Differentia 139
6. Differentiæ for general purposes, and differentiæ for 141
special or technical purposes
7. Proprium 144
8. Accidens 146
Chapter VIII. Of Definition.
§ 1. A definition, what 148
2. Every name can be defined, whose meaning is susceptible 150
of analysis
3. Complete, how distinguished from incomplete definitions 152
4. —and from descriptions 154
5. What are called definitions of Things, are definitions of 157
Names with an implied assumption of the existence of

Things corresponding to them
6. —even when such things do not in reality exist 165
7. Definitions, though of names only, must be grounded on 167
knowledge of the corresponding Things
BOOK II.
OF REASONING.
Chapter I. Of Inference, or Reasoning, in general.
§ 1. Retrospect of the preceding book 175
2. Inferences improperly so called 177
3. Inferences proper, distinguished into inductions and 181
ratiocinations
Chapter II. Of Ratiocination, or Syllogism.
§ 1. Analysis of the Syllogism 184
2. The dictum de omni not the foundation of reasoning, but a 191
mere identical proposition
3. What is the really fundamental axiom of Ratiocination 196
4. The other form of the axiom 199
Chapter III. Of the Functions, and Logical Value, of the
Syllogism.
§ 1. Is the syllogism a petitio principii? 202
2. Insufficiency of the common theory 203
3. All inference is from particulars to particulars 205
4. General propositions are a record of such inferences, and 214
the rules of the syllogism are rules for the interpretation of
the record
5. The syllogism not the type of reasoning, but a test of it 218
6. The true type, what 222
7. Relation between Induction and Deduction 226
8. Objections answered 227
9. Of Formal Logic, and its relation to the Logic of Truth 231
Chapter IV. Of Trains of Reasoning, and Deductive
Sciences.
§ 1. For what purpose trains of reasoning exist 234

2. A train of reasoning is a series of inductive inferences 234
3. —from particulars to particulars through marks of marks 237
4. Why there are deductive sciences 240
5. Why other sciences still remain experimental 244
6. Experimental sciences may become deductive by the 246
progress of experiment
7. In what manner this usually takes place 247
Chapter V. Of Demonstration, and Necessary Truths.
§ 1. The Theorems of geometry are necessary truths only in the 251
sense of necessarily following from hypotheses
2. Those hypotheses are real facts with some of their 255
circumstances exaggerated or omitted
3. Some of the first principles of geometry are axioms, and 256
these are not hypothetical
4. —but are experimental truths 258
5. An objection answered 261
6. Dr. Whewell's opinions on axioms examined 264
Chapter VI. The same Subject continued.
§ 1. All deductive sciences are inductive 281
2. The propositions of the science of number are not verbal, 284
but generalizations from experience
3. In what sense hypothetical 289
4. The characteristic property of demonstrative science is to 290
be hypothetical
5. Definition of demonstrative evidence 292
Chapter VII. Examination of some Opinions opposed to
the preceding doctrines.
§ 1. Doctrine of the Universal Postulate 294
2. The test of inconceivability does not represent the 296
aggregate of past experience
3. —nor is implied in every process of thought 299
4. Sir W. Hamilton's opinion on the Principles of 306
Contradiction and Excluded Middle

BOOK III.
OF INDUCTION.
Chapter I. Preliminary Observations on Induction in
general.
§ 1. Importance of an Inductive Logic 313
2. The logic of science is also that of business and life 314
Chapter II. Of Inductions improperly so called.
§ 1. Inductions distinguished from verbal transformations 319
2. —from inductions, falsely so called, in mathematics 321
3. —and from descriptions 323
4. Examination of Dr. Whewell's theory of Induction 326
5. Further illustration of the preceding remarks 336
Chapter III. On the Ground of Induction.
§ 1. Axiom of the uniformity of the course of nature 341
2. Not true in every sense. Induction per enumerationem 346
simplicem
3. The question of Inductive Logic stated 348
Chapter IV. Of Laws of Nature.
§ 1. The general regularity in nature is a tissue of partial 351
regularities, called laws
2. Scientific induction must be grounded on previous 355
spontaneous inductions
3. Are there any inductions fitted to be a test of all others? 357
Chapter V. Of the Law of Universal Causation.
§ 1. The universal law of successive phenomena is the Law of 360
Causation
2. —i.e. the law that every consequent has an invariable 363
antecedent
3. The cause of a phenomenon is the assemblage of its 365
conditions
4. The distinction of agent and patient illusory 373
5. The cause is not the invariable antecedent, but the 375
unconditional invariable antecedent

6. Can a cause be simultaneous with its effect? 380
7. Idea of a Permanent Cause, or original natural agent 383
8. Uniformities of coexistence between effects of different 386
permanent causes, are not laws
9. Doctrine that volition is an efficient cause, examined 387
Chapter VI. Of the Composition of Causes.
§ 1. Two modes of the conjunct action of causes, the 405
mechanical and the chemical
2. The composition of causes the general rule; the other case 408
exceptional
3. Are effects proportional to their causes? 412
Chapter VII. Of Observation and Experiment.
§ 1. The first step of inductive inquiry is a mental analysis of 414
complex phenomena into their elements
2. The next is an actual separation of those elements 416
3. Advantages of experiment over observation 417
4. Advantages of observation over experiment 420
Chapter VIII. Of the Four Methods of Experimental
Inquiry.
§ 1. Method of Agreement 425
2. Method of Difference 428
3. Mutual relation of these two methods 429
4. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference 433
5. Method of Residues 436
6. Method of Concomitant Variations 437
7. Limitations of this last method 443
Chapter IX. Miscellaneous Examples of the Four Methods.
§ 1. Liebig's theory of metallic poisons 449
2. Theory of induced electricity 453
3. Dr. Wells' theory of dew 457
4. Dr. Brown-Séquard's theory of cadaveric rigidity 465
5. Examples of the Method of Residues 471

6. Dr. Whewell's objections to the Four Methods 475
Chapter X. Of Plurality of Causes; and of the Intermixture
of Effects.
§ 1. One effect may have several causes 482
2. —which is the source of a characteristic imperfection of 483
the Method of Agreement
3. Plurality of Causes, how ascertained 487
4. Concurrence of Causes which do not compound their 489
effects
5. Difficulties of the investigation, when causes compound 494
their effects
6. Three modes of investigating the laws of complex effects 499
7. The method of simple observation inapplicable 500
8. The purely experimental method inapplicable 501
Chapter XI. Of the Deductive Method.
§ 1. First stage; ascertainment of the laws of the separate 507
causes by direct induction
2. Second stage; ratiocination from the simple laws of the 512
complex cases
3. Third stage; verification by specific experience 514
Chapter XII. Of the Explanation of Laws of Nature.
§ 1. Explanation defined 518
2. First mode of explanation, by resolving the law of a 518
complex effect into the laws of the concurrent causes and
the fact of their coexistence
3. Second mode; by the detection of an intermediate link in 519
the sequence
4. Laws are always resolved into laws more general than 520
themselves
5. Third mode; the subsumption of less general laws under a 524
more general one
6. What the explanation of a law of nature amounts to 526

Chapter XIII. Miscellaneous Examples of the Explanation
of Laws of Nature.
§ 1. The general theories of the sciences 529
2. Examples from chemical speculations 531
3. Example from Dr. Brown-Séquard's researches on the 533
nervous system
4. Examples of following newly-discovered laws into their 534
complex manifestations
5. Examples of empirical generalizations, afterwards 536
confirmed and explained deductively
6. Example from mental science 538
7. Tendency of all the sciences to become deductive 539

A SYSTEM OF LOGIC
RATIOCINATIVE AND
INDUCTIVE, VOLUME II.
BEING A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF
EVIDENCE AND THE METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION

By John Stuart Mill
IN TWO VOLUMES

SEVENTH EDITION

CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME

BOOK III.
ON INDUCTION.—(Continued.)
Chapter XIV. Of the Limits to the Explanation of Laws of
Nature; and of Hypotheses.
§ 1. Can all the sequences in nature be resolvable into one law? 3
2. Ultimate laws cannot be less numerous than the 4
distinguishable feelings of our nature
3. In what sense ultimate facts can be explained 7
4. The proper use of scientific hypotheses 8
5. Their indispensableness 16
6. Legitimate, how distinguished from illegitimate hypotheses 18
7. Some inquiries apparently hypothetical are really inductive 25
Chapter XV. Of Progressive Effects; and of the Continued
Action of Causes.
§ 1. How a progressive effect results from the simple continuance 29
of the cause
2. —and from the progressiveness of the cause 33
3. Derivative laws generated from a single ultimate law 36
Chapter XVI. Of Empirical Laws.
§ 1. Definition of an empirical law 38
2. Derivative laws commonly depend on collocations 39
3. The collocations of the permanent causes are not reducible to 41
any law

4. Hence empirical laws cannot be relied on beyond the limits of 41
actual experience
5. Generalizations which rest only on the Method of Agreement 43
can only be received as empirical laws
6. Signs from which an observed uniformity of sequence may be 44
presumed to be resolvable
7. Two kinds of empirical laws 47
Chapter XVII. Of Chance, and its Elimination.
§ 1. The proof of empirical laws depends on the theory of chance 49
2. Chance defined and characterized 50
3. The elimination of chance 55
4. Discovery of residual phenomena by eliminating chance 57
5. The doctrine of chances 59
Chapter XVIII. Of the Calculation of Chances.
§ 1. Foundation of the doctrine of chances, as taught by 61
mathematics
2. The doctrine tenable 63
3. On what foundation it really rests 64
4. Its ultimate dependence on causation 68
5. Theorem of the doctrine of chances which relates to the cause 72
of a given event
6. How applicable to the elimination of chance 74
Chapter XIX. Of the Extension of Derivative Laws to
Adjacent Cases.
§ 1. Derivative laws, when not casual, are almost always 78
contingent on collocations
2. On what grounds they can be extended to cases beyond the 80
bounds of actual experience
3. Those cases must be adjacent cases 82
Chapter XX. Of Analogy.
§ 1. Various senses of the word analogy 86
2. Nature of analogical evidence 87
3. On what circumstances its value depends 91

Chapter XXI. Of the Evidence of the Law of Universal
Causation.
§ 1. The law of causality does not rest on an instinct 95
2. But on an induction by simple enumeration 100
3. In what cases such induction is allowable 102
4. The universal prevalence of the law of causality, on what 105
grounds admissible
Chapter XXII. Of Uniformities of Coexistence not dependent
on Causation.
§ 1. Uniformities of coexistence which result from laws of 110
sequence
2. The properties of Kinds are uniformities of coexistence 111
3. Some are derivative, others ultimate 113
4. No universal axiom of coexistence 114
5. The evidence of uniformities of coexistence, how measured 117
6. When derivative, their evidence is that of empirical laws 117
7. So also when ultimate 119
8. The evidence stronger in proportion as the law is more 120
general
9. Every distinct Kind must be examined 121
Chapter XXIII. Of Approximate Generalizations, and
Probable Evidence.
§ 1. The inferences called probable, rest on approximate 124
generalizations
2. Approximate generalizations less useful in science than in life 124
3. In what cases they may be resorted to 126
4. In what manner proved 127
5. With what precautions employed 130
6. The two modes of combining probabilities 131
7. How approximate generalizations may be converted into 136
accurate generalizations equivalent to them
Chapter XXIV. Of the Remaining Laws of Nature.
§ 1. Propositions which assert mere existence 139

2. Resemblance, considered as a subject of science 141
3. The axioms and theorems of mathematics comprise the 143
principal laws of resemblance
4. —and those of order in place, and rest on induction by simple 145
enumeration
5. The propositions of arithmetic affirm the modes of formation 146
of some given number
6. Those of algebra affirm the equivalence of different modes of 151
formation of numbers generally
7. The propositions of geometry are laws of outward nature 154
8. Why geometry is almost entirely deductive 156
9. Function of mathematical truths in the other sciences, and 158
limits of that function
Chapter XXV. Of the Grounds of Disbelief.
§ 1. Improbability and impossibility 161
2. Examination of Hume's doctrine of miracles 162
3. The degrees of improbability correspond to differences in the 166
nature of the generalization with which an assertion conflicts
4. A fact is not incredible because the chances are against it 170
5. Are coincidences less credible than other facts? 172
6. An opinion of Laplace examined 175
BOOK IV.
OF OPERATIONS SUBSIDIARY TO INDUCTION.
Chapter I. Of Observation and Description.
§ 1. Observation, how far a subject of logic 183
2. A great part of what seems observation is really inference 184
3. The description of an observation affirms more than is 187
contained in the observation
4. —namely an agreement among phenomena; and the 190
comparison of phenomena to ascertain such agreements is a
preliminary to induction
Chapter II. Of Abstraction, or the Formation of Conceptions.

§ 1. The comparison which is a preliminary to induction implies 193
general conceptions
2. —but these need not be pre-existent 194
3. A general conception, originally the result of a comparison, 198
becomes itself the type of comparison
4. What is meant by appropriate conceptions 200
5. —and by clear conceptions 203
6. Further illustration of the subject 205
Chapter III. Of Naming, as subsidiary to Induction.
§ 1. The fundamental property of names as an instrument of 209
thought
2. Names are not indispensable to induction 210
3. In what manner subservient to it 211
4. General names not a mere contrivance to economize the use 213
of language
Chapter IV. Of the Requisites of a Philosophical Language,
and the Principles of Definition.
§ 1. First requisite of philosophical language, a steady and 215
determinate meaning for every general name
2. Names in common use have often a loose connotation 215
3. —which the logician should fix, with as little alteration as 218
possible
4. Why definition is often a question not of words but of things 220
5. How the logician should deal with the transitive applications 224
of words
6. Evil consequences of casting off any portion of the customary 229
connotation of words
Chapter V. On the Natural History of the Variations in the
Meaning of Terms.
§ 1. How circumstances originally accidental become 236
incorporated into the meaning of words
2. —and sometimes become the whole meaning 238
3. Tendency of words to become generalized 240

4. —and to become specialized 243
Chapter VI. The Principles of a Philosophical Language
further considered.
§ 1. Second requisite of philosophical language, a name for every 248
important meaning
2. —viz. first, an accurate descriptive terminology 248
3. —secondly, a name for each of the more important results of 252
scientific abstraction
4. —thirdly, a nomenclature, or system of the names of Kinds 255
5. Peculiar nature of the connotation of names which belong to a 257
nomenclature
6. In what cases language may, and may not, be used 259
mechanically
Chapter VII. Of Classification, as subsidiary to Induction.
§ 1. Classification as here treated of, wherein different from the 266
classification implied in naming
2. Theory of natural groups 267
3. Are natural groups given by type, or by definition? 271
4. Kinds are natural groups 274
5. How the names of Kinds should be constructed 280
Chapter VIII. Of Classification by Series.
§ 1. Natural groups should be arranged in a natural series 284
2. The arrangement should follow the degrees of the main 285
phenomenon
3. —which implies the assumption of a type-species 287
4. How the divisions of the series should be determined 288
5. Zoology affords the completest type of scientific 289
classification
BOOK V.
ON FALLACIES.
Chapter I. Of Fallacies in General.
§ 1. Theory of fallacies a necessary part of logic 295
2. Casual mistakes are not fallacies 297

3. The moral sources of erroneous opinion, how related to the 297
intellectual
Chapter II. Classification of Fallacies.
§ 1. On what criteria a classification of fallacies should be 301
grounded
2. The five classes of fallacies 302
3. The reference of a fallacy to one or another class is 305
sometimes arbitrary
Chapter III. Fallacies of Simple Inspection, or à priori
Fallacies.
§ 1. Character of this class of Fallacies 309
2. Natural prejudice of mistaking subjective laws for objective, 310
exemplified in popular superstitions
3. Natural prejudices, that things which we think of together 314
must exist together, and that what is inconceivable must be
false
4. Natural prejudice, of ascribing objective existence to 321
abstractions
5. Fallacy of the Sufficient Reason 322
6. Natural prejudice, that the differences in nature correspond to 325
the distinctions in language
7. Prejudice, that a phenomenon cannot have more than one 329
cause
8. Prejudice, that the conditions of a phenomenon must resemble 332
the phenomenon
Chapter IV. Fallacies of Observation.
§ 1. Non-observation, and Mal-observation 341
2. Non-observation of instances, and non-observation of 341
circumstances
3. Examples of the former 342
4. —and of the latter 347
5. Mal-observation characterized and exemplified 352
Chapter V. Fallacies of Generalization.

§ 1. Character of the class 356
2. Certain kinds of generalization must always be groundless 356
3. Attempts to resolve phenomena radically different into the 357
same
4. Fallacy of mistaking empirical for causal laws 359
5. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc; and the deductive fallacy 364
corresponding to it
6. Fallacy of False Analogies 366
7. Function of metaphors in reasoning 373
8. How fallacies of generalization grow out of bad classification 375
Chapter VI. Fallacies of Ratiocination.
§ 1. Introductory Remarks 377
2. Fallacies in the conversion and æquipollency of propositions 377
3. Fallacies in the syllogistic process 379
4. Fallacy of changing the premises 379
Chapter VII. Fallacies of Confusion.
§ 1. Fallacy of Ambiguous Terms 384
2. Fallacy of Petitio Principii 396
3. Fallacy of Ignoratio Elenchi 405
BOOK VI.
ON THE LOGIC OF THE MORAL SCIENCES.
Chapter I. Introductory Remarks.
§ 1. The backward state of the Moral Sciences can only be 413
remedied by applying to them the methods of Physical
Science, duly extended and generalized
2. How far this can be attempted in the present work 415
Chapter II. Of Liberty and Necessity.
§ 1. Are human actions subject to the law of causality? 417
2. The doctrine commonly called Philosophical Necessity, in 418
what sense true
3. Inappropriateness and pernicious effect of the term Necessity 420
4. A motive not always the anticipation of a pleasure or a pain 424

Chapter III. That there is, or may be, a Science of Human
Nature.
§ 1. There may be sciences which are not exact sciences 426
2. To what scientific type the Science of Human Nature 429
corresponds
Chapter IV. Of the Laws of Mind.
§ 1. What is meant by Laws of Mind 432
2. Is there a science of Psychology? 433
3. The principal investigations of Psychology characterized 435
4. Relation of mental facts to physical conditions 440
Chapter V. Of Ethology, or the Science of the Formation of
Character.
§ 1. The Empirical Laws of Human Nature 445
2. —are merely approximate generalizations. The universal laws 447
are those of the formation of character
3. The laws of the formation of character cannot be ascertained 449
by observation and experiment
4. —but must be studied deductively 454
5. The Principles of Ethology are the axiomata media of mental 455
science
6. Ethology characterized 459
Chapter VI. General Considerations on the Social Science.
§ 1. Are Social Phenomena a subject of Science? 461
2. Of what nature the Social Science must be 463
Chapter VII. Of the Chemical, or Experimental, Method in the
Social Science.
§ 1. Characters of the mode of thinking which deduces political 466
doctrines from specific experience
2. In the Social Science experiments are impossible 468
3. —the Method of Difference inapplicable 469
4. —and the Methods of Agreement, and of Concomitant 471
Variations, inconclusive

5. The Method of Residues also inconclusive, and presupposes 472
Deduction
Chapter VIII. Of the Geometrical, or Abstract Method.
§ 1. Characters of this mode of thinking 476
2. Examples of the Geometrical Method 478
3. The interest-philosophy of the Bentham school 479
Chapter IX. Of the Physical, or Concrete Deductive Method.
§ 1. The Direct and Inverse Deductive Methods 486
2. Difficulties of the Direct Deductive Method in the Social 489
Science
3. To what extent the different branches of sociological 492
speculation can be studied apart. Political Economy
characterized
4. Political Ethology, or the science of national character 497
5. The Empirical Laws of the Social Science 500
6. The Verification of the Social Science 502
Chapter X. Of the Inverse Deductive, or Historical Method.
§ 1. Distinction between the general Science of Society, and 506
special sociological inquiries
2. What is meant by a State of Society? 506
3. The Progressiveness of Man and Society 508
4. The laws of the succession of states of society can only be 511
ascertained by the Inverse Deductive Method
5. Social Statics, or the science of the Coexistences of Social 513
Phenomena
6. Social Dynamics, or the science of the Successions of Social 521
Phenomena
7. Outlines of the Historical Method 522
8. Future prospects of Sociological Inquiry 525
Chapter XI. Additional Elucidations of the Science of History.
§ 1. The subjection of historical facts to uniform laws is verified 529
by statistics
2. —does not imply the insignificance of moral causes 532

3. —nor the inefficacy of the characters of individuals and of the 535
acts of governments
4. The historical importance of eminent men and of the policy of 540
governments illustrated
Chapter XII. Of the Logic of Practice, or Art; including
Morality and Policy.
§ 1. Morality not a science, but an Art 544
2. Relation between rules of art and the theorems of the 544
corresponding science
3. What is the proper function of rules of art? 546
4. Art cannot be Deductive 548
5. Every Art consists of truths of Science, arranged in the order 549
suitable for some practical use
6. Teleology, or the Doctrine of Ends 550
7. Necessity of an ultimate standard, or first principle of 552
Teleology
8. Conclusion 554

A SYSTEM OF LOGIC,
RATIOCINATIVE AND
INDUCTIVE
BEING A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF
EVIDENCE, AND THE METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION.

By John Stuart Mill
CONTENTS

Preface To The First Edition.

Preface To The Third And Fourth Editions.

Introduction.

Book I Of Names And Propositions.
Of The Necessity Of Commencing With An Analysis Of
Chapter I
Language.
Chapter II Of Names.
Chapter III Of The Things Denoted By Names.
Chapter IV Of Propositions.
Chapter V Of The Import Of Propositions.
Chapter VI Of Propositions Merely Verbal.
Chapter VII Of The Nature Of Classification, And The Five Predicables.
Chapter VIII Of Definition.
Book II On Reasoning.
Chapter I Of Inference, Or Reasoning, In General.
Chapter II Of Ratiocination, Or Syllogism.
Chapter III Of The Functions And Logical Value Of The Syllogism.
Chapter IV Of Trains Of Reasoning, And Deductive Sciences.
Chapter V Of Demonstration, And Necessary Truths.
Chapter VI The Same Subject Continued.
Examination Of Some Opinions Opposed To The Preceding
Chapter VII
Doctrines.
Book III Of Induction.

Chapter I Preliminary Observations On Induction In General.
Chapter II Of Inductions Improperly So Called.
Chapter III Of The Ground Of Induction.
Chapter IV Of Laws Of Nature.
Chapter V Of The Law Of Universal Causation.
Chapter VI On The Composition Of Causes.
Chapter VII On Observation And Experiment.
Chapter VIII Of The Four Methods Of Experimental Inquiry.
Chapter IX Miscellaneous Examples Of The Four Methods.
Chapter X Of Plurality Of Causes, And Of The Intermixture Of Effects.
Chapter XI Of The Deductive Method.
Chapter XII Of The Explanation Of Laws Of Nature.
Miscellaneous Examples Of The Explanation Of Laws Of
Chapter XIII
Nature.
Of The Limits To The Explanation Of Laws Of Nature; And
Chapter XIV
Of Hypotheses.
Of Progressive Effects; And Of The Continued Action Of
Chapter XV
Causes.
Chapter XVI Of Empirical Laws.
Chapter
Of Chance And Its Elimination.
XVII
Chapter
Of The Calculation Of Chances.
XVIII
Chapter XIX Of The Extension Of Derivative Laws To Adjacent Cases.
Chapter XX Of Analogy.
Chapter XXI Of The Evidence Of The Law Of Universal Causation.
Chapter Of Uniformities Of Co-Existence Not Dependent On
XXII Causation.
Chapter
Of The Remaining Laws Of Nature.
XXIV
Chapter
Of The Grounds Of Disbelief.
XXV
Book IV Of Operations Subsidiary To Induction.

Chapter I Of Observation And Description.
Chapter II Of Abstraction, Or The Formation Of Conceptions.
Chapter III Of Naming, As Subsidiary To Induction.
Of The Requisites Of A Philosophical Language, And The
Chapter IV
Principles Of Definition.
On The Natural History Of The Variations In The Meaning
Chapter V
Of Terms.
The Principles Of A Philosophical Language Further
Chapter VI
Considered.
Chapter VII Of Classification, As Subsidiary To Induction.
Chapter VIII Of Classification By Series.
Book V On Fallacies.
Chapter I Of Fallacies In General.
Chapter II Classification Of Fallacies.
Chapter III Fallacies Of Simple Inspection; Or A Priori Fallacies.
Chapter IV Fallacies Of Observation.
Chapter V Fallacies Of Generalization.
Chapter VI Fallacies Of Ratiocination.
Chapter VII Fallacies Of Confusion.
Book VI On The Logic Of The Moral Sciences.
Chapter I Introductory Remarks.
Chapter II Of Liberty And Necessity.
Chapter III That There Is, Or May Be, A Science Of Human Nature.
Chapter IV Of The Laws Of Mind.
Of Ethology, Or The Science Of The Formation Of
Chapter V
Character.
Chapter VI General Considerations On The Social Science.
Of The Chemical, Or Experimental, Method In The Social
Chapter VII
Science.
Chapter VIII Of The Geometrical, Or Abstract, Method.
Chapter IX Of The Physical, Or Concrete Deductive, Method.
Chapter X Of The Inverse Deductive, Or Historical, Method.

Chapter XI Additional Elucidations Of The Science Of History.
Of The Logic Of Practice, Or Art; Including Morality And
Chapter XII
Policy.
Footnotes

ANALYSIS OF THE
PHENOMENA OF THE HUMAN
MIND

By James Mill (John Stuart Mill)

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME

PAGE
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER I.
Sensation 2
SECTION 1. Smell 7
2. Hearing 16
3. Sight 21
4. Taste 25
5. Touch 28
6. Sensations of Disorganization, or of the Approach to
37
Disorganization, in any part of the Body
7. Muscular Sensations, or those Feelings which
40
accompany the Action of the Muscles
8. Sensations in the Alimentary Canal 45

CHAPTER II.
Ideas 51

CHAPTER III.
The Association of Ideas 70

CHAPTER IV.
Naming 127

SECTION 1. Nouns Substantive 134
2. Nouns Adjective 134
3. Verbs 151
4. Predication 159
SECTION 5. Pronouns 194
6. Adverbs 199
7. Prepositions 201
8. Conjunctions 212

CHAPTER V.
Consciousness 223

CHAPTER VI.
Conception 233

CHAPTER VII.
Imagination 238

CHAPTER VIII.
Classification 247

CHAPTER IX.
Abstraction 294

CHAPTER X.
Memory 318

CHAPTER XI.
Belief 341

CHAPTER XII.

Ratiocination 424

CHAPTER XIII.
Evidence 428

APPENDIX 440

CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME

CHAPTER XIV. PAGE
Some Names which require a particular Explanation 1
SECTION 1. Names of Names 3
2. Relative Terms 6
Abstract Relative Terms 72
3. Numbers 89
4. Privative Terms 99
5. Time 116
6. Motion 142
7. Identity 164

CHAPTER XV.
Reflection 176

CHAPTER XVI.
The Distinction between the Intellectual and Active Powers of the
181
Human Mind

CHAPTER XVII.
Pleasurable and Painful Sensations 184

CHAPTER XVIII.
Causes of the Pleasurable and Painful Sensations 187

CHAPTER XIX.
Ideas of the Pleasurable and Painful Sensations, and of the Causes
189
of them

CHAPTER XX.
The Pleasurable and Painful Sensations, contemplated as passed, or
196
future
CHAPTER XXI.
The Causes of Pleasurable and Painful Sensations, contemplated as
201
passed, or future
1. The immediate Causes of Pleasurable and Painful
SECTION 201
Sensations, contemplated as passed, or as future
2. The Remote Causes of Pleasurable and Painful
206
Sensations contemplated as passed, or future
SUB- 1. Wealth, Power, and Dignity, and their Contraries,
207
SECT. contemplated as Causes of our Pleasures and Pains
2. Our Fellow-Creatures contemplated as Causes of
214
our Pleasures and Pains
1.—Friendship 216
2.—Kindness 216
3.—Family 218
4.—Country 226
5.—Party; Class 227
6.—Mankind 229
3. The Objects called Sublime and Beautiful, and
their Contraries, contemplated as Causes of our 230
Pleasures and Pains

CHAPTER XXII.
Motives 256
1. Pleasurable or Painful States, contemplated as the
SECTION 256
Consequents of our own Acts

2. Causes of our Pleasurable and Painful States,
265
contemplated as the Consequents of our own Acts

CHAPTER XXIII.
The Acts of our Fellow-creatures, which are Causes of our Pains
280
and Pleasures, contemplated as Consequents of our own Acts

CHAPTER XXIV.
The Will 327

CHAPTER XXV.
Intention 396

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