A New Species of Frog (Genus Tomodactylus) from Western México Robert G. Webb 309 downloads.pdf

The Project Gutenberg eBook of A New Species of Frog (Genus
Tomodactylus) from Western México
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will
have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using
this eBook.

Title: A New Species of Frog (Genus Tomodactylus) from Western México

Author: Robert G. Webb

Release date: February 3, 2010 [eBook #31175]
Most recently updated: January 6, 2021

Language: English

Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31175

Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW SPECIES
OF FROG (GENUS TOMODACTYLUS) FROM WESTERN MÉXICO
***

University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History

Volume 15, No. 3, pp. 175-181, 1 fig.
March 7, 1962

A New Species of Frog (Genus
Tomodactylus)
from Western México
BY

ROBERT G. WEBB

University of Kansas
Lawrence
1962

University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History

Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.

Volume 15, No. 3, pp. 175-181, 1 fig.
Published March 7, 1962

University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED BY
JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1962

29-1923

A New Species of Frog (Genus Tomodactylus)
from Western México.
BY

ROBERT G. WEBB

Thirteen specimens of frogs collected in the summers of 1960 and 1961 in
the Mexican states of Durango and Sinaloa represent a heretofore unnamed
species. The specimens have been deposited in the Museum of Natural
History of the University of Kansas (KU) and in the Museum of Michigan
State University (MSU). The species may be named and described as
follows:
Tomodactylus saxatilis new species
Holotype.—KU 63326 (Fig. 1); obtained eight miles west of El Palmito, Sinaloa, approximately 6100
feet, on 23 June 1961; original field number, 2354 of Robert G. Webb.
Paratypes.—A total of 12 specimens: KU 63327-33, same data as holotype, 23-25 June 1961; MSU
4085-88, two miles north of Pueblo Nuevo, Durango, approximately 6000 feet elevation, 24 July
1960; MSU 4089, one half mile west of Revolcaderos, Durango, approximately 6600 feet, 29 July
1961.
Diagnosis.—A species of Tomodactylus possessing the following combination of characters: (1) tips
of two outer fingers truncate, about twice width of narrowest part of digit; (2) tympanum small, less
than one half diameter of eye; (3) ventral surfaces smooth; (4) contrasting marbled pattern on back
and top of head, and (5) venter whitish, lacking dark marks.
Description of holotype.—Adult male; snout-vent length, 31.5 (measurements are in millimeters and
were taken by means of dial calipers reading to one tenth of a millimeter); width of head, 11.2; length
of head, 10.3; horizontal diameter of eye, 3.1, and of tympanum, 1.2; distance from eye to nostril,
3.8; internarial width, 2.9; interorbital width, 4.1; width of eyelid, 2.5; lumbar gland (left side), 7.0 x
2.6; distance from axilla to groin, 15.2; tibial length, 12.7; length of foot, 13.1.
Head slightly wider than body; tip of snout rounded, slightly truncate; canthus rounded; tympanum
small, less than one half diameter of eye; tympanum having posterior margin ill-defined, separated
from eye by distance about equal to diameter of tympanum; diameter of eye slightly less than
distance from eye to nostril; width of eyelid about two thirds interorbital width; paratoid gland
indistinct; lumbar glands high, separated from insertion of leg by about one millimeter; back and
sides of body having low, scarcely elevated pustules; top of head, limbs and venter smooth; few low,
whitish pustules below and behind tympanum, and low on sides of body; posterior surface of thighs

and anal region pustulate; one pair of whitish postanal spots; ventral disc attached near insertion of
legs, lacking conspicuous transverse fold; skin loose on throat, chest and abdomen.
Digits not webbed; tips of two outer fingers truncate, having terminal transverse grooves, about twice
width of narrowest part of digit; digits of first and second fingers slightly expanded; fingers from
shortest to longest, 1-2-4-3, first only slightly shorter than second; three palmar tubercles; inner
palmar tubercle about one third size of large median tubercle; outer tubercle about one tenth size of
large median tubercle; four supernumerary palmar tubercles; tips of toes slightly wider than
narrowest part of digits; toes from shortest to longest, 1-2-5-3-4, second only slightly shorter than
fifth; inner metatarsal tubercle about four times size of small outer metatarsal tubercle;
supernumerary tubercles on foot small; no tarsal fold; heels touching when tibiae adpressed to thighs;
tibiotarsal articulation reaching eye when leg adpressed to side of body.
Contrasting marbled pattern on back and top of head; contrasting, mostly barred, pattern on limbs;
ventral surfaces whitish, lacking dark marks, but having minute dark peppering; marbling of dorsal
surfaces blackish and whitish in preservative.
Vomerine teeth lacking; internal choanae lateral, partly concealed by maxillaries; tongue smooth,
elongate, shallowly notched distally, free for about half its length; vocal sac median; internal vocal
slits large and near angle of jaw.
Variation.—Twelve males closely resemble the holotype. Two specimens from Pueblo Nuevo are soft
and not well preserved. The ranges of variation (means in parentheses) for the 13 males comprising
the type series are: snout-vent length, 25.5-31.5 (27.9); width of head, 9.7-11.2 (10.5); diameter of
eye, 2.9-3.6 (3.2); horizontal diameter of tympanum, 1.1-1.8 (1.4); length of tibia, 11.1-13.1 (12.1);
length of foot, 11.0-13.1 (12.1).
The pale ground color of the marbled pattern in most specimens is least extensive on the back and
arms, but most extensive on the legs. The lumbar glands are slightly elevated and conspicuous, and in
KU 63328 are extremely protuberant, or (KU 63330) evident on left side but flattened and indistinct
on right side. The back is rough having low, scarcely elevated pustules, but becomes less rough
anteriorly and most of the top of head is smooth. The three specimens from Pueblo Nuevo, Durango,
differ slightly from the other specimens examined in lacking pairs of postanal white spots, and in
having smooth backs (slightly pustulate in MSU 4088). The tibiotarsal articulation fails to reach the
eye in KU 63330. The small inner palmar tubercle is continuous with the large median tubercle on
the right hand of KU 63330, and lacking on both hands of KU 63329 and on the left hand of KU
63328. The tip of the tongue is entire in some specimens and in others has an irregular margin.
Coloration of living specimens.—Marbled pattern on back and top of head of dark brown to blackish
on yellowish-gold; pattern slightly less contrasting on limbs than on back, consisting of brown to
grayish on pale yellow; side of head and body grayish sometimes having pale yellow to whitish
spots; iris blackish having fine reticulation of yellowish to greenish-gold; venter dirty white.

Habitat.—The three records of occurrence for Tomodactylus saxatilis are in
a mixed boreal-tropical habitat, which is transitional between a pine-oak
forest at higher elevations and a tropical deciduous forest at lower
elevations. The mixed boreal-tropical habitat is most conspicuous at
elevations between approximately 7800 and 5500 feet on southerly exposed
slopes of barrancas and arroyos of the dissected plateau of the Sierra Madre
Occidental. The mixed boreal-tropical habitat occurs for approximately 30

miles along the paved highway (Mexican Highway 40) between Cd.
Durango, Durango, and Mazatlán, Sinaloa. The records of occurrence in
those states that are along this highway are separated by 14.5 miles (via
road).

Fig. 1. Tomodactylus saxatilis new species,
adult male, KU 63326, holotype (× 2),
dorsal view.
The terrain consists of occasional level areas, but is mostly of steep
hillsides. Dominant trees are large oaks and pines; a characteristic pine is
the sad or drooping-needle pine, locally called "pino triste." The
vegetational cover is usually open, including grasses, small oaks and pines,
broad-leaved shrubs and herbs, prickly pears, magueys, thorny acacias,
bracken fern, and epiphytes in trees. Ferns occur in moist protected places,
and orchids are occasional, sometimes in trees.
Outcrops of rock, boulder-strewn areas, and occasional rock slides (talus)
also characterize the terrain. Tomodactylus saxatilis seems to be restricted
to rocky habitats. The individuals collected were detected when they called
at night from within crevices of rocks or from exposed perches on rocks and
boulders; some calling frogs were out of reach on steep rock walls. The call
is a single, loud, high peep.

Comparisons.—Dixon (1957) recognized six species of Tomodactylus (nitidus, dilatus, albolabris,
angustidigitorum, fuscus and grandis) in his revision of the genus. Another species (rufescens) was
subsequently described by Duellman and Dixon (1959). Tomodactylus saxatilis differs from all the
species named immediately above by the combination of characters given in the diagnosis.
Tomodactylus saxatilis differs from nitidus, angustidigitorum and grandis in having the tips of the
two outer fingers widened and truncate; saxatilis differs from dilatus, albolabris, fuscus and
rufescens in having a smooth venter (not pustulate), a contrasting pale and dark marbled pattern on
the back, and a lack of "flash" colors on the femora.
Tomodactylus saxatilis, having lumbar glands, also resembles three species referred to the genus
Syrrhophus. Tomodactylus macrotympanum was described by Taylor (1940:496, 497) as having a
large, moderately distinct lumbar gland; the species was referred to the genus Syrrhophus by Dixon
(op. cit.:384). According to Firschein (1954:55), Syrrhophus smithi and S. petrophilus have elongate
lumbar glands shaped like those in Tomodactylus. Tomodactylus saxatilis resembles macrotympanum,
smithi and petrophilus more than it does other species; all four attain large maximal sizes, and have
lumbar glands, mostly smooth ventral surfaces, three palmar tubercles (sometimes absent in
saxatilis), and usually contrasting dorsal patterns (reduced to flecks and spots in all species except
saxatilis). Tomodactylus saxatilis differs from macrotympanum in having an extensive marbled dorsal
pattern and a small tympanum, and differs from smithi and petrophilus in having a marbled dorsal
pattern and the tips of the outer two fingers widened and truncate. Tomodactylus saxatilis differs
from all other named species of Syrrhophus in having conspicuous lumbar glands and in lacking
inguinal glands.

Remarks.—The characteristics delimiting the genera Tomodactylus and
Syrrhophus are not agreed upon by all workers (see discussions by
Firschein, 1954:50; Langebartel and Shannon, 1956:164; and Dixon,
1957:383). I have referred saxatilis to the genus Tomodactylus on the basis
of a lumbar gland, which was considered a distinguishing character for the
genus by Smith and Taylor (1948:46) and Langebartel and Shannon
(1956:165). Lumbar glands are longer than broad, at least one third the
distance from axilla to groin, lateral and usually high, and often
conspicuous and protuberant. The elevation or flatness of the lumbar glands
seems to be due to individual variation; living specimens in the field had
conspicuous and protuberant, or non-elevated, indistinct lumbar glands.
Lumbar glands are not to be confused with inguinal glands, which are
roundish, often yellowish, sometimes diffuse, lateral but low, often
inconspicuous, and usually not protuberant. Inguinal glands occur in the
genus Microbatrachylus and in some species of Eleutherodactylus, and
have been described as flat, or low, or small, or indistinct for most species
of Syrrhophus.
For financial assistance with field work I am grateful to Rollin H. Baker,
and those individuals who administer the Michigan State University
Development Fund and the Bache Fund of the National Academy of

Sciences (Grant No. 463). I am grateful also to J. Keever Greer, Donald F.
Switzenberg, and Rudolph A. Scheibner for aid in the field, to Edward H.
Taylor, James R. Dixon, and William E. Duellman for profitable
discussions, and to Thomas Sweringen for figure 1. The specific name
alludes to the habitat (Latin, saxatilis = found among rocks).

LITERATURE CITED

Dixon, J. R.
1957. Geographic variation and distribution of the genus Tomodactylus in Mexico.
Texas Journ. Sci., 9(4):379-409, 5 figs., 1 map, December.

Duellman, W. E., and Dixon, J. R.
1959. A new frog of the genus Tomodactylus from Michoacan, Mexico. Texas Journ.
Sci., 11(1):78-82, 1 fig., 1 table, March.

Firschein, I. L.
1954. Definition of some little-understood members of the leptodactylid genus
Syrrhophus, with a description of a new species. Copeia, 1954, 1:48-58,
February 19.

Langebartel, D. A., and Shannon, F. A.
1956. A new frog (Syrrhophus) from the Sinaloan lowlands of Mexico. Herpetologica,
12(3):163-165, 2 figs., September 1.

Smith, H. M., and Taylor, E. H.
1948. An annotated checklist and key to the Amphibia of Mexico. Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., No. 194, pp. iv + 118.

Taylor, E. H.
1940. Herpetological miscellany. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26(15):489-571, 10 pls., 7
figs., November 15.

29-1923

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW SPECIES
OF FROG (GENUS TOMODACTYLUS) FROM WESTERN MÉXICO
***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be
renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law
means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the
Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States
without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying
and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a
registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook,
except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying
royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge
anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg
eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do
practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by
U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license,
especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any
other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you
agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg License
available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing
Project Gutenberg electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg electronic work,
you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the
terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright)
agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement,
you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy
of or access to a Project Gutenberg electronic work and you do not agree to
be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on
or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can
do with most Project Gutenberg electronic works even without complying
with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a
lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg electronic works if you
follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to
Project Gutenberg electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation”
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual
work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are

located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are
removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing
Project Gutenberg works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for
keeping the Project Gutenberg name associated with the work. You can
easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg License when you
share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a
constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the
laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before
downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating
derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg work.
The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status
of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg work (any work on which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied
or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License included with
this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in
the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country
where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is derived from
texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice
indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the
work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without
paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a
work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on
the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs
1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is posted with the
permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply
with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed
by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project
Gutenberg License for all works posted with the permission of the
copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg License
terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any
other work associated with Project Gutenberg.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently
displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or
immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg work in a format other than “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the
official Project Gutenberg website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no
additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of
exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work
in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format
must include the full Project Gutenberg License as specified in paragraph
1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing,
copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg works unless you comply
with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to
or distributing Project Gutenberg electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the
use of Project Gutenberg works calculated using the method you
already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the
owner of the Project Gutenberg trademark, but he has agreed to donate
royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days
following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to
prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly
marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about
donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does
not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You
must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works
possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all
access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in
this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project

Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works
not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™
collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and
the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as,
but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription
errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that
damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except
for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to
you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE
THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT
EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE
THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you
discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you
can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund.
If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to

you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work
electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you
may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or
the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or
limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable
to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum
disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity
or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause
to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg work, (b)
alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg
work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project
Gutenberg

Project Gutenberg is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic
works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including
obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the

efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of
life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance
they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg’s goals and ensuring
that the Project Gutenberg collection will remain freely available for
generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for
Project Gutenberg and future generations. To learn more about the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations
can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)
(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of
Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service.
The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541.
Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax
deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s
laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 41 Watchung Plaza #516,
Montclair NJ 07042, USA, +1 (862) 621-9288. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and
official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the
number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed
in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment

including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are
particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States.
Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort,
much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these
requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not
received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or
determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have
not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against
accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us
with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any
statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the
United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods
and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including
checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit:
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg
electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with
anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg
eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed editions,
all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a

copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in
compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility:
www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg, including how
to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation,
how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email
newsletter to hear about new eBooks.