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Title: A Brief Account of the Educational Publishing Business in the
United States

Author: William Edmond Pulsifer

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Most recently updated: October 22, 2024

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEF
ACCOUNT OF THE EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING BUSINESS IN THE
UNITED STATES ***

A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE
EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING
BUSINESS IN THE UNITED
STATES

“The history of a nation,” one dictionary says, “is a systematic record of
past events; especially the record of events in which man has taken part.”

The history of the educational publishing business in America is likewise
a systematic record of past events in which man has taken part. The events
of this history include the beginning, the development, and the wonderful
improvement in books and book-making since 1691, and the men and
women who have taken part in these events are authors and publishers.

Starr King, the eloquent preacher and orator whose powerful arguments
in 1860 and ’61 aided mightily in saving California for the Union, was once
riding on a very slow train from Boston to New York with a friend, who
asked Mr. King if he were going to fill a New York pulpit on the following
day, which was Sunday.

“No,” replied the great preacher, “I am not going to fill, but I am going to
rattle ’round in Henry Ward Beecher’s.”

A comprehensive history of the American educational publishing
business has never been prepared, although a number of writers have
produced interesting and instructive books, booklets, periodical, magazine,
and newspaper articles covering in some detail such portions of this history

as engaged their attention. For instance, Dr. Meriwether and Professor
Johnson have rather thoroughly and with reasonably satisfactory
completeness given us an account of the schoolbooks of colonial times and
of the clumsy and slow process of manufacturing and distributing them.
They have described in considerable detail the gruesome text matter of
these early books, and their ugly and almost ludicrous illustrations.

Ford has given us a most interesting and historically valuable account of
the oldest American schoolbook, The New England Primer, prepared and
printed by Benjamin Harris of Boston, the second edition appearing in
1691. This was printed 44 years after Massachusetts had passed a law
requiring each town of fifty householders to “appoint one within their town
to teach all such children as shall resort to him to write and read.” Others
have written of the first Arithmetic, prepared by Nicholas Pike of
Newburyport, Mass., and printed in 1788; of the first American Geography,
written by the Reverend Jedidiah Morse of Charlestown, Mass., and
published at New Haven in 1784; of the first pedagogical and educational
book, written by Christopher Dock, America’s pioneer writer on education,
a second edition of which was published by Christopher Sower of
Philadelphia in 1770. Much has been written concerning the world-famous
Blue Back Speller, prepared by Dr. Noah Webster and printed at Hartford in
1793; of Peter Parley’s Geographies, the first of which was published in
1829. Dr. Henry H. Vail, formerly connected with the American Book
Company, has written a most interesting history of the McGuffey Readers,
of which the first two books of the four-book series were copyrighted in
1836 and the second two in 1837.

Then there have been published such books as The House of Harper,
which gives the history of a business concern now more than a hundred
years old; a most charmingly written biography of Henry O. Houghton, the
founder of the house now known as the Houghton Mifflin Company; a
memorial volume giving in some detail the story of the life and activities of
Henry Ivison, of the old firm of Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Company; a
book giving a rather complete account of several century-old business
houses, including that of Christopher Sower & Company of Philadelphia; a
volume entitled Fifty Years Among Authors, Books and Publishers, by J. C.
Derby; Memories of a Publisher, by Major George Haven Putnam; a book

on the Old Schools and School-books of New England, by George E.
Littlefield, and a brochure published by G. & C. Merriam Company that
gives us some interesting glimpses into the history of their business and of
the men who have published and distributed to the world the famous
Webster dictionaries.

There are also extant a great many valuable periodical, magazine and
newspaper articles which set forth in some detail accounts of the founders
of other nineteenth century publishing houses, which accounts, together
with what has appeared in book form, make a rather inchoate but highly
valuable mass of data that could and should be compiled and published as
soon as a scholarly man of historical habit can be found to edit and prepare
it for the press.

Having a knowledge of the facts just stated, you will agree with me when
I say that a writer of a paper to be read in thirty or sixty minutes on a
subject so broad in its scope and so important as the one assigned me, can’t
do more than “rattle ’round” in its field, to quote Starr King’s figure. If he
should try to do more, he would be tempting the Fates.

Realizing, as you must, how unsatisfactory the isolated and unrelated
fragments of our history are, do you not feel, as do I, that this Association
should take early steps to find a thoroughly competent man to prepare for
the fraternity of educational publishers a complete history of their business
in America from the day when The New England Primer was printed in
Boston to the present time?

The attention of people is frequently called to the great march of progress
since colonial days in all that helps to make the world a better place in
which to live. It is truthfully said that both medicine and surgery have been
perfected to such a high degree that the length of human life greatly has
been increased; that sanitary science is so well understood, and its
principles so generally practiced, that disease germs born in filth no longer
exist in such abundance as in the days when, because of the ignorance or
indifference of the majority of the population, food, air, and water carried
these breeders of disease to their unhappy victims. We are reminded of the
electric light, the telegraph, the wireless, the ocean cable, and the telephone;
of the leviathan of the ocean—the great and palatial steamship that crosses

the Atlantic in five days; of the aeroplane that has demonstrated its ability to
fly across seas, oceans, and wide expanses of land, carrying passengers and
mail at a speed almost inconceivable; of the transcontinental lines of
railroad that transport people in comfort from ocean to ocean in six or seven
days; of the splendid specimens of art housed in our great museums; of the
beautiful homes, the really elegant school and college buildings, the great
business structures planned by architects as skilled as any the world has
produced since the days of the Greeks and the Moors; of the sewing
machine, the reaper, the steam plow, the powerful motor truck, and the
automobile; of the mighty steel bridges that span our wide rivers; and, in
view of all this, we are told by the historian and the philosopher that the last
century has been the Golden Age of the world, that all this has brought man
a little closer to God, and God a little closer to man.

The twentieth century school or college textbook, and the means
employed in making it, evidence a progress in the art of book-making and
the character of the book made equally wonderful; for the modern
educational publication differs in content and format from the textbook of
the early days even more than the modern schoolhouse from the log cabin
used a century or two ago to shelter the unfortunate youngsters who
shivered and suffered therein while they were receiving such poor
instruction as ignorant masters and dames could give them.

But there are a great number of people in this country, some of whom
find their way into State, County, City, and Township Boards of Education,
who cannot be made to believe that a textbook of this day and generation is
very much, if any, better than the textbook of a century or even a half
century ago. To their minds one book is practically as good as another, no
matter whether modern or old. This, of course, is like saying that the ugly
chromos that adorned (?) the walls of the parlors of country and many city
homes fifty years ago were as useful and beautiful as works of art as the
artistic, oils, etchings, and water-colors that one may now see commonly in
the city and country homes of cultured people.

The New York Sun said editorially, May 16, 1915, “Advance in the
United States in its schools and improvement in the textbooks have been as
great as in any other phase of American life.” The New England Journal of

June 24, 1909, said substantially the same thing in slightly different
language, but in addition this: “The modern sewer system is no greater
improvement over that of 1840 than the examples and problems contained
in modern arithmetics over those printed as of that date.”

In what respects does the modern schoolbook differ markedly from its
forebears of the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth centuries? A
careful examination and inspection of the new in comparison with the old
convinces one that the new differs radically from the old in (1) content,
including both text matter and illustrations; (2) typography and printing; (3)
binding; (4) maps; (5) size; and altogether in its much greater attractiveness
as an educational instrument.

Allow me to take a snapshot or two at some of the peculiar text matter
printed in the American schoolbooks of the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries, in order that I may more clearly emphasize the contrast between
the new and the old. I pass over the text of The New England Primer with
its

In Adam’s fall
We sinned all.

Zaccheus he
Did climb a tree,
Our Lord to see.
and
A dog will bite
A thief at night,

reminding you only that the bulk of the book was composed of extracts
from the Bible, of hymns, and of moral teachings; that the backbone of this
book—misnamed a primer, for it was not a primer at all as we now
understand the term—was the Westminster Assembly’s Shorter Catechism,
which Cotton Mather called “a little watering-pot to shed good lessons”;
and lastly, that this primer was the only reader that children had until they
were able to read the Bible. As dreadful as many of the doctrines taught in

the Westminster Assembly’s Shorter Catechism were, Cotton Mather urged
writing masters to set sentences from it to be copied by their pupils.

Comparing itself with this earliest American schoolbook, the modern
primer might, in the language of Chaucer, say without being guilty of
immodesty:

“O little booke, thou art so onconning,
How darst thou put thyself in prees for drede?”

George Fox, founder of the Society of Friends, published in 1674 a
Primer in England. This was republished in Philadelphia in 1701, in Boston
in 1743, and in Newport in 1769. The book was not much used except by
Friends.

The text matter of Jonathan Fisher’s A Youth’s Primer, printed in 1817,
followed closely the text of The New England Primer. It contained a series
of short stories in alphabetical order, each followed by a religious, moral, or
historical observation. The poor youngsters who were forced to read, day
after day, from the pages of these early books, whose text matter was
certainly lugubrious and distressing, were constantly reminded of death, the
grave, a wrathful God, and a burning hell prepared for the wicked.

The text matter of the early Arithmetics, while not as gruesome as that of
the Readers, was in many respects so peculiar as to be quite beyond the
understanding of the twentieth century teacher. Allow me to call your
attention to two or three of the puzzling things contained in “Old Pike,” as
his Arithmetic was commonly known.

When tare and tret and doff are allowed:

Deduct the tare and tret, and divide the suttle by 168,
and the quotient will be the cloff, which subtract from
the suttle, and the remainder will be the neat.

These definitions will help you to understand the old terms:

Tare is an allowance, made to the buyer, for the
weight of the box, barrel, or bag which contains, the
goods bought.

Tret is an allowance of 4 lbs. in every 104 lbs. for
waste, dust, etc.

Cloff is an allowance of 2 lbs. upon every 3 cwt.

Suttle is, when part of the allowance is deducted.

Neat weight is what remains after all allowances are
made.

The following rule is another of Pike’s puzzles. This tells how to find the
Gregorian Epact:

Subtract 11 from the Julian Epact. If the subtraction
cannot be made, add 30 to the Julian Epact, then
subtract, and the remainder will be the Gregorian Epact.
If nothing remains, the Epact is 29.

You doubtless remember that an epact is the excess of the solar year over
the twelve lunar months, or about eleven days.

In Walsh’s Mercantile Arithmetic, published in 1807, there is an example
that certainly would not have pleased Neal Dow. This is the problem:

If 8 boarders drink a barrel of cider in 12 days, how
long would it last if 4 more came among them?

I quote another problem that must surely have sent the distracted teacher
to her dictionary for first aid to the tormented:

How much will 189 bazar maunds (a maund = 82.14
lbs.) 31 seer (a seer = 2.06 lbs.) 8 chattacks (a chattack
= 1/16 of a seer, or 2 oz.) of sugar come to, at 6 rupees
per maund?

One arithmetic maker, Jacob Willetts, of Poughkeepsie, set many of his
problems in rhyme; for instance,

When first the marriage knot was ty’d
Between my wife and me,
My age was to that of my bride,
As three times three to three.
But now when ten, and half ten years
We man and wife have been,
Her age to mine exactly bears,
As eight is to sixteen;
Now tell, I pray, from what I’ve said,
What were our ages when we wed?
Ans.—Thy age, when marry’d, must have been
Just forty-five; thy wife’s fifteen.

Dillworth’s Schoolmaster’s Assistant, first published in London in 1774
and reprinted in Philadelphia in 1769, and considerably used in the
colonies, contains two examples which the author called “Pleasant and
Diverting Questions.” The first is as follows:

A farmer with a fox, a goose and a bag of corn has to
cross a river in a boat so small that he can take only two
of these three burdens with him at a time. How can he
so handle matters that nothing will be destroyed,
because he cannot leave the fox and the goose together,
nor can he leave the goose and the corn.

The next was an example, the solution of which might possibly be of
practical help to distressed husbands:

Three jealous husbands, each with a wife, meet on a
river bank. How are they to cross so that none of the
wives is left in the company of one or two men unless
her husband is also present?

As poor, from our point of view, as most of these old Arithmetics were,
George Washington cordially recommended Pike’s as “of great assistance to
children desiring to learn the art of figuring.” The pages in many of these
early books were printed like those in the Adams, a copy of which I am able
to show you, issued in 1814 at Keene, N. H. The text matter, as you see,
occupies but a small part of the page, the rest being left to be filled with the
solutions of problems that the children had first worked out on smooth
shingles, scraps of paper, or slates, and then copied neatly on the pages
where the solutions belonged. All these printed books were, of course, a
great improvement over the Master’s notebook of an earlier time, from
which rules and problems were copied by the children, they not possessing
a printed text.

Note.—(1) In the library of Mr. George Plimpton are more than 300
different Arithmetics printed before 1601, the largest collection ever
brought together.

Note.—(2) These old arithmeticians are responsible for what we know as
the one-sixth discount, for they advertised their books at, say, $10.00 the
dozen, the single copy $1.00.

Note.—(3) They were the pioneers in collecting and printing before the
prefaces of their books, as Adams did before his preface, complimentary
testimonials of their books—a practice that the modern publisher would
hardly dare to follow.

If the text matter of the early Readers was in many cases gruesome and
distressing in its effect upon the youthful mind, and the explanations, rules,
and problems in early Arithmetics were at times ludicrous and extremely
puzzling, it is also the fact that much of the text printed in the first
American Geographies was ridiculous because the writers frequently
indulged their imaginations at the expense of geographical fact. Let me
quote two or three examples showing how imagination played havoc with
the truth. Dwight’s Question and Answer Geography, printed at Hartford in
1798, contains the following:

Q. What are the customs and diversions of the Irish?

A. There are a few customs existing in Ireland
peculiar to this country; these are their funeral howlings
and presenting their corpses in the streets to excite the
charity of strangers, their convivial meetings on
Sunday, and dancing to bagpipes, which are usually
attended with quarreling.

Even the scholarly Morse, the author of the first Geography printed in the
United States, indulges in some picturesque flights of imagination, as when
he writes that the great men of the Friendly Islands “are fond of a singular
kind of luxury, which is, to have women sit beside them all night, and beat
on different parts of their body until they go to sleep; after which, they relax
a little of their labour, unless they appear likely to wake; in which case they
redouble their exertions, until they are again fast asleep.” A careful reading
of Mariner’s Account of the Friendly Islands, a book published by John
Murray & Sons in London in 1817, thirty-four years after Morse published
his first Geography, reveals no account of any such custom, and Mariner
lived in the Friendly Islands for a number of years.

Adams declares in his Geography, published in 1814, that “the White
Mountains are the highest, not only in New Hampshire, but in the United
States.” Of course he was speaking of the United States of 1814,—territory
consisting of the original thirteen states and Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and
Louisiana, admitted at the time when Adams wrote his book,—but he
evidently didn’t know that Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina, the highest peak
east of the Mississippi, is more than 400 feet higher than the mountain that
bears Washington’s name.

If the geographers drew upon their imaginations when describing the
physical features of the country, so also did the statesmen. That great
apostle of democracy, Thomas Jefferson, sent a communication to Congress
after the Louisiana Purchase, conveying what he considered good
information about the new possession. The most curious statement in this
strange document was about the mountain of salt. He informed Congress
that this mountain was said to be 180 miles long, 45 miles wide, and all of
white, glittering salt, with salt rivers flowing from cavities at the base. In all
probability Lewis and Clark disillusioned Mr. Jefferson in 1806, when they

returned from their trip to the Pacific coast and gave accurate descriptions
of the country they had traversed.

The first English Grammar written in America was prepared by Professor
Jones, a mathematical professor, as Dr. Chandler tells me, at William and
Mary College. This book was written about 1703 and was printed in
London. Only one copy of this grammar is now known, and that is
contained in a London collection. Another book was prepared by Caleb
Bingham, the first edition of which was printed in 1799. It was called The
Young Lady’s Accidence. This was the first English Grammar used in the
Boston schools. Its only predecessor used in this country was Part II of
Webster’s Grammatical Institute.

Lindley Murray left his native country and settled in England in 1784.
The following year he wrote and published in England his Grammar of the
English Language. This Grammar was the standard textbook for fifty years
throughout England and America.

The illustrations in the early schoolbooks were as bad or worse than the
text matter. They were not only entirely lacking in artistic quality, but,
worse than that, they frequently pictured horrible things that the child
during his school day had constantly under his observation. What twentieth
century publisher would dare to use illustrations in Readers, Geographies,
or any other textbooks, picturing the burning of an unfortunate victim at the
stake, a widow burning on the funeral pyre of her husband, or the bloody
details of an Indian massacre? And yet these awful things are pictured in a
Geography not yet a hundred years old.

Nearly all the books that appeared prior to 1840 were printed from type,
for neither the stereotype nor the electrotype plate was in use before that
time. Dr. Vail tells us that the early editions of the McGuffey Readers,
copyrighted, as I have said, in 1836 and 1837, were so printed. The type
impressions of the limited editions were clear and distinct for the most part.
Whether these impressions would have been clear had as large and as many
editions been printed from standing type as we now print from plates, is of
course a matter of conjecture.

It is not necessary to remind you that publishers may to-day furnish a
duplicate set of plates to any concern on earth desiring to reproduce one of
their books, and that the book may be reprinted by the purchaser without
the bother and expense of resetting the type; but the printer of the early days
was not so fortunate, for if a concern in New York wished to reprint and sell
a book originally printed in Boston, he was obliged to reset it, taking as
copy the Boston production.

You remember that stereotyping was not perfected by Stanhope until
1800, and that stereotype plates were not used in the manufacturing of
schoolbooks until a later date, but that they were commonly used before
electrotyping came into general use about 1860, though the Harpers used
electrotyping in 1840 to duplicate wood cuts; that wood engraving was used
in Europe in 1830, but much earlier in China; that copper engraving was
used as early as 1450; that steel engraving was invented by Perkins, of
Newburyport, Mass., in 1814; that the three-color process plate was first
made by Frederick Ives of Philadelphia in 1881, but that the development of
color work in schoolbooks has been within the last forty years.

You recall the fact that the Adams or flat press was largely used until
1875; that the first flat-bed cylinder press used in America was a Napier
brought from England in 1825; that in 1860 William Bullock began to
experiment on a rotary self-feeding or web printing press, and finally
achieved success in 1865. The web rotary press, as we know, can turn out
about ten times as much work in a given time as the flat-bed cylinder press.
Considering the fact that many millions of textbooks are now printed
annually, requiring the service of high power rotary presses to print their
sheets in season for use, is it not indeed fortunate for the educational world
that human skill has perfected such a really wonderful instrument as this
great machine, so splendidly equipped for the accomplishment of this
gigantic task?

The binding of books until a comparatively recent date was entirely done
by hand. The process was so slow that only a few books could be bound in
a day, even by the largest establishment. Folding machines were not used by
binders until 1875, rounding and backing machines until about 1888,
sewing machines and case-making machines until about 1890, gathering

machines until about 1895, casing-in machines until about 1900. It is well
known to you that a modern bindery in which up-to-date machinery is
installed is able to produce per day from 20,000 to 60,000 three-hundred-
page sewed books of octavo size. It is therefore evident that there has been
as wonderful an improvement in the method of binding books in the last
century as in the method of printing them, and that the output of a modern
bindery is now so enormous that it would have made the heads of the early
hand binders dizzy just to think of it.

The New England Primer was, of course, bound by hand. Its covers were
of thin oak that cracked and splintered badly with use, in spite of the coarse
blue paper that was pasted over the wood. The back was of leather. Neither
back nor sides had any printing on them. Yet, despite its ugly appearance,
this book has had a sale of at least two million copies since Harris first
printed it in or before 1691.

The binding of the old Blue Back Speller until 1829 consisted of back of
leather and sides of thin oaken boards pasted over with a dull blue paper.
“Blue paper of a somewhat brighter tint,” says Johnson, “was used on the
later editions, which gave rise to the name Blue Back.” This book, as you
know, has enjoyed a sale larger than that of any other schoolbook ever made
in this or any other country—a sale which Mr. Appleton has recently told
me has reached the stupendous figure of sixty-four millions of copies.

Adams’ Arithmetic, which I have shown you, you observe was covered
with leather pasted over a very thin pasteboard. It had no headbands, and its
sheets were stitched by hand. Leather binding on the larger books, Dr. Vail
tells us, persisted for a number of years after the beginning of the nineteenth
century. This gentleman informs us that the First Reader of the original
McGuffey series made a thin 18mo book of 72 pages, having green paper
covered sides.

Peter Parley’s Method of Telling About Geography, published in 1829,
was a thin, square little book with leather back and flexible pasteboard
sides. His National Geography, published in 1845, was the earliest to take
the large, flat quarto shape. This form enabled it to include good-sized maps
and do away with the necessity for a separate atlas.

Cover designs were not used until quite late in the nineteenth century,
and of course books whose covers bore no designs of any sort were far less
attractive than those bound to-day.

In 1874, under the direction of Mr. James McNally, of Rand McNally &
Company, that concern began the publication of atlases, pocket and large
wall maps. In 1872, the Company had introduced the then new relief line
engraving process for making maps—a process which revolutionized the
methods of that day and cut the cost of production by several hundred per
cent. Maps that can now be bought for from 25 cents to $1.00 each used to
cost, under the old method of map making, all the way from $5.00 to
$10.00 apiece. The modern map, well and thoroughly made, records
faithfully every fact concerning the surface of the earth now known to man,
and there is very little about it that scholarly geographers do not now know.
In addition to the modern map’s accuracy, it is as much more attractive than
its forebears to the eye as the beautiful color pictures now used in textbooks
are seen to be when compared with the muddy wood cuts that appeared in
schoolbooks a century or more ago.

It is not necessary for me to speak in such a presence as this of the
contents of modern schoolbooks in order to point out how vastly superior in
every respect they are to the contents of books of the earlier days. It would
be a work of supererogation for me to comment at length, for instance, upon
the character of the literature now included in reading books, or to note the
scientific work that is now commonly done in the preparation of one of the
most difficult books to prepare, namely, the primer, whose text matter and
vocabulary are so splendidly adapted to the capacity of the young child, and
whose illustrations picture his pets, his toys, his games, his playmates, and
other things with which he is thoroughly familiar. I asked a literary friend to
pick out a half dozen of the choicest selections of literature that he knew in
modern readers. He replied as follows:

“Even a cursory survey of modern school readers soon reveals that no
period in the whole world’s literature has been neglected as a source of
selection. We have majestic passages from the Bible, Shakespeare, Milton,
Bacon, and Bunyan. The later centuries of English literature afford the
names of Sir Walter Scott, Wordsworth, Shelley, Browning, Dickens,

Thackeray, and on to Tennyson and Stevenson. The early classic American
period contributes freely from Longfellow, Lowell, Emerson, Thoreau, and
Irving, and our early patriots and philosophers like Washington, Patrick
Henry, Franklin, and Lincoln, live to-day in the school readers. Even our
modern authors have their place. James Whitcomb Riley, Theodore
Roosevelt, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Joel Chandler Harris, and a score of
others are no strangers to the child who has in his possession a school
reader of the present day. If these were not enough, we have occasional
excursions into the Greek and Roman myths, and for the little people
touches of the fascinating German and Scandinavian folklore.

“Most wonderful of all, however, is the skill of the editors and publishers
of these modern readers in selecting from this world-wide galaxy of authors
just the particular poem, tale, or episode that the childish mind can
assimilate and digest, and thus be left not only with an introduction to these
famous authors, but better yet with a desire to know more of them.”

Recently it was my pleasure to examine the illustrations in a set of
modern school readers. I found in them a number of pictures beautifully
done in color, copied from some of the masterpieces of world-famous
artists, as, for instance, The Age of Innocence, by Reynolds, The Blue Boy,
Gainsborough, The Melon Eaters, Murillo, Portrait of a Man, Franz Hals,
King David, Rubens, Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci, The Tapestry Weavers,
Velasquez, The Architect, Rembrandt, as well as many others made from
drawings cleverly done by artists of manifest ability. The pictures in this
series of readers were evidently selected with as much care as the text,
which contained selections of high literary value.

“If I were asked,” said James Russell Lowell, “what book is better than a
cheap book, I should answer that there is one book better than a cheap
book, and that is a book honestly come by.”

Prior to the enactment of state copyright laws, the first of which was
passed by Connecticut in 1783 and the last of which were enacted by
Georgia and New York in 1786, and the passage of a national copyright law
by Congress in 1790, literary property had no protection whatever against
piracy. Printers could help themselves ad lib. to books of all kinds turned
out by other printers. Dr. Noah Webster, realizing the danger to an author

arising from such piracy, labored diligently for many years to secure the
enactment of a copyright law. He pleaded that the Constitution of the
United States authorized Congress to “promote the progress of science and
useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the
exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.”

Previous to the adoption of the Constitution in 1787, the nation had no
power to act, but on Madison’s motion Congress in May, 1783,
recommended the states to pass acts securing copyright for fourteen years.
Dr. Webster traveled from state to state, urging members of legislatures to
secure the passage of copyright laws in their states, and some thirteen states
did pass such laws prior to the national act; but when Congress finally took
action in the matter, Webster’s work was done. It was to his great advantage
and that of all authors who have produced books subsequent to 1790 that a
national law preventing the stealing of literary property was passed. To
Noah Webster and his successful work in securing the enactment of a
national copyright law, the literary world owes a great debt.

The international copyright bill passed Congress March 3, 1891, thanks
to the diligent and unceasing labors of Mr. W. W. Appleton, the present
President of the Copyright League, Major George Haven Putnam, its
Secretary, and Robert Underwood Johnson.

It is my hope that this brief and most incomplete historical sketch will
convince us afresh of the truth of such almost axiomatic statements as that
made in the New York Sun in 1915, namely, that the advance in the United
States in textbooks has been as great as in any other phase of American life.
Large credit is due both to authors and to publishers for this really
wonderful advancement, for both have keenly realized the truth of
Disraeli’s epigram which declared that “the youth of a nation are the
trustees of posterity,” and have labored diligently to place in the hands of
this youth books sound in their pedagogy, accurate as to facts, inspiring in
their influence, and as attractive as possible in their appearance, to the end
that these trustees of posterity may be sent from the schools full armed to
cope successfully with ignorance, foolish and dangerous theories
concerning religious and political life, and all other evils that now or in the
future may menace our civilization.

The immortal Milton declared that “a good book is the precious life
blood of a master spirit.” It has been and will continue to be the happy
privilege of the publisher to clothe the good book of the master spirit in a
style befitting its character, and to place it within the reach of those who
should have its message. That the educational publisher is doing that work
with much greater skill now than at any time during the past two centuries
is manifest; that he will, as time grows apace, do it increasingly better, who
can doubt?

A BRIEF HISTORY OF AMERICAN
EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS
Allow me to close this paper by giving a brief record of the organization
of the houses now engaged in educational publishing, mentioning the titles
of some of the earlier textbooks produced. In this brief record I have
considered the history of these houses in chronological sequence rather than
in alphabetical order, beginning with the earliest American house engaged
in textbook publishing.

CHRISTOPHER SOWER COMPANY.—Christopher Sower (Saür), the
founder of this house, issued in 1733 as his first venture in publishing, a
schoolbook entitled Ein A B C und Buchstabier Buch. In 1747 he published
a German and English Grammar; in 1750, The Golden A B C, or the School
of Knowledge in Rhymes (English translation of German title); in 1771, The
New England Primer, Enlarged. Although he began publishing in German,
he was soon printing in both German and English, and he issued from six to
twelve books a year until his death. His most important educational
publication was Die Schul-Ordnung, written by Christopher Dock, a
remarkable schoolmaster in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. This is
known as the first American treatise on school teaching.

In 1758 Christopher Sower was succeeded by his son, Christopher
Sower, 2nd, and he by his son, Samuel. In 1799 another son, David, Sr.,
took charge of the business. In 1842 Charles G., son of David, Jr.,
succeeded his father. In 1888, 150 years after the founding, the firm was
incorporated as the Christopher Sower Company, with Charles D. Sower as
President. In 1910 the officers were: Albert M. Sower, President; James L.
Pennypacker, Vice President; Daniel B. Hassan, Secretary and Treasurer.

LITTLE, BROWN & COMPANY, INC.—This business began as a retail
store started by Ebenezer Battelle in Boston in 1784. Four years later the
concern issued its first book and became a publisher in the strict sense of
the word. From 1784 to 1913 there was a succession of partners entering

and leaving the organization, and in the early days the name of the house
was changed frequently, according to the changes in partnership. The name
of Little & Brown was adopted in 1830, when James Brown and Charles C.
Little owned the business. James Brown may more truly be called the
founder of the present house than any other one man. In 1898 Little, Brown
& Company absorbed the successful publishing firm of Roberts Brothers of
Boston, thereby securing a large miscellaneous line, including the works of
Louisa Alcott. In 1913 the house was incorporated as Little, Brown &
Company, Inc., without change in the personnel of the organization.

The present educational enterprise of this company was started in May,
1904, and the first two schoolbooks of the present list were a school edition
of The Man Without a Country, and the series known as the Wide Awake
Readers. Little, Brown & Company are known as the publishers of
Bancroft’s History of the United States, also of Daniel Webster’s works.

BENZIGER BROTHERS.—This firm was founded in 1792 in
Einsiedeln, Switzerland, by Joseph Charles Benziger. In 1883, he was
succeeded by his sons, Charles and Nicholas Benziger.

In 1853, the New York house was founded. J. N. Adelrich Benziger, a son
of Charles, and Louis, a son of Nicholas, took charge of the New York
house. The American firm is now entirely independent of its parent house in
Switzerland. In 1860 a branch house was opened in Cincinnati, Ohio. In
1880, Nicholas C. Benziger became a partner. His father, Nicholas, was a
partner in Einsiedeln, and was the son of Nicholas mentioned above. In
1887, a branch house was opened in Chicago. In 1894, Louis G. Benziger,
son of Louis, became a partner, retiring in 1914. In 1912 Xavier N.
Benziger, and in 1919 Bernard A. Benziger, both sons of Nicholas C.,
became partners.

This firm has been publishing schoolbooks since 1860. From 1874 to
1877 the Gilmour Readers were published. The Catholic National Readers
were brought out in the years 1889–1894. The New Century Catholic
Readers were issued from 1903 to 1905. The house has also published a
History of the United States in two volumes, an Elementary Geography,
Advanced Geography, and two series of Arithmetics.

The present partners of the firm are Nicholas C. Benziger and his sons,
Xavier N. and Bernard A. Benziger.

BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO.—Mr. Young, the present President of this
organization, writes:

“The records of the family tree of the Sanborn publications go back into
the eighteenth century. The predecessors of the present concern appear to
have been in the textbook business from the beginning, and to have
specialized in English grammars. The earliest trace we have is of the
publication of Staniford’s Short but Comprehensive Grammar Rendered
Simple and Easy by Familiar Questions and Answers Adapted to the
Capacity of Youth. This was printed by Mannering & Loring, of Boston,
January, 1797. Later came The Elements of English Grammar by Adoniram
Judson in 1808. Following Mannering & Loring came the firm of Loring &
Edmunds. They were the publishers of Lindley Murray’s Grammar.
Following Loring & Edmunds came Robert S. Davis, then Robert S. Davis
& Company, then Leach, Shewell & Sanborn, and now Benj. H. Sanborn &
Company.

“In addition to the Lindley Murray Grammar, one of the notable
achievements of the predecessors of Benj. H. Sanborn & Company was the
publication of the Greenleaf Arithmetics. The first contract for these books
goes back to 1832. Greenleaf, by the way, a Maine teacher, sold the
copyright of his first book for $10,000 in gold. This was more money than
Greenleaf had ever seen before in his life, and he at once took the boat to
Boston to deposit it.”

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.—Charles Wiley established the business
in 1807. John Wiley came into it as a clerk in 1820 and continued until
1890. He had associated with him at various times George Palmer Putnam,
Mr. Long, and Robert Halsted. The concern became John Wiley & Sons in
1865. Major William H. Wiley entered it in 1875, and W. O. Wiley in 1890.
The house was incorporated in 1904.

The first educational publication was a History of the United States,
which was issued by the founder of the house just after the War of 1812,
and contained an account of that war. The first technical book was

published in 1819, entitled A View of the Lead Mines of Missouri, by Henry
R. Schoolcraft.

HARPER & BROTHERS.—This house was founded in 1817 by John
Harper, Wesley Harper, James Harper, and Fletcher Harper. Harper &
Brothers began to publish educational books in 1836, the title of their first
publication being Professor Anthon’s Classical Series. Some of their most
notable educational books are the Harper Geographies, Harper’s United
States Series of Readers, Harper’s Arithmetics, Rolfe’s Shakespeare,
Swinton’s Language Books, Green’s Short History of the English People,
Harper’s Greek and Latin texts. In 1890 or thereabouts, the American Book
Company bought the educational list of Harper & Brothers.

James Harper, the oldest brother of the original four Harpers, was elected
Mayor of New York City in 1844. He originated the idea of the magazine,
and Fletcher, who was an unusually fine business man, the idea of Harper’s
Weekly.

D. APPLETON & COMPANY.—Mr. Daniel Appleton, who was a dry
goods merchant in Boston, moved and established himself in business in
New York in 1825. He began the bookselling business at 16 Exchange Place
by the importation of editions of English books. The bookselling business
was soon carried on by Daniel Appleton’s eldest son, William H. Appleton.
The first book published in this country by Mr. Appleton was a little volume
entitled Crumbs from the Master’s Table, issued in 1831. William H.
Appleton became a partner with his father in 1838, and the firm became D.
Appleton & Company. In 1848, Daniel Appleton retired, and William H.
and his brother, John A. Appleton, became partners in the business. Daniel
Appleton died in 1849. His son, Daniel Sidney Appleton, became a partner
in 1849, and later George S. Appleton and Samuel Francis Appleton, also
sons of Daniel Appleton, became partners. D. Appleton & Company was
incorporated in 1897. Mr. W. W. Appleton writes:

“I cannot give the exact time when educational books were first issued,
but somewhat late in the 1830’s a number of such works were published,
some of them in foreign languages—French, Spanish, and German—and in
the 40’s several more were added. In the 1850’s the educational list became
much more important and included Cornell’s Series of Geographies,

Quackenbos’s standard textbooks, Perkins’ Arithmetics, Mandeville’s
Readers, and a great number of educational books in the Spanish language.
One of the most interesting publications was Noah Webster’s Elementary
Spelling Book, which was originally issued in Hartford as the first part of A
Grammatical Institute of the English Language. D. Appleton & Company
secured the publication of Webster’s Speller in 1855, and it sold nearly a
million copies a year up to the beginning of the Civil War.”

VAN ANTWERP, BRAGG & COMPANY.—The original firm of which
this company was the successor was Truman & Smith, organized about
1834 by William B. Truman and Winthrop B. Smith. On June 2, 1834, this
house published an Introduction to Ray’s Eclectic Arithmetic. It was the
firm’s first schoolbook. Mr. Truman retiring, Mr. Smith carried on the
business of educational publishing in the second story over a small shop on
Main Street, Cincinnati. He was the sole proprietor of the McGuffey
Readers and his other publications from 1841 until about 1852. He then
admitted, as partners, Edward Sargent and Daniel Bartow Sargent, his
wife’s brothers, and the firm name became W. B. Smith & Co.

Mr. Smith made an arrangement with Clark, Austin & Smith, of New
York, to become the Eastern publishers of the McGuffey Readers, and a
duplicate set of plates was sent to New York. From these plates, editions of
the Readers were manufactured, largely at Claremont, N. H., bearing on the
title page the imprint of Clark, Austin & Smith. The Smith of this firm was
Cornelius Smith, a brother of Winthrop B. Smith.

Mr. W. B. Smith retiring, a new firm under the name of Sargent, Wilson
& Hinkle was organized April 20, 1863, with Edward Sargent, Obed J.
Wilson, and Anthony H. Hinkle as partners, and with W. B. Smith and D. B.
Sargent as special partners. In 1866, Mr. Lewis Van Antwerp was admitted
as a partner, and on April 20, 1868, the firm of Sargent, Wilson & Hinkle
was dissolved. Mr. Sargent retired, and the new firm, Wilson, Hinkle & Co.,
bought all the assets. Mr. Caleb Bragg in 1871 became a partner in Wilson,
Hinkle & Co. On April 20, 1877, the firm of Wilson, Hinkle & Co. was
dissolved, and the business was purchased by the new firm, Van Antwerp,
Bragg & Co., of which Lewis Van Antwerp, Caleb S. Bragg, Henry H. Vail,

Robert F. Leaman, A. Howard Hinkle, and Henry T. Ambrose were the
partners.

Mr. Van Antwerp retired January 22, 1890, just previous to the sale of the
copyrights and plates owned by the firm to the American Book Company.
The four active partners in that firm, each of whom had been in the
schoolbook business some twenty-five years, entered the employ of the
American Book Company. Mr. Bragg and Mr. Hinkle remained in charge of
the Cincinnati business, Dr. Vail and Mr. Ambrose went to New York, the
former as Editor-in-chief, the latter at first as Treasurer, but later he became
the President of the Company.

The most notable books published by these several firms, preceding and
including Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co., were McGuffey’s Readers and
Speller, Ray’s Arithmetics, and Harvey’s Grammars.

G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY.—The business was started in 1831, but
the publication of Webster’s Dictionary was not undertaken until 1843. The
founders were the brothers, George and Charles Merriam, and the original
copartnership style was G. & C. Merriam. In 1856 Homer Merriam joined
the other brothers, with no change in the firm style.

In 1882 the firm name was changed to G. & C. Merriam & Company,
and at that time Orlando M. Baker and H. Curtis Rowley were admitted to
partnership. In 1892 the copartnership was changed to a corporation, styled
G. & C. Merriam Company. George Merriam, one of the founders of the
company, died shortly before 1882, and about that time Charles Merriam
retired from the firm. Thereafter the active management of the business
devolved upon Mr. Baker and Mr. Rowley. Later Mr. K. N. Washburn was
made one of the Managers. Mr. Baker died in 1914, and at the present time
the active management of the business is in the hands of Mr. Rowley, Mr.
Baker’s two sons, A. G. Baker and H. W. Baker, and Mr. Washburn.

The original firm of G. & C. Merriam, shortly after becoming established
in 1831, began publishing educational books in a small way. The first of
these publications seem to have been a series of school readers, The Child’s
Guide, Village Reader, etc. For many years, however, and probably almost
from the time that they acquired the rights in Webster’s Dictionary, G. & C.

Merriam and their successors have confined their publications to the
Genuine Webster Dictionaries.

WILLIAM H. SADLIER.—The founder of the business was Denis
Sadlier, who organized a general Catholic publishing house in 1835. In
1841, James, the brother of Denis, was admitted to partnership, the firm
name being D. & J. Sadlier & Co. Upon the death of the original partners,
the firm was continued by James F., the son of Denis Sadlier.

In 1872, William H. Sadlier left the old firm and started a purely textbook
publishing house. His first books were the Excelsior Geographies, followed
shortly by the Excelsior Histories and Readers, and then a general line of
Catholic textbooks. William H. Sadlier died in 1877 and the business was
continued by his widow, Annie M. Sadlier, who still lives and who may
rightfully claim to be the original business woman of New York. A law had
to be passed in the Assembly permitting her to do business under her
husband’s name. Mrs. Sadlier retired about ten years ago, and the business
is now being conducted by her son, Frank X. Sadlier, of the third
generation. The surviving textbooks of the original firm are now being
published by the firm of William H. Sadlier, which is the lineal successor of
the original firm of D. & J. Sadlier & Company.

G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS.—This firm was founded in 1837 by the late
George Palmer Putnam, who was born at Brunswick, Maine, in 1814 and
died in 1872. The London House was established in 1841. Some years after
the death of Mr. George Palmer Putnam, the firm was changed into a
corporation under the laws of the State of New York. Since 1880, the
President of the corporation has been Major George Haven Putnam, who
was born in London in 1844.

Educational books, that is to say, books for the use of higher grade
students, have been included in the Putnam list, but common school books
have not been included. The first book coming under the description of
“educational” published by the house was The Tabular Views of Universal
History, compiled in 1832 by the late George Palmer Putnam.

The present firm consists of Major George Haven Putnam, Irving
Putnam, Sidney Haven Putnam, Edmund W. Putnam, and George Palmer

Putnam, under the firm name of G. P. Putnam’s Sons.

A. S. BARNES & COMPANY.—The business of this firm was begun by
Mr. A. S. Barnes about 1837 at Hartford, Conn., but soon moved to
Philadelphia, Pa., where the title of the firm was changed to A. S. Barnes &
Burr, Mr. Burr being a brother-in-law of Mr. Barnes. A few years later the
business was moved to 51 John Street, New York City. The name of Burr
disappeared from the firm early in its New York days, and the title became
A. S. Barnes & Company. After a few years at 51 John Street, the business
was moved to 111–113 William Street, where it remained until 1890, when
the textbook publications were purchased by the American Book Company.
During the period between the establishment of the business in New York
and 1890, Mr. Barnes took in as partners, in the order named, his son Alfred
C. Barnes, Henry W. Curtis, Charles J. Barnes, a nephew, and Henry B.
Barnes, Edwin M. Barnes, Richard S. Barnes, and William D. Barnes, all
sons of A. S. Barnes. At the time of the sale of the business to the American
Book Company, the partners of the firm consisted of the five sons of A. S.
Barnes, and Charles J. Barnes of Chicago.

In 1837, Mr. A. S. Barnes published a series of mathematical books
written by Professor Charles Davies. Other well-known publications of the
house were Monteith’s Geographies, Barnes’ Histories, Parker and Watson’s
Readers, Barnes’ Readers, Steele’s Science Series, and Maxwell’s
Grammars.

CHARLES E. MERRILL COMPANY.—Mr. Merrill writes:

“It appears that the original house was founded by William G. Webster, a
son of Dr. Noah Webster, author of the Dictionary, and Lucius E. Clark, a
farmer’s son who was born at Washington, Conn., July 4, 1814. They began
business under the name of Webster & Clark in 1842. A few years later Mr.
Webster retired and Mr. Clark, associated with Jeremiah B. Austin of
Wallingford, Conn., continued the business under the name of Clark &
Austin. Soon afterward Cornelius Smith of W. B. Smith & Co. of Cincinnati
became a partner and the firm name was changed to Clark, Austin & Smith.
In 1859, Mr. Smith died and the firm was reorganized under the name of
Clark, Austin, Maynard & Company, Effingham Maynard and Livingston
Snedeker being admitted to partnership.

“The Civil War, beginning two years later, brought disaster to the firm. A
large amount of money due from Southern customers was uncollectable and
after a desperate struggle to hold over, a compromise with its creditors
became necessary. After obtaining releases from creditors, the business was
resumed in 1863 by Clark & Maynard, whose careful and efficient
management enabled them in 1872 to pay in full, principal and interest, all
the debts from which the firm of Clark, Austin, Maynard & Company had
been released. Their most notable contributions to textbook publishing were
the Anderson Historical Series and the Reed & Kellogg Grammars.

“Mr. Clark retired from business at the close of 1888, and Mr. Maynard,
with Mr. Everett Yeaw of Lawrence, Mass., continued the business under
the firm name of Effingham Maynard & Company. In 1893, the firm
consolidated with that of Charles E. Merrill & Company, consisting of
Charles E. Merrill and Edwin C. Merrill, the resulting organization being
incorporated under the name of Maynard, Merrill & Company. Its officers
were Effingham Maynard, Charles E. Merrill, Everett Yeaw, and Edwin C.
Merrill. Mr. Maynard died in 1899. Mr. Charles E. Merrill bought the
Maynard interest from the two sons of Mr. Maynard, and the name of the
corporation was changed to Charles E. Merrill Company. In 1910 Mr. Yeaw,
now the head of Newson & Company, retired from the organization, which
was joined a few years later by Mr. Edwin W. Fielder. The present officers
are Charles E. Merrill, President, Charles E. Merrill, Jr., Vice President,
Halsey M. Collins, Secretary, and Edwin W. Fielder, Treasurer. These
officers, with Harold S. Brown, are the directors.”

IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR & COMPANY.—Mr. Henry Ivison, a
bookseller at Auburn, N. Y., came to New York City in 1846 and was
admitted to the firm of Mark H. Newman & Company. In 1852, a new
partnership for three years was founded under the firm name of Newman &
Ivison, but the senior partner died before the end of the first year, leaving
the business entirely in Mr. Ivison’s hands. Mr. Ivison later bought out the
entire interest of the concern and took in as a partner H. F. Phinney of
Cooperstown, N. Y., an experienced bookseller and son-in-law of J.
Fenimore Cooper. In 1866, Mr. Phinney’s health failed and Messrs.
Birdseye Blakeman, Augustus C. Taylor, and Mr. Ivison’s eldest son, David
B., were admitted to the firm, which was continued under the name of

Ivison, Phinney, Blakeman & Co. Subsequently, on the withdrawal of Mr.
Phinney, the firm name was changed to Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co. Mr.
Ivison retired from the firm in 1881. In 1890, the business of this concern
was purchased by the American Book Company.

In Ivison & Company’s Almanac for the year 1847 are found
advertisements of Porter’s Rhetorical Reader, Newman’s Rhetoric and
Elements of Political Economy, Day and Thomson’s Series of Practical
Arithmetic, Sanders’ School Readers, Wilson’s Histories of the United
States, Bradbury & Sanders’ Young Choir or School Singing Book, Gray’s
Elements of Chemistry, and Hitchcock’s Elementary Geology.

CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS.—The business was founded in 1846
by Isaac D. Baker and Charles Scribner, under the firm name of Baker &
Scribner. Later the organization became a partnership under the different
names of Charles Scribner & Company, and Scribner & Armstrong. Mr.
Charles Scribner died in 1871, and was succeeded by his eldest son, John
Blair Scribner. Mr. Armstrong retired in 1878 and the business was then
reorganized as a partnership under the firm name of Charles Scribner’s
Sons, with John Blair Scribner as the head, the other partners being Charles
Scribner and Arthur H. Scribner, sons of the founder. When John Blair
Scribner died in 1879, Charles Scribner became the head of the business. In
1904, the corporation of Charles Scribner’s Sons was formed with Charles
Scribner, President, and Arthur H. Scribner, Vice President, and that
organization remains the same in 1921.

Among the earliest educational publications of the house are a treatise in
physical geography entitled The Earth and Man, by A. Guyot, translated by
C. C. Felton and published in 1849; Felter’s Arithmetics, 1864; Guyot’s
Wall Maps, 1865; Perry’s Elements of Political Economy, 1865; Guyot’s
Geographies, 1866; Porter’s Human Intellect, 1868; Cooley’s Chemistry,
1869; Cooley’s Natural Philosophy, 1871; Cooley’s Physics Experiments,
1871; Hopkins’ Outline Study of Man, 1873.

J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY.—This firm originally was Lippincott,
Grambo & Company, founded in 1850, and later became J. B. Lippincott
Company. The present Lippincott who is the head of the concern is the son
of the original founder, J. B. Lippincott.

Some of the old-time schoolbooks published by J. B. Lippincott
Company were Comly’s Speller, Sanford’s Arithmetic, Cutter’s Anatomy,
Wilson’s Readers, and Webster’s Speller. In 1876, the firm purchased from
Brewer & Tileston of Boston the entire rights in Worcester’s Dictionary.
The House has published in this country Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the
Roman Empire, Hume’s and Macaulay’s Histories of England. It also
projected Lippincott’s Magazine in 1867, issuing the first number in
January, 1868. Its first editor was Lloyd Smith, the librarian of the
Philadelphia library.

LOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD COMPANY.—In 1850, Daniel Lothrop
and his brothers, John and Henry, formed a partnership known as D.
Lothrop & Company for the publishing of books in Dover, N. H. Their
early publications were mostly juvenile, and largely for use in Sunday
School libraries. A little more than ten years later, the business was removed
to Boston, and later incorporated as D. Lothrop Company. After the death of
Daniel Lothrop, the business was reorganized in 1891 as the Lothrop
Publishing Company, and so continued until 1904, when all its assets were
purchased by Lee & Shepard.

The Lothrop house published a great many books of educational value,
like Gilman’s Historical Readers, in three volumes, and Miss Cyr’s
Interstate Primer and First Reader. Their most important educational book
was Finger Plays, by Emilie Poulsson, of which 110,000 copies have been
sold.

The firm of Lee & Shepard was founded in Boston in 1861 by William
Lee, who had previously been a partner of Phillips Sampson & Company, a
Boston publishing house which went out of existence in the 50’s, and
Charles A. B. Shepard. Mr. Shepard died in 1889, and Mr. Lee continued as
sole partner until June, 1898, when he transferred his entire business to E.
Fleming & Company, book binders, who continued the business by placing
it in charge of Warren F. Gregory.

Lee & Shepard were general publishers and, like D. Lothrop &
Company, had strong lines of juveniles which were much used in school
libraries. Of their distinctively educational books, the most successful were
King’s Picturesque Geographical Readers, in six volumes.

In 1904, the owners of Lee & Shepard purchased the entire assets of the
Lothrop Publishing Company, and incorporated the combined houses under
the style Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company. Mr. Gregory, the Manager of
Lee & Shepard, was elected General Manager and has held that position
since. Among its most important works used educationally, in addition to
those mentioned above, are the True Story Series, the U. S. Service Series,
the translation of Froebel’s Mother Play, with Music, and books for younger
readers.

SHELDON & COMPANY.—Mr. Smith Sheldon of Albany, N. Y.,
organized a firm which began business in New York City in 1853 at 115
Nassau Street. He was soon joined by Mr. Birdseye Blakeman, who
afterward became a member of the firm of Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor &
Company. In 1857 Isaac E. Sheldon, eldest son of Smith Sheldon, became a
partner, and subsequently Isaac Shailor entered the firm. Mr. Shailor was
killed a few years later in his barn by a stroke of lightning. This must have
been in the early 70’s, and about that time Mr. Sheldon’s younger sons,
Alexander E. Sheldon and William D. Sheldon, were made members of the
firm.

Some time in the 60’s Mason and Hamlin, the organ people, sold to the
Sheldons their schoolbooks, such as the Stoddard Mathematics, Haven’s
and Wayland’s Philosophies, and other standard books. Sheldon &
Company had branched out into almost all classes of publication, including
novels, autobiographies, religious books, hymn books, schoolbooks, etc.,
and in addition published what was known as the Galaxy Magazine. In
1877, the house decided to make a specialty of schoolbooks, and gave up its
other lines of publication. Among the school and college textbooks which
they brought out were Olney’s Mathematics, Avery’s Science Series, Hill’s
Rhetorics, Logic and Psychology, Shaw’s Literature, Sheldon’s Word
Studies, Sheldon’s Modern School Readers, and Patterson’s Grammars.

In 1891, the firm was incorporated under the name of Sheldon &
Company, with Isaac E. Sheldon as President and Joseph K. Butler as
Secretary and Treasurer. The following year they purchased the business of
Taintor Brothers. Later the house of E. H. Butler & Company was merged
with Sheldon & Company, there being included in E. H. Butler & Company

the firm of Cowperthwait & Company of Philadelphia, and a Pittsburgh
firm, the name of which I think was H. I. Gurley & Company. Isaac E.
Sheldon died about the first of July, 1898, and E. H. Butler was made
President, the firm becoming Butler, Sheldon & Company. On January 1,
1903, the business of Butler, Sheldon & Company was purchased by the
American Book Company and its books added to the list of that concern.

RAND McNALLY & COMPANY.—In 1859 Mr. William H. Rand was
operating a job printing business at 148 Lake Street, Chicago. About that
time his plant was consolidated with the job department of the Chicago
Tribune. In 1862, Mr. Andrew McNally, who had been in partnership with
Mr. John Collins in the printing and stationery business on North Clark
Street, sold his interest and purchased a partnership in the Tribune job
office. He became superintendent of the business. In 1864, Rand and
McNally bought out the Tribune interest in the job printing, and founded the
copartnership of Rand McNally & Company. The Company was
incorporated in 1873. The present President of the concern is Mr. H. B.
Clow.

Rand McNally & Company has been known as map makers, book
publishers, atlas makers, bank publishers, ticket manufacturers, creators of
map systems, and other specialties. It has published the Dodge
Geographies, the Mace Histories, and a number of other large selling
educational books.

HENRY HOLT & COMPANY.—In 1866, the copartnership of Frederick
Leypoldt and Henry Holt was formed under the style of Leypoldt & Holt.
From the start they were merely publisher and not retailers or printers. In
1871, H. O. Williams was admitted to the firm; Mr. Leypoldt soon
withdrew, and the firm name was changed to Holt & Williams. Two years
later Mr. Williams retired and the business was continued as Henry Holt &
Company. Charles Holt, a brother of Henry Holt, was an active partner from
1878 to 1903, when the house became a stock company with Henry Holt as
President, Roland Holt, Vice President, Edward N. Bristol, Secretary,
Joseph F. Vogelius, Treasurer. In 1919, Mr. Vogelius resigned after more
than fifty years’ connection with the house.

The firm’s first educational venture occurred in 1867, when the foreign
language publications of S. R. Urbino and DeVries, Ibarra & Company of
Boston were taken over. These two lists included the Otto French and
German Grammars and some sixty French and German texts. Most of these
same texts still appear in Henry Holt & Company’s list, though not in the
form first issued. In 1869, the firm began what was practically its first
original enterprise in the educational field when it issued Whitney’s German
textbooks, starting with his German Reader, and following shortly with his
Compendious German Grammar. In 1879, the American Science Series was
begun with Packard’s Zoology. The announcements included James’
Psychology, Walker’s Political Economy, and Martin’s The Human Body. In
the same year the first of Johnston’s books, American Politics, appeared.
These books represent the earlier development of Henry Holt & Company’s
educational business.

GINN & COMPANY.—This house was founded in 1867 by Edwin Ginn.
He began business at No. 3 Beacon Street, Boston, and soon admitted as a
partner Mr. Aaron Lovell, afterward the head of the house known as A.
Lovell & Company of New York. Mr. Ginn’s next partner was Mr. R. F.
Leighton, the author of Leighton’s Latin Lessons, then Mr. Frederick Ginn,
Edwin Ginn’s brother. Later Mr. Daniel C. Heath and Mr. George A.
Plimpton were admitted to the firm, Mr. Heath in 1876 and Mr. Plimpton in
1880. The firm was then known as Ginn & Heath. In 1885 the partnership
was dissolved, Mr. Heath retiring. The business was continued by Edwin
Ginn, George A. Plimpton, and Frederick Ginn under the firm name of Ginn
& Company. Since then there have been admitted at different times as
members of the firm, Thomas Ballard, Justin H. Smith, Lewis Parkhurst, O.
P. Conant, Ralph L. Hayes, Selim S. White, Thomas W. Gilson, Fred. M.
Ambrose, Austin H. Kenerson, Henry R. Hilton, Richard S. Thomas, C. H.
Thurber, T. B. Lawler, Dana W. Hall, Selden C. Smith, O. J. Laylander, F.
C. Hodgdon, E. A. DeWitt, L. B. Robeson, Mark R. Jouett, Jr., J. W. Swartz,
LeRoy J. Weed, Edward H. Kenerson, Norman C. Miller, and H. B.
Conway. Of this number there are now eighteen surviving partners.

Mr. Edwin Ginn died in 1914. Of the other partners who have been
admitted, Mr. Conant, Mr. Gilson, Mr. White, and Mr. Kenerson, Sr., have
crossed the Great Divide. Mr. Justin H. Smith retired from the firm to enter

the faculty of Dartmouth College. Mr. Ballard, Mr. Hayes and Mr. Ambrose
also retired.

The first educational book that Mr. Ginn published was Craik’s The
English of Shakespeare. This was followed by Goodwin’s Greek Grammar,
the Allen & Greenough Latin Series, White’s Greek Lessons, and a course
of Grade School Music Readers by Luther Whiting Mason. This series was
early introduced into the Boston schools and for some time was the
standard series of school music in America.

The Boston offices of Ginn & Company have been at Tremont Place,
Beacon Street, in the old John Hancock house, and are now at 15 Ashburton
Place.

The prototype of the Athenæum Press was started by Ginn & Company
in the early 80’s. The building which now houses this establishment is
located in Cambridge, and was erected in 1896.

ALLYN & BACON.—Mr. John Allyn began business in 1868. He
imported and published a line of books, chiefly Greek, but in 1886 he
issued Pennell’s Histories of Greece and Rome, Comstock’s First Latin
Book, and Kelsey’s Caesar. In 1888 Dr. George A. Bacon joined Mr. Allyn
in equal partnership. Dr. Bacon had been, before he entered business, the
principal of the Syracuse High School. Shortly after the partnership was
formed, the house purchased Walker’s Physiology from A. Lovell &
Company, but the book had already been in existence for some time. Both
Mr. Allyn and Dr. Bacon are still living and carrying on their business.
THE CENTURY COMPANY.—This company was organized July 21,
1870, by Roswell Smith and Josiah G. Holland. It is a corporation. Mr.
Smith was the first president; he was succeeded by Frank Scott, he by W.
W. Ellsworth, and he by Dr. W. Morgan Shuster, who is at the present time
in office.

Strictly educational publications were first brought out in 1904, Fetter’s
Principles of Economics being the first volume to appear. Failor’s Plane
and Solid Geometry, Forman’s Advanced Civics, Smith’s Introduction to
Inorganic Chemistry, and Thorndike’s Elements of Composition and
Rhetoric were published shortly afterward.

FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY.—The founder of Funk & Wagnalls
Company was Dr. Isaac Kauffman Funk, who established the business in
1876 with The Metropolitan Pulpit, now The Homiletic Review. Some
months later he was joined by Adam W. Wagnalls, and the two entered into
partnership, forming the business of I. K. Funk & Company. These two men
were joined in 1879 by Mr. Robert J. Cuddihy.

In 1891, Funk & Wagnalls Company was organized with Dr. Funk as
President, Adam W. Wagnalls, Vice President, Robert J. Cuddihy, Treasurer
and General Manager. William Neisel joined the staff of the publishing
house in 1883, and was appointed head of the Manufacturing Department.
In 1884, Dr. Funk founded The Voice and in 1890, The Literary Digest.
Edward J. Wheeler joined the staff as editor of The Voice in 1884, and in
1895 became editor of The Literary Digest, which position he held until
1905, when William Seaver Woods became editor.

The idea and plans of the Dictionary originated with Dr. Funk, whose
first managing editor was Dr. Daniel Seeley Gregory. The Standard
Dictionary was projected in 1890 and completed in 1893. Dr. Funk was
editor-in-chief of all the publications of Funk & Wagnalls Company, and in
his work on the Standard Dictionary was assisted by Dr. Rossiter Johnson,
John Denison Champlin, Dr. Francis A. March, Sr., and Dr. Arthur E.
Bostwick. The New Standard Dictionary was projected in 1909, and was
issued under the editor-in-chiefship of Dr. Funk, with Calvin Thomas as
consulting editor, and Frank H. Vizetelly as managing editor, 1903–1913,
editor of the same since 1914. The abridgments of the Standard Dictionary
were produced under the general editorship of Dr. Funk, by Dr. James
Champlin Fernald, Frank H. Vizetelly, and others.

The office of Secretary has been held, sometimes in addition to other
offices, by the following persons: Robert J. Cuddihy, 1891–1898; Henry L.
Raymond, 1898–1904; Robert Scott, 1904–1913; Wilfred J. Funk, 1913–
1915; and William Neisel, 1915 to the present time.

Following the death of Dr. Isaac K. Funk in 1912, Dr. Adam W. Wagnalls
was elected President of the Company; Benjamin Franklin Funk, Vice
President. On the death of Benjamin Franklin Funk in 1914, Wilfred J. Funk
became Vice President and William Neisel, Secretary.

The editorial policy of Funk & Wagnalls Company is directed by the
Executive Committee, under the guidance of the General Manager, Robert
J. Cuddihy. The Manager of the Educational Department is Mr. Wilfred J.
Funk.

Inclusive of the Dictionary and its abridgments, the first educational
books published by the Company were Fernald’s English Synonyms,
Antonyms, and Prepositions and his Connectives of English Speech.

Of the firm’s publications circulated most widely in the schools, The
Literary Digest takes first rank. It maintains an educational service among
15,000 teachers and circulates in more than 10,000 schools.

In 1904, Francis Whiting Halsey became literary adviser of the Company
and editor of the book department of The Literary Digest. Under his
supervision were produced: Great Epochs in American History, Seeing
Europe with Famous Authors, and with the assistance of William Jennings
Bryan, World’s Famous Orations, and in conjunction with Henry Cabot
Lodge, Best of the World’s Classics. Mr. Halsey died, November 24, 1919.

The officers and the principal editors of the Company are: President, Dr.
Adam W. Wagnalls; Vice President, Wilfred J. Funk; Treasurer and General
Manager, Robert J. Cuddihy; Secretary, William Neisel; Homiletic Review,
Editors: George Gilmore, Robert Scott; Literary Digest, Editor: William
Seaver Woods; Standard Dictionary, Managing Editor, Frank H. Vizetelly.

LYONS & CARNAHAN.—This firm was organized and began
publishing schoolbooks about 1878. In 1888, Mr. J. A. Lyons became
associated with Mr. O. M. Powers in the publication of commercial texts.
The firm name was Powers & Lyons. They continued to publish
commercial books until 1909, when J. A. Lyons purchased the interest of O.
M. Powers and continued to do business under the firm name of J. A. Lyons
& Co. In 1912, J. W. Carnahan purchased an interest in the business, and
the firm name was changed to Lyons & Carnahan. Mr. Lyons died in
November, 1920, and Mr. Carnahan was elected President of the new
corporation which was organized under the same name of Lyons &
Carnahan.

Since 1912 the house has been engaged in the publication of both
common and high school books.

HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY.—This firm was established about
1880 by Mr. H. O. Houghton and Mr. George H. Mifflin, with whom were
associated Mr. M. M. Hurd and Mr. L. H. Valentine. They took over, either
at that time or a little later, the business of various Boston publishers,
namely, Ticknor & Fields, Hurd & Houghton, Houghton, Osgood &
Company; Fields, Osgood and Company, James R. Osgood & Company,
and Ticknor & Company. Some of these firms were first merged together
and then with Houghton Mifflin Company, but practically all this took place
before 1882. Ticknor & Company, however, became united with the
business a little later.

The Educational Department of Houghton Mifflin Company was
established in 1882 through the efforts of Horace E. Scudder and Henry N.
Wheeler, encouraged by Mr. Henry O. Houghton, Sr. There were then
published Colburn’s Arithmetic and certain Latin books, but Mr. Scudder
had the idea that the great masterpieces of American literature, such as
Evangeline, The Vision of Sir Launfal, Snow-Bound and other similar great
classics which had recently come into the control of the firm, should be
made available in cheap editions for school use. He became the general
editor of the Riverside Literature Series which was then established, and
which was pushed with vigor and energy by Henry N. Wheeler. Early in the
90’s the Department developed with the publication of Fiske’s History of
the United States, Fiske’s Civil Government, and various collections of
literature such as Masterpieces of American Literature. This necessitated
further expansion and an office was opened in Chicago under the
management of C. F. Newkirk, who was later succeeded by W. E.
Bloomfield.

In 1902 J. D. Phillips, who had previously been connected with the
Editorial Department of the house, was transferred to the Educational
Department to do both agency and editorial work, and the Webster-Cooley
Language Series was soon published.

Mr. Scudder died in 1902 and Mr. Wheeler in 1905, and the Department
came under the management of Mr. Phillips and Mr. Davol. Franklin S.

Hoyt, formerly Assistant Superintendent of Schools in Indianapolis, was
invited in 1906 to join the firm and take charge of the editorial end of the
work. The organization then established has remained practically
unchanged until now. Henry B. Dewey, former Commissioner of Education
of the State of Washington, is now manager of the Boston office of this
Company.

B. F. JOHNSON PUBLISHING COMPANY.—This concern is the
successor of B. F. Johnson & Company, which was organized some time in
the 80’s to develop a subscription book business founded by Benjamin
Franklin Johnson in 1876. The business grew to enormous proportions and
at one time the books published by this concern were to be found in almost
every house in the South.

In 1895, the Company began to experiment in a small way with
schoolbooks, beginning with Lee’s Advanced History. Two years later it
published Johnson’s Primer, and this was soon followed by Johnson’s
Readers. The success of these experiments led to a reorganization of the
Company by Mr. Johnson in 1900, when the subscription book business
was dropped and the house began to devote itself exclusively to
schoolbooks. The first publications of the reorganized company were
Graded Classics Readers and Colaw and Ellwood’s Arithmetics in 1900,
both of which series were remarkably successful.

In 1902, Mr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by James D.
Crump, who held the position until 1920, when he was succeeded by A. J.
Gray, Jr. The Company has recently been reorganized by Mr. Gray to meet
the demands of its extraordinary growth and to provide for further
development on an enlarged scale.

SILVER, BURDETT & COMPANY.—This business was founded by Mr.
Edgar O. Silver, April 21, 1885. On September 21, 1886, the firm of Silver,
Rogers & Company was organized, M. Thacher Rogers being admitted to
partnership. This partnership was succeeded by the partnership of Silver,
Burdett & Company, April 16, 1888, consisting of Edgar O. Silver, Elmer
E. Silver, Henry C. Deane, and Frank W. Burdett, and on May 2, 1892, the
business of the partnership was assumed by the corporation of the same
name. Mr. Edgar O. Silver died in November, 1909. In 1910, Arthur Lord

was elected Acting President, and in 1914 Haviland Stevenson was made
President of the Company.

The date of the first publications of this house was 1885. Among its
earliest books were the Normal Music Course and other music books for
schools, Farley and Gunnison’s Writing Books, Todd and Powell’s Readers,
Stowell’s Physiologies, and Larkin Dunton’s Geographical Readers. For
two or three years after its organization in 1885, the house devoted itself
almost entirely to the publication of music books for the common and high
schools. In 1890, the policy of the house was changed and the list
broadened to cover the other subjects in the school curriculum.

Silver, Burdett & Company purchased the business of Potter & Putnam
about 1903, and in 1904 that of the Morse Company, adding the lists of
these houses to their own.

D. C. HEATH & COMPANY.—This house was founded in 1886 by
Daniel C. Heath, whose first office was in Tremont Place, Boston. The
name chosen by Mr. Heath for his firm was D. C. Heath & Company, which
name has continued until this day. Mr. Heath’s first partner was Charles H.
Ames, who was admitted to the firm in 1888. His second was William E.
Pulsifer, who joined the Company in 1889. Dr. Winfield S. Smyth, who had
been Ginn & Company’s Chicago manager, was taken into the firm of D. C.
Heath & Company in 1893. In 1895, the partnership sold its business to a
corporation organized in that month, of which Mr. D. C. Heath was made
President, Dr. Winfield S. Smyth, Vice President, William E. Pulsifer,
Treasurer, and Charles H. Ames, Secretary. Mr. Heath died in January,
1908, and Dr. Smyth in August, 1908.

After Mr. Heath’s death his trustees, Herbert C. Foss and E. G. Cooley,
who for some time had been Superintendent of Schools in Chicago, carried
on the business for two years, when Mr. Heath’s stock was purchased by
William E. Pulsifer, Winfield S. Smyth, Jr., W. H. Ives, James C. Simpson,
Isaac Van Houten, Frank F. Hummel, and others who bought a few shares of
the common stock. In 1910 the corporation elected as its officers, William
E. Pulsifer, President, W. H. Ives, Vice President, Winfield S. Smyth,
Treasurer, and Charles H. Ames, Secretary. Mr. Ives soon retired and in
September, 1911, Mr. Ames died. The present officers of the Company are

William E. Pulsifer, President, James C. Simpson, Vice President, Winfield
S. Smyth, Treasurer, and Frank F. Hummel, Secretary. Mr. S. Willard Clary
was the editor-in-chief of the Modern Language Department for twenty-
seven years, and Dr. Charles Henry Douglas has been the editor-in-chief of
the general list since 1895.

When Mr. Heath retired from the firm of Ginn & Heath, he was paid for
his interest partly in cash and partly in books. Among the publications
which he received from the Ginn & Heath list were Remsen’s Organic
Chemistry, Shaler’s First Book in Geology, Ybarra’s Practical Method in
Spanish, Sheldon’s Short German Grammar, Hall’s Methods of Teaching
History, and Mitchell’s Hebrew Lessons. There were altogether twenty-four
bound books and several manuscripts, including those prepared by Mary
Sheldon. Mr. Heath’s first publications were Sheldon’s Studies in General
History, the Joynes-Meissner German Grammar, and several French and
German texts purchased from English and Scotch publishers and
republished by him.

D. C. Heath & Company has acquired by purchase from Leach &
Shewell and added to its list the Wells Series of Mathematics for secondary
schools and colleges, a number of Latin texts and textbooks from the
University Publishing Company, Thomas’s History of the United States
from a Friends’ Society known as The Text-Book Association of
Philadelphia, Bancroft’s School Gymnastics from Kellogg & Company of
New York, Bowser’s Algebras, Geometries, and Trigonometries from Van
Nostrand & Company, and the American rights in what is now known as the
Arden Shakespeare from Blackie & Son, Limited, of Scotland.

LONGMANS, GREEN & COMPANY.—The American house of
Longmans, Green & Company was founded September 15, 1887, by Mr. C.
J. Mills. Its business is incorporated under New York State law. The London
house began business in 1724. The only change that has been made in the
personnel of the Company on this side of the Atlantic was the admittance to
the firm of Mr. Mill’s son, E. S. Mills.

The publication of schoolbooks by the American house was begun in
1890. The first of these books were Epochs of American History, a series of
three volumes edited by Professor A. B. Hart of Harvard. Woodrow Wilson

is the author of one of the volumes. This well-known series was quickly
followed by Longmans’ English Classics, Longmans’ English Grammar,
etc.

SCOTT, FORESMAN & COMPANY.—This house was founded in 1889
under the firm name of Albert & Scott. The business was originated and
carried on for several years by Mr. E. H. Scott. In 1894, Mr. H. A. Foresman
purchased an interest in the concern and shortly afterward the publishing
business of George Sherwood & Company, with all its stock and publishing
rights, was taken over. At that time the corporation name was changed to
Scott, Foresman & Company. In 1896, W. C. Foresman bought an interest
in the business and became Treasurer of the Company. The same year the
publishing business of S. C. Griggs & Company was purchased, and all
rights and stock were transferred to Scott, Foresman & Company. In 1908,
R. C. McNamara became a stockholder and Secretary of the Company. In
1912, Charles E. Keck became a stockholder and manager of the Eastern
office.

Scott, Foresman & Company began publishing educational books in
1889, the first being a beginner’s Latin book, Bellum Helveticum, and the
second, Lowe and Ewing’s Caesar.

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.—On June 14, 1890, an announcement
was made by the American Book Company as follows:

“American Book Company, Incorporated, New York, Cincinnati,
Chicago. Birdseye Blakeman, President; Alfred C. Barnes, Vice President;
Harry T. Ambrose, Treasurer; Gilman H. Tucker, Secretary. Directors: Caleb
S. Bragg, Chairman; William H. Appleton, William W. Appleton, Daniel
Appleton, Alfred C. Barnes, Charles J. Barnes, Henry B. Barnes, Birdseye
Blakeman, George R. Cathcart, A. H. Hinkle, David B. Ivison, Henry H.
Vail.

“The American Book Company is a stock company incorporated under
state laws for the purpose of carrying on the manufacture and sale of books.
The American Book Company has purchased the schoolbook publications
hitherto issued by D. Appleton & Company, A. S. Barnes & Company,
Harper & Brothers, Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Company of New York,

and Van Antwerp, Bragg & Company of Cincinnati. The company is
organized in the interest of economy in the production and sale of
schoolbooks, etc.”

Mr. Birdseye Blakeman served as President from April, 1890, until May,
1893. He was succeeded by David B. Ivison, who served as President until
1896. Harry T. Ambrose was President of the Company from 1896 until
1914, when L. M. Dillman was elected to that office. Mr. Blakeman died
October 9, 1894, and Mr. Ivison, April 6, 1903.

General A. C. Barnes served as Vice President from 1890 until his death
in 1904, when he was succeeded by Dr. Henry H. Vail. He in turn was
succeeded by the present Vice President, A. Victor Barnes.

Mr. Ambrose served as Treasurer of the Company until he was elected
President in 1896, when Charles P. Batt, the present Treasurer, succeeded
him. Gilman H. Tucker was Secretary of the Company at its organization in
1890, and remained as such until his death, November 14, 1913. He was
succeeded by John Arthur Greene, who died in 1917. The present Secretary
is W. L. Billmyer.

Dr. Henry H. Vail was Chief of the Editorial Department at the
organization of the Company, and held that position until his resignation in
1909, when he was succeeded by Russell Hinman. Mr. Hinman died in
1912, when Mr. G. W. Benton was made Editor-in-Chief and is still serving
in that position.

Since its organization, the American Book Company has taken over by
purchase the schoolbook properties of the following houses: Werner School
Book Company, Chicago; Standard School Book Company, St. Louis; D. D.
Merrill, St. Paul; Cowperthwait & Company, Philadelphia; Taintor Brothers
& Company, New York; E. H. Butler & Company, Philadelphia; Western
School Book Company, Chicago; Sheldon & Company, New York;
Williams & Rogers, Rochester; the elementary list of the University
Publishing Company, New York.

SCHWARTZ, KIRWIN & FAUSS.—This house was established in 1890,
the founders being Alonzo Schwartz, James J. Kirwin, and Denis C. Fauss.

In 1893, Mr. Schwartz retired on account of ill health, and the business
continued under the direction of Mr. Kirwin and Mr. Fauss.

In 1898, this firm purchased the business of the Catholic School Book
Company, taking over its entire list. That company, in turn, was the
successor of the Catholic Publication Society, established originally by the
Paulist Fathers in 59th Street, New York, with Mr. Lawrence Kehoe as the
manager.

Among the earliest publications of the house were The Young Catholic’s
Illustrated Readers, Deharbe’s Catechism, Gazeau’s Histories, Edward’s
Hygiene, Hassard’s Histories, Farrell’s Spellers, and the Columbus Series of
Readers, by Dr. William T. Vlymen, which series had already been
contracted for and the first book published by the Catholic School Book
Company, when Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss purchased their list and
completed the series.

The offices of this firm are located at 42 Barclay Street, New York, with
Mr. Kirwin and Mr. Fauss still in charge of the business.

THE GREGG PUBLISHING COMPANY.—This organization is an
outgrowth of Gregg Shorthand, first published by John R. Gregg in Boston,
October, 1893. In 1896 Mr. Gregg moved to Chicago, where he established
a school and continued to publish his system. In 1907, the publishing
business was incorporated as the Gregg Publishing Company, and is owned
by Mr. Gregg, with the exception of the few shares held by others to
comply with the legal requirements. In 1907 Mr. Gregg moved to New
York, where he established an Eastern office. The San Francisco office was
opened in 1912, the Boston office in 1919, and in 1920 an office was
established in London. At the present time the executive officers are: John
R. Gregg, President; Mrs. J. R. Gregg, First Vice President; Rupert P.
SoRelle, Second Vice President; W. F. Nenneman, Secretary-Treasurer;
Hubert A. Hagar, General Manager.

Beginning with shorthand, an extensive line of publications in that
subject was developed, to which were added textbooks in other commercial
subjects. In addition to its two magazines, the list of publications of the

Gregg Publishing Company at the present time comprises more than one
hundred titles.

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.—In January, 1896, an American
branch of the Oxford University Press opened offices at 91–93 Fifth
Avenue, New York, under the management of John Armstrong, with whom
were associated W. W. McIntosh, W. F. Olver, and C. C. Schepmoes. In
1897, the Branch took over from The Macmillan Company the publications
of The Clarendon Press. In 1915, Mr. Armstrong died. He was succeeded by
W. W. McIntosh, the present Vice President and General Manager. Mr. W. F.
Olver, the first Treasurer of the Company, died in 1919 and was succeeded
by Isaac Brown. Mr. C. C. Schepmoes became Secretary at that time.

The first schoolbook manufactured and published by the Oxford
University Press in this country was Schiller’s Wilhelm Tell, edited by
Sphoenfeld, which was issued in 1902. The concern publishes the Oxford
English, French, and German Series. In 1918, the Branch added a Medical
Department, which handles all the medical publications of Henry Frowde
and Hodder & Stoughton of London.

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.—Mr. George P. Brett, the present
President, with the proprietors of Macmillan & Company, Ltd., London, the
people who had been interested in the agency of Macmillan & Company
previously operating in the United States, undertook the organization of the
corporation, The Macmillan Company, in this country in 1896. Mr. Brett
has been the President of the American corporation since that date.

There have been several heads of the Educational Department. It was
organized first under the direction of Dr. F. L. Sevenoak, who gave a part of
his time to this work, the balance being devoted to teaching. He was
succeeded by James R. McDonald, who filled the position until the fall of
1902, when he was succeeded by William H. Ives. In 1906 Mr. Ives was
succeeded by F. C. Tenney, who filled the position until July, 1912. At that
time A. H. Nelson became the head of the Educational Department and held
the position until July, 1920, when Charles H. Seaver, who now occupies it,
succeeded Mr. Nelson.

School textbooks were published in America by Macmillan & Company
before the time when The Macmillan Company was formed as an American
corporation, the records showing the publication of Hall and Knight’s
Elementary Algebra and Algebra for Beginners in 1895, Tarr’s Elements of
Physical Geography in 1895, and Channing’s Student’s History of the
United States in April, 1896. Immediately following the establishment of
the American corporation, there was published Miller’s Trigonometry in
1896, and in 1897 the following books appeared: Tarr’s High School
Geology, Nichols’ High School Physics, Lewis’s Writing English, Tarr’s
First Book in Physical Geography, McLellan and Ames’ Arithmetic, Hall
and Knight’s Algebra for Colleges and Schools, Davenport’s Elementary
Economics, Murche’s Science Readers. The McLellan and Ames Arithmetic
and the Murche Science Readers were the first textbooks published for
elementary grades. The Macmillan Company first undertook the work of
publishing books for that field in the fall of 1897.

W. H. WHEELER & COMPANY.—This Chicago concern was organized
in 1897 by Mr. W. H. Wheeler. In 1898 W. C. Fidler purchased an interest in
the Company. Some years later, E. E. Wheeler, son of W. H. Wheeler, was
admitted to the firm, as was also John H. Pugh. These four men are still
active in the business.

The first books published by this house were Wheeler’s Graded Studies
in English, First Lessons in Grammar and Composition. These were
followed a little later by Wheeler’s Graded Primer.

NEWSON & COMPANY.—This concern was incorporated under the
laws of the State of New York, July, 1900. Mr. Henry D. Newson was its
first President. He was succeeded in that office by Mr. Everett Yeaw, the
present President, in April, 1912. Mr. Newson severed all relations with the
Company on January 1, 1920.

Newson & Company immediately on its organization began the
publication of educational books, the first of which was Buehler’s Modern
English Grammar, the original of the present Revised Edition, published in
1914.

WORLD BOOK COMPANY.—The house was established in 1905 by
Casper W. Hodgson. “It was really founded,” Mr. Hodgson writes, “in the
Philippine Islands, a little farther west or east than any other American
house has started.” The first office was in Manila, but soon another was
established at Park Hill, Yonkers, N. Y.

The first books issued were six Philippine publications. The World Book
Company now does a considerable business not only in the Philipine
Islands, but also in the United States and Latin America. O. S. Reimold and
M. A. Purcell have been connected with the business almost from its
beginning. M. J. Hazelton, who joined the Company in 1908, has been the
Philippine representative of the house. Professor John W. Ritchie has given
his full time to the organization since 1915.

The titles of the first educational books published for use in American
schools are Ritchie’s Human Physiology, and Wohlfarth-Rogers’ New World
Spellers.

ROW, PETERSON & COMPANY.—This firm was organized in
February, 1906. R. K. Row was made President and Isaac Peterson,
Secretary-Treasurer. A few years later Charles D. Kennedy and J. R. Sparks
purchased stock in the Company and were made directors, Mr. Kennedy
becoming Secretary. In 1914, B. E. Richardson purchased stock and became
Vice President. In 1919, Mr. Peterson died and Mr. Kennedy was made
Secretary-Treasurer.

The first books were published in the spring of 1906. These included
Robbins and Row’s Studies in English, Salisbury’s The Theory of Teaching,
Frazier’s The National Speller, Hatch and Haselwood’s Elementary
Agriculture, and Hurty’s Life with Health.

McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY.—This organization was started on
July 1, 1909, with John A. Hill, President, and James H. McGraw, Vice
President. After Mr. Hill’s death in 1916, Mr. McGraw succeeded him as
President, which position he still holds.

At the time of the formation of this Company in 1909, when the Book
Departments of the McGraw Publishing Company and the Hill Publishing

Company were consolidated, the combined lists totaled perhaps 200 books.
In ten years this list has grown to approximately 1000 titles. Some of the
most notable publications of the Educational Department of the McGraw-
Hill Book Company are Dr. Cady’s Inorganic Chemistry, Dr. Norris’
Principles of Organic Chemistry, Dr. Moore’s History of Chemistry, Dr.
Mahin’s Quantitative Analysis, a series of Electrical Engineering texts
prepared under the general supervision of Dr. H. E. Clifford of Harvard
University, a series of books on Scientific Management and Efficiency,
under the general direction of Dr. R. S. Butler, formerly of the University of
Wisconsin, a series of mathematical texts, including Slichter’s Elementary
Mathematical Analysis, Wolff’s Calculus, Allen’s Projective Geometry, and
a series of successful books for trade schools and apprentice classes, under
the general direction of F. E. Mathewson of the Dickinson High School,
Jersey City, N. J.

The present officers of the McGraw-Hill Book Company are: James H.
McGraw, President; Martin M. Foss, Vice President and General Manager;
Arthur J. Baldwin, Vice President; Edward Caldwell, Treasurer; James S.
Thompson, Secretary.

THE BOBBS-MERRILL COMPANY.—This house was established in
1838 by Samuel Merrill. The business has continued in unbroken
succession since that time, under several different firm names, being first
Merrill & Company, then Merrill & Field, Merrill Hubbard Company,
Merrill Meigs & Company, The Bowen-Merrill Company, and in 1903 the
firm name became The Bobbs-Merrill Company.

In 1909 a set of educational readers was added to the general line of
publications of this house. As publishers of law books, The Bobbs-Merrill
Company ranks among the leading houses of the country.

The present officers of the corporation are: W. C. Bobbs, President; John
R. Carr, Vice President; D. L. Chambers, Secretary.

THE JOHN C. WINSTON COMPANY.—The founder of this
Philadelphia concern was Mr. John C. Winston, who was its directing head
until May 6, 1920, when he died.

The Company began work in the preparation of schoolbooks in 1913, but
the business end of the Educational Department was not inaugurated until
March, 1918. The first books published by this Company were the Winston
Series of Readers, the Young American Readers, the Winston Simplified
Dictionary, and two books on civics, Our Community and Our
Neighborhood.

IROQUOIS PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.—This Company was
incorporated under the laws of the state of New York on July 15, 1915, with
E. F. Southworth as President and H. W. Duguid as Secretary. Mr.
Southworth was for many years connected with Ginn & Company.

During the first year the Company brought out a list of twelve books.
This list increased until on February 1, 1921, it contained more than fifty
titles.

UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY.—This firm was incorporated
in 1868 under New York State law. Prominent among the promoters and
original stockholders of the Company were Horace Greeley, August
Belmont, W. H. Aspinwall, G. B. Hallgarten, W. R. Travers, Eugene Kelly,
J. B. Alexander, Richard L. Edwards, and many others of New York. In
Baltimore, Robert Garrett & Sons, brokers controlling the Baltimore and
Ohio Railroad, A. S. Able of the Baltimore Sun, C. H. Latrobe, at one time
Mayor of Baltimore, John Hopkins, W. T. Walters, owner of the once
famous Peach Blow Vase, were stockholders. Jefferson Davis and Joseph E.
Johnson subscribed for stock, and Dr. Howard Crosby, the famous divine of
New York, was an enthusiastic supporter. General John B. Gordon was
interested in the Company and was for many years a director and Vice
President of the concern.

The educators agreed upon as authors of the new books were all
university men, and this fact gave its name to the Company. The list of
authors included Dr. Basil L. Gildersleeve of Johns Hopkins University,
Matthew F. Maury, author of The Physical Geography of the Sea, Dr.
George F. Holmes, Charles S. Venable of the University of Virginia, and
Professor William Hand Brown. Of the books published, Maury’s Physical
Geographies and Gildersleeve’s Latin Grammar at once took their places as
standard authorities.

Early in 1873, Ezra D. Barker was elected General Manager by the
directors. He supervised the revision of Holmes’ Readers and Spellers,
Maury’s Primary and Grammar School Geographies, and Venable’s
Arithmetic.

In 1888, Mr. C. L. Patton cast his fortune with the Company and came to
New York as the Manager of the Agents’ Introduction Department. In 1892,
Mr. Patton reorganized the Company, which took over the plates and
publishing rights of the J. B. Lippincott schoolbook list, also a list of books
published by F. F. Hansell & Brother of New Orleans.

On the 31st of December, 1906, the directors of the Company decided to
go into voluntary liquidation. In this liquidation the grammar school books
were sold to the American Book Company, Gildersleeve’s Latin Series to D.
C. Heath & Company, Eadies’ Physiologies to Charles Scribner’s Sons, and
the Standard Literature Series and all remaining publications to Newson &
Company.

ATKINSON, MENTZER & COMPANY.—This firm was organized in
1898 under the name of Hathaway & Atkinson. At the end of the year Mr.
Hathaway withdrew and the firm’s name became Atkinson & Mentzer. In
1899, the firm published its first book, namely, the Ivanhoe Historical Note
Book. In 1904, Mr. Edwin Osgood Grover joined the organization and the
firm name was changed to Atkinson, Mentzer & Grover. The first book
published under this imprint was the Art Literature Primer. In 1911 Mr.
Grover severed his connection with the firm, which from that time on has
done business under the name of Atkinson, Mentzer & Company.

The writer regrets to state that he has not been able to get authentic data
for historical accounts of the old firms of Brewer & Tileston and William
Ware & Company of Boston, J. H. Butler & Company, E. H. Butler &
Company, and Cowperthwait Company of Philadelphia, or Taintor Brothers
of New York. There has not been included in this record several of the
younger houses like the Southern Publishing Company of Texas and the
University Publishing Company of Nebraska. It is also a fact that there has

been no attempt to secure the records of the old printing houses, which were
not publishers as we understand the meaning of the term.

Transcriber’s Note:

Variations in spelling and punctuation, and
the use of italic have been retained as they
appear in the original publication except as
follows:

Page 11
from Longfellow, Lowell Emerson,
changed to
from Longfellow, Lowell,
Emerson,
Page 20
Sander’s School Readers changed
to
Sanders’ School Readers
Page 26
LYONS & CARNAHAN. This
changed to
LYONS & CARNAHAN.—This
Page 31
SCHWARTZ, KIRWIN & FAUSS.
This changed to

SCHWARTZ, KIRWIN & FAUSS.
—This

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