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Title: Colored girls and boys' inspiring United States history

Author: William Henry Harrison

Release date: May 19, 2018 [eBook #57181]
Most recently updated: January 24, 2021

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLORED
GIRLS AND BOYS' INSPIRING UNITED STATES HISTORY ***

A number of typographical errors
(punctuation, reversal and
duplication of letters on words, etc.)
in the original have been corrected.
(etext-transcriber's note.)
“SERVICE OUR MISSION.”
(Graduating Class Motto)

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, Jr.,

As a hustling agent delivering his
popular book, which (by making the
saddest person laugh, the jolliest
person cry and the most thoughtless
person think), is selling itself like
buckwheat cakes and sausage
steaming-hot some frosty morn or cool
refreshing ice cream when the sun is
very warm.

COLORED

GIRLS AND BOYS’
INSPIRING

UNITED STATES
HISTORY
AND A

HEART TO HEART TALK

ABOUT

WHITE FOLKS

BY

William Henry Harrison, Jr.

COPYRIGHT 1921
BY

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. Jr.

THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED

TO THOSE COLORED GIRLS AND BOYS

UPON WHOSE NOBLE EFFORTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS
WILL REST THE FOUNDATIONS FOR
THE FUTURE SUCCESS OF

THE NEGRO RACE:

AND

TO ALL THOSE WHITE WOMEN AND MEN

WHOSE KIND ENCOURAGEMENT OF AND JUST
DEALINGS WITH ALL HUMANITY ARE BRINGING
ABOUT BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND GREATER
CO-OPERATIONS BETWEEN

WHITE AND COLORED PEOPLE.

COMPOSED—COMPILED—WRITTEN

ARRANGED—DESIGNED

AND

ORIGINAL DRAWINGS

MADE FROM ALONG

THE FAMOUS PICTURESQUE LEHIGH VALLEY

OF PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.

BY

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, Jr.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Actors 233
Agriculture 96
Architects 186
Army Officers 57
Artists 184
Athletics 203

Bankers 118
Baseball 213
Basketball 218
Bishops 73
Boley, Okla. 40
Books 154
Business 114
Business Schools 113
Business People 122

Churches 65
City Officers 45
Civil War 26
Colleges, Colored 161
Colleges, White 160
Colonial War 17
Colored Women’s Clubs 86
Composers 200
Congressmen 42

Dentists 175
Diplomats 43

Elocutionists 239

Field Sports 205
Folklore Songs 36
Football 204

Fraternal Orders 128-252-253

Golfing 231

Higher Education 159
Hospitals 174

Industrial Education 106
Insurance 125
Inventions 176

Lawyers 130
Liberty Bonds 61

Magazines 148
Marcus Garvey 95
Medicine 170
Mexican War 21
Ministers 73
Music 188

N.A.A.C.P. 245
Newspapers 135
“Negro Servants” 10
Negro Business League 89
Nurses 174

Orators 157

Pan-African Congress 92
Pianists 198
Plantation Morals 30
Poets 180
Prize Fighters 220

Reconstruction Days 38
Real Estate 121
Revolutionary War 18
Rowing 227
Rural Schools 110

Science 164
Sculptors 187
Singers 192
Slaves 10
Skating 230
Spanish American War 47
State Legislators 45
Spingarn Medalists 94
Statisticians 157
Sunday Schools 78
Swimming 228

Tennis 230
Theaters 239

Underground R. R. 22
Urban League 248

Violinists 195

War of 1812 19
White Friends 242

World War 49

Y. M. C. A. 83
Y. W. C. A. 79

AUTHOR’S PREFACE

Not to Boast but to Boost

Negroes should find great pride indeed
In Race progress herein they read;
But to such readers let me tell
This book means not our heads to swell;
For five of the greatest rich white men
Could buy the wealth of our Race: and then!

So this book is neither a brag nor boast
But just to inspire our younger host
To elevate their racial name
From poisoned stains of slavery shame,
By climbing to the highest heights
Thro aid of friends who are “real whites”.

T WENTY-FIVE years ago, when a lad fifteen years old attending the
public schools of Pennsylvania, in which State I was born and reared,
certain ideas and sentiments caused me to secretly resolve that some
day, when I had gotten together the necessary data, I would write just such a
book as is contained herein. At the time that resolution was formed, I was
attending the Darlington School in Middletown District, Delaware County
over which Prof. A. G. C. Smith was Superintendent. And I remember with
much gratefulness my first and last public school teachers, Misses Carrie V.
Hamilton and Rebecca R. Crumley and Prof. Smith for their kind and
frequent words to me as encouragement to continue my education after
graduating from the public schools.
My favorite study was the United States History, and even at the tender
age of fifteen years, I was greatly surprised and Race pridely hurt not to
find any history, except about slavery, in such books concerning the
American Negro. I had such childish confidence in my school books and
their authors that I felt sure if Negroes had fought and died in the several
American wars; had become great poets, orators, artists, sculptors, etc., the
histories I was studying would have mentioned such. I thought in doing that
they would have been preserving United States valuable history more so
than merely giving just credit to the Colored people who had made such

history. I did not know that right then the attentions of many public school
children in far away Europe were often called to the histories of such
distinguished Colored Americans as Phyllis Wheatley, the poetess;
Frederick Douglas, the orator; Henry O. Tanner, the artist; Edmonia Lewis,
the sculptoress—all of them having won recognition and fame in Europe as
well as in America.
My youthful ignorance, regarding the achievements of my race, is easily
explained when it is taken into consideration that I was a farmer boy living
far from libraries I had never seen and Negro histories I had never heard
about. And the United States histories then used in the public schools had
nothing in them to enlighten me on that subject. They misled and kept me,
along with thousands of other Colored school children, in absolute
ignorance relative to the progress and attainments of the American Colored
people. So whenever our history classes went up to recite and my white
classmates proudly went through the lessons about General George
Washington, Noah Webster, Benjamin Franklin, Eli Whitney, Longfellow,
etc., while I knew and could just as easily recite such history, nevertheless,
my feelings of crushed race pride and mortification were beyond expression
because not one thing could I proudly recite from my lessons about great
things my people had accomplished in America.
It is the same with the United States histories used in our public schools
of today. They do not relate about Crispus Attucks, a Negro soldier and the
first Colonist martyr to give his life for America in the Revolutionary War;
nor about the Colored sailor, William Tillman, who received six thousand
dollars from the Federal Government for recapturing a stolen schooner from
the Rebels in the Civil War; nor about the Colored Registrars of the United
States Treasury, B. K. Bruce, J. W. Lyons, W. T. Vernon and J. C. Napier,
whose names, during different administrations covering a period of more
than thirty years, appeared on all the United States paper money made and
issued during that period; nor about Matthew A. Henson, who was with
Commodore Peary when he (Peary) discovered the North Pole; nor about
Booker T. Washington, one of the greatest orators America has ever
produced and also builder of one of the most famous institutions of learning
not only in America but in the world.
As I said before, I knew nothing about such Negro history while I was a
farmer’s boy, but I could never quite rid myself of a feeling that the Colored
people in the United States did have a worthy history. I studied the white

man’s U. S. History from cover to cover and learned all I could from it, but
I got no more racial inspiration from it than a white boy would get from
studying only a Negro history in which nothing was written about his own
racial achievements. So I secretly resolved to immediately begin to quietly
and patiently research for American Negro data in order to some day
publish a book so that future Colored school children would not be kept in
ignorance about their own race history. I felt it was perfectly right and
necessary to study the white man’s history at the school desks, but if
Colored children were not permitted to study the history of their own race at
the same desks, it was perfectly right and necessary that Colored children
learn about the achievements of their great men and women at their home
firesides within their family circles.
So for the benefit mostly of Colored youths, here are the crude results of
my boyhood resolutions and manhood efforts after twenty-five years filled
with trying discouragements, and bitter disappointments, but also just as
full of unswerving determinations, constant hopefulness, upward climbs,
ceaseless works and fervent prayers to God to succeed.
The author wishes to use this place and opportunity to express his
deepest thanks to the more than one hundred prominent Colored men and
women, living in as many large cities in all parts of the United States, who
so friendly sent to him up-to-date information regarding the progress and
success of Colored people in those cities.
For the unusual generosity and kindness in giving of their valuable time
to personally and helpfully send to him exceptionally fitting and authentic
Negro data, the writer most courteously acknowledges and gratefully names
the following distinguished Colored and white contributors;
Mr. Cleveland G. Allen, New York City, N. Y., Associate Editor of the New York Home News, and
Lecturer on Negro Music in the Public Schools of New York City.
Rev. G. W. Allen, D. D., Editor & Manager of Southern Christian Recorder, Nashville, Tenn.
Attorney Violette N. Anderson, foremost woman lawyer in Chicago, Ill., and one of the most
prominent Colored women in her profession in America.
Rev. F. P. Baker, prominent minister in Evansville, Ind.
Miss Eva D. Bowles, New York City, N. Y., Executive Secretary in charge of Colored Work of the
Young Women’s Christian Association.
Mr. Thomas F. Blue, Head of Colored Library, Louisville, Ky.
Miss Mabel S. Brady, Branch Y. W. C. A. Secretary, Kansas City, Mo.
Rev. Geo. F. Bragg, prominent minister and author of Baltimore, Md.

Mr. Chas. H. Brooks, Phila., Pa., Sec’y of Cherry Bldg. & Loan Ass’n, and prominent in insurance
business.
Captain Walter R. Brown, Assistant Commandant, Hampton Institute, Va.
Rev. Russell S. Brown, prominent minister in Atlanta, Ga.
Mr. Walter A. Butler, San Francisco, Cal., Financier and President of the Northern California Branch
of the N. A. A. C. P.
Rev. H. W. Childs, D. D., LL. D., prominent minister in Pittsburgh, Pa., and member of the Executive
Board of New England Baptist Convention.
Dr. J. B. Claytor, prominent physician in Roanoke, Va.
Mr. M. L. Collins, Editor of Shreveport Sun, Shreveport, La.
Prof. J. W. Cromwell, Historian, and instructor of higher education in Washington, D.C.
Mr. A. G. Dill, New York City, Editor of The Brownies’ Book and Business Manager of The Crisis
Magazine.
Prof. Carl Diton, Phila., Pa., noted composer, organist and pianist.
Mr. James E. Gayle, New Orleans, La., Editor of The Vindicator, and Manager of the Pythian two
hundred thousand dollar Temple in that city.
F. Grant Gilmore, Author, Playwright and Producer, Philadelphia, Pa.
Bishop Robert E. Jones, Editor of Southwestern Christian Advocate, New Orleans, La., first and only
Negro elected Presiding Bishop over the Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi and Texas Diocese of the
Methodist Episcopal Church.
Mr. Joseph L. Jones, Founder & President of the Central Regalia Co., Cincinnati, Ohio.
Rev. D. J. Jenkins, D. D., Editor of Charleston Messenger, Founder and President of The Orphan Aid
Society, Charleston, S. C.
Hon. Jas. Weldon Johnson, New York City, N. Y., United States ex-Consul to several foreign
countries, Associate Editor of The New York Age, Secretary of the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People.
Mr. Tony Langston, Chicago, Ill., Advertising Manager of Chicago Defender and eight theaters,
President of Langston’s Slide and Advertising Company.
Mr. Matt. N. Lewis, Editor of The Star, Newport News, Va.
Principal Isaac H. Miller, A. B., Cookman Institute, Jacksonville, Fla.
Mr. J. E. Mitchell, Editor of The Argus, St. Louis, Mo.
Dr. J. E. Mooreland, New York City, N. Y., International Secretary and Head of the Colored
Department of the Young Men’s Christian Association.
Mr. Daniel Murray, Assistant Librarian, Congressional Library, Washington, D.C.
Dr. Harvey Murray, M. D., prominent physician, Wilmington, Del.
Mrs. Mary F. Parker, Chester, Pa., Undertaker and Embalmer, and Fraternal worker.
The late Mr. Chris Perry, who until his death was Editor of The Philadelphia Tribune and President of
National Negro Press Association.
Attorney T. Gillis Nutter, Charleston, W. Va., Representative in the West Virginia Legislature.
Mr. Geo. W. Perry, Boley, Oka., Editor of Boley Progress and prosperous farmer.
Mr. Jos. L. Ray, Bethlehem, Pa., Confidential Man of Mr. Charles M. Schwab.
Mr. John H. Rives, Dayton, Ohio, Editor of The Dayton Forum.
Hon. F. M. Roberts, Sacramento, Cal., Assemblyman in the California State Legislature.
Mr. C. K. Robinson, Editor of Independent Clarion, St. Louis, Mo.

Mr. R. H. Rutherford, President & Treasurer of The National Benefit Life Insurance Co., Washington,
D.C.
Miss Myrtilla J. Sherman, In Charge of Negro Record Department, The Hampton Normal and
Agricultural Institute, Hampton, Va.
Mr. John A. Simms, Jacksonville, Fla., Editor of The Florida Sentinel.
Attorney Harry C. Smith, Cleveland, Ohio, Editor of Cleveland Gazette, ex-Member of the Ohio
State Legislature where he introduced as Bills and had enacted as Laws, The Ohio Anti-Lynching
Law and The Ohio Civil Rights Law.
Mr. C. C. Spaulding, Durham, N. C., Vice-President & Gen’l Manager of The North Carolina Mutual
Life Insurance Company.
Mrs. Maggie L. Walker, Richmond, Va., R. W. G. Secretary & Treasurer of the I. O. of St. Luke, and
President of the St. Luke Bank.
Miss H. Georgiana Whyte, Chicago, Ill., Editor of the Women’s Department, The Favorite Magazine.
Mr. J. Finley Wilson, Washington, D.C., Editor of The Washington Eagle, and President of The
National Negro Press Association.
Dr. Carter G. Woodson, Washington, D.C., Editor of The Journal of Negro History, and Director of
Research for The Association For The Study of Negro Life and History, Incorporated.
Mr. P. B. Young, Norfolk, Va., Capitalist and Editor of The Journal and Guide.

But the full credit, due for most of the Negro data references contained
in this book, the author takes great pleasure in justly acknowledging and
gratefully extending, through the Negro Year Book, to its Editor, Prof.
Monroe N. Work, Director, Department of Records and Research, Tuskegee
Normal and Industrial Institute, Tuskegee, Ala., whose personal consent
was obtained by the writer to take extracts from the Negro Year Book.
William Henry Harrison, Jr.

FIRST AFRICANS VISIT VIRGINIA

Invited Guests Detained

White settlers came invitedless
And made this land their home so real;
So Negroes to, have right to feel
This is their home without appeal;
For they were brought invited guests
And told that they must always stay;
So this is why they are here today
Most loyal citizens every way.
—Harrison.

O VER three hundred years ago (1619) Africans were first brought as
“Negro Servants” (Ref. Prof. Monroe N. Work’s Negro Year Book;
page 153, 1918-1919 edition) to the early colonies of the United States
by the captain of a Dutch ship who sold twenty Negroes to white plantation
owners at Jamestown, Virginia. As the results of those and many other
native Africans being later captured and forcibly brought to America, real
slavery was finally started and spread so rapidly that there were about four
million slaves in the United States by January 1, 1863. At that time all the
slaves in the Rebel states were set free by the Emancipation Proclamation
of President Abraham Lincoln, who was later murdered for that Godly act
by one of his own race. But today Abraham Lincoln is remembered in all
civilized countries as one of the greatest among the greatest men the world
has ever known; as the noblest president who has ever governed the United
States and as the truest and most fair-minded white friend the Negro race
has ever had. On December 18, 1865 the adoption of the 13th Amendment
to The Constitution of the United States gave freedom to the remaining
slaves who lived in the states that had not rebelled against the Union. Thus
in these two legal ways, that were made possible by the Northern States
winning the Civil War, were all the slaves in the United States of America
set free.
When the few broad-minded white people in the early colonies stopped
to realize that the first African people who arrived were not used to
America’s new foods, unusual hard work, cold changeable climates and

were without a knowledge of the white man’s language, habits and religion;
it is no great wonder why that small portion of justice thinking white people
so readily saw unusual good qualities and latent talents in a group of
supposed brainless heathens who so quickly, peacefully and profitably
stepped from the narrow paths of African savagery into the broad avenues
of American civilization. But the large numbers of narrow-minded people,
who then (as now) tried so hard to make themselves and others believe that
Negroes were inferior human beings to themselves, put forth the
explanation that the remarkable and rapid adjustments of the slaves to
American surroundings were due to their childlike dispositions to imitate
actions, to humbly obey orders and their great physical strength to do all
kinds of hard work at all times under all conditions. Such people were
entirely wrong in such ideas, just as all ill-meaning prejudiced ideas keep
their owners wrong, mean and in the lowest stages of human society. When
men and women allow their minds to become poisoned with hateful,
envious and jealous prejudice toward other people and refuse to have
anything to do with them because they are Colored, they have and show just
about as much greatness in good taste and good common-sense as if they
were to refuse to puff on their favorite brand of Havana cigars or to nibble
on one of Mr. Huyler’s famed chocolate bon-bons just because the cigar and
bon-bon are of rich brown colors. Such narrow-minded actions do not make
people great except in their own home-town little social circles. And when
they leave home and go out into the world to mingle among well-cultured,
highly educated and broad-minded people, prejudiced men and women
soon find that their supposed greatness along side of, for instance, an
Abraham Lincoln or a Harriet Beecher Stowe[A] is as large as a grain of
sand is along side of a mountain. If President Lincoln had not preserved the
Union and signed the Emancipation Proclamation, or if Mrs. Stowe had not
written Uncle Tom’s Cabin,[A] but instead, both had turned up their noses in
disdain, tossed their heads in haughty proudness and snobbishly spurned
well-behaved, well-dressed and intelligent people just because of their
colors; the names of Lincoln and Stowe (in stead of now being enshrined in
the Hall Of Fame and written in the world’s history ever to be remembered
and beloved by all nations) would have been buried and forgotten a few
years after their owners had died as is the case with the names of all race
prejudiced people. But this point regarding the utter foolishness and
ignorance of people showing race prejudice was much more ably and

vividly brought out in one of Mr. McKay’s bull’s-eye-shot and soul-stirring
pictures that appear in the Sunday issues of the New York American—one
among several such big white journals from which the writer derives new
inspiration and increased knowledge every Sunday. This picture and
editorial in question, that described the “Namaqua” savage tribe of Negroes
living in the African jungles, were printed in the March 6, 1921 issue of the
New York American, and the following is an extract from that article titled
“Shooting At The Storm.”
“The savages of Africa had first of all to fight and conquer the burning
sun, hence the black skin that keeps off the deadly “actinic rays” that would
quickly destroy any white race in their climate, and the thick woolly hair,
saturated with grease, protecting the skull from the heat and the deadly
effect of those same rays.
“As we think of different kinds of human beings, let us judge them by
the conditions under which they live, whether they be Eskimos near the
North Pole or men like these Namaquas at the Equator.
“Self-satisfied ignorance is horrified at the Eskimo eating enormous
quantities of rank, fat whale blubber. Any race transferred to the Arctic
Circle would do that or die. Ignorance despises the black skin and woolly
hair of the African. Any white race transferred to the African tropics would
develop such skin and hair, or it would die.
“UNDERSTAND what you are discussing, as far as possible, before
discussing it. An eagle cannot understand a turtle, or a turtle an eagle. And a
cow, mildly grazing, cannot understand either. Every human being that
despises another, no matter what the other may be, simply represents the
animal expression of prejudice based on ignorance.”
Now the real truth, as to how those strange and friendless slaves were
able to so readily adapt themselves to this country and so aptly adopt the
methods and customs of the colonists, is that from mere force of habits they
put into their everyday lives their inherited qualities of open-friendliness,
big-heartedness, broad-mindedness, trustworthiness, constant-loyalty,
quick-alertness, unbounded-patience, everready-forgivefulness and undying
hopefulness. These qualities (in which all civilized countries of today stand
badly in need of a much broader growth and a higher culture) had been
handed down to the American slaves by their African forefathers who had
for centuries dwelt in the darkest and wildest torrid jungles without a

knowledge of the white man’s civilization. And those black ancestors had
passed to their suffering offsprings such full portions of the above named
manhood and brotherhood principles that the slaves were able, as they
pitifully and tearfully went back and forth to their body-torturing and spirit-
crushing tasks, to shame, by their unspiteful and unrevengeful actions under
such cruel treatments, just a little measure of their inherited virtues into the
so-called civilized, educated and Christian white people who held them in
bondage. It must be granted that their owners did teach the slaves (whose
foreparents had lived in a very hot country where little clothing was needed
and food was plentiful without working for it) how to properly dress and
how to regularly work. And although those enslaved people were taught
those good habits only as means for their selfish and greedy owners to
enable themselves to get richer, nevertheless, the Colored people of to-day
are glad and thankful that they are now able to turn to their own personal
and racial advantages the industrial habits learned by their people in slavery.
On the other hand, Colored people will always be sorry and unthankful to
those brute overseers and raping slave owners who so sinfully and
beastfully forced upon and taught numerous and most harmful immoral
vices to their slaves. And those soul-damning and life-sapping vices are still
clinging to and leaving their marks on the rapidly advancing Colored
people, just as the poison ivy clings to and mars the health and beauty of the
young and tender acorn sprouts as they struggle upward to become future
majestic oaks in the densely foliaged forests.
However, all of the white people in America at that time did not approve
of or own slaves (just as all of the white people in the United States today
do not approve of nor take part in discriminating against respectable
Colored people) because they knew it was not right. They had the kind of
Christianity that was real and pure enough to make their minds fully
understand and their hearts to tenderly feel that slavery in its kindest
manner is the worse sin against God and the greatest crime against
humanity. And it was this class of God-serving and fellowman-loving white
men and women who secretly and in great danger of being caught and
punished (for the laws of the country forbid the educating of slaves) taught
the otherwise friendless people in bondage their first knowledge of God and
Jesus Christ. When it is remembered that those African people were just a
few years out of a land where the practices of their tribes for centuries had
been to worship in a different religion; it is easily seen that the slaves were

an unusual reasoning, sensible and broad-minded group of uncivilized
people to have so quickly found the mistake in and so suddenly thrown
aside their old and false religion and so readily accepted in its place the new
and true Faith.

Answered Prayers
During the two hundred and forty-four years of their bitter servitude
those shackled people had learned to place so much faith and trust in their
newly found religion that they felt sure God in his own wisdom, time and
manner would hear and answer their usually silent and always heart-rending
prayers for deliverance from slavery.
So as Southern heats washed briny sweat into their sun-dazed eyes, or
Northern colds checked frozen blood from flowing through their veins; the
hopeful prayers of the slaves, that they and their children might some day
become free, were constantly offered up from the tobacco plantations of
Virginia; from the cotton belts of Alabama, Georgia and Mississippi; from
the corn fields of Tennessee and Texas; from the rice swamps of South
Carolina; from the orange groves of Florida; from the stone quarries of
Connecticut, New York, and Pennsylvania; from the truck farms of
Delaware, Maryland and New Jersey; from the turpentine forests of North
Carolina; from the blue grass meadows of Kentucky; from the fishing banks
of Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Rhode Island and from the cane-
brakes of Louisiana.
Likewise, the Colored people of today, as they patiently and gradually
draw themselves up and away from the slum and slime of slavery, are
constantly sending up to Heaven from the east, the west, the north and the
south points of this country their hopeful and earnest prayers that God in
His mysterious way will convert and bring back to Christianity those
prejudiced, heathenish and uncivilized members of the Caucasian race who
persecute and discriminate against all darker races just on account of their
progress. As living witnesses and proofs that such prayers are already being
duly heard and daily answered by God, the author will tell on the following
pages of this book (mainly for the inspiration of Colored boys and girls so
that they will not lose confidence in themselves, trust in mankind and faith
in God) just a little of the remarkable progress and success made by the
American Colored people during their fifty-eight years of freedom.

But the Negro youths who read these following pages should ever bear
in mind that the members of their race who have climbed and mounted
these rounds of success have only been able to do so through the guidance
and care of God; through the unswerving determinations and ceaseless
struggles on the part of themselves and through the hearty good-will and
brotherhood helpfulness of the thousands of American white people who
are today true and loyal friends of the American Colored people.

THE COLORED RACE IN THE WARS OF THE U. S.

In the Colonial, French and Indian Wars

(1704-1759)

E ven farther back than 1704 Colored freemen and slaves showed their
braveness and fighting abilities by taking active parts in helping the
white plantation owners to protect and preserve their homes from the
justly aggrieved Indians. Around the above date and the period between the
years 1708 and 1718 a series of Colonial and Indian wars took place. These
conflicts stretched from little but dignified Rhode Island (Queen Anne’s
War) through the Tuscarora Indian War down to the Yamassee Indian War
that for a time threatened to wipe away the rice and indago colony of South
Carolina. Included among these military operations were the French and
Indian Wars in which many Negroes gave good accounts of themselves,
foremost among them being Sam Jenkins and Israel Titus who showed
unusual braveness under the commands of General Washington and
Braddock.

IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR

(1775-1783)

Crispus Attucks

His statue stands in Boston park
To tell the sacred battle mark
Where first his life met death’s decree
So freedom to these States could be.
—Harrison

A LTHOUGH such records cannot be found on the pages of the United
States histories used in the American public schools, a trip to cultured
Boston will enable one to read on the monuments in public squares and
in the public libraries the name and facts about the glorious deeds of that
pioneer Negro patriot, Crispus Attucks who fell as the first American martyr
in the Boston Massacre of 1770. It is also in the Puritan records of New
England where one may learn about Peter Salem, the Colored soldier who
avenged the death of the first seven American martyrs at Lexington and
Concord by slaying Major Pitcairn, the British officer who in company with
his men charged against the Colonists at Bunker Hill. Among the hundreds
of other men of color who took parts in those fierce skirmishes were Salem
Poor, reported at the Commander’s office for extraordinary bravery at
Bunker Hill, and “Black Prince” cited for unexcelled gallantry at Newport.
It is understood that among those who received pensions at the close of the
war were Cato Howe, A. Ames and T. Coburn.
Few know that it was a Colored man, Jordan Freeman, who timely and
mortally received on his ready spear point the British officer, Major
Montgomery as he daringly leaped, followed by his soldiers, over the walls
of Griswold, an American fort. Later on in that same battle of 1781 the
Colonists were over powered and compelled to surrender, whereupon the
American leader, Ledyard, courteously handed his sword to the British
officer in command. That unfair Englishman upon receiving the sword
immediately thrust it up to the hilt through the body of Ledyard. A Colored

soldier, Lambo Latham, who was standing near and saw the dastardly act,
made one mighty pantherlike leap and loyally avenged the death of his
American commander by plunging his bayonet clear through the body of
that ungallant Britisher. For that act of fidelity and patriotism, Lambo
Latham received over thirty bayonet stabs from the enemy before he
stopped fighting and gave his last breath for America and its white people
who at that moment were denying their Colored slaves the same sweet
freedom for which they were fighting to get from England.
Not only did “John Bull’s” subjects have to face human lions in the
forms of fighting Colored men, but they also had to feel the pains and fear
the death dealing blows of human tigeresses in the forms of Colored women
fighters. And all Americans who are truely proud of their country and its
real history should read and remember about one Molly Pitcher, who after
her husband had been killed in the battle of Monmouth, bravely took his
place at a cannon and nervely upheld America’s cause during the remainder
of that fierce and bloody conflict. Then there was the undaunted and
resourceful Deborah Gannet, who by assuming the name of “Bob Shurtliff”
entered the American army and went through more than one year of actual
battlefield fighting and camp life exposure. And during her entire service
she successfully kept her moral purity by cleverly hiding from the officials
and the soldiers the knowledge of her sex. This in other words read her war
record on a pension certificate granted to her after her honorable discharge
from the army. And there were doubtless many other unrecognized but
noble Negro women who entered numerous conflicts and gave their last
drop of blood and lives in order that the white colonists might enjoy the
freedom that their Colored brothers and sisters then saw no signs of ever
receiving.

In the War of 1812
(1812)
There are few people who know that one of the main causes of The War
of 1812 was on account of the British forcibly taking and compelling three
Americans (two Negroes and one Caucasian) to sail under the English flag.
It was in that same war that a Colored soldier, Jefferys, on seeing a body of
American troops retreating under heavy fires from the enemy, dashed to
their front, rallied them together, led their steps back and repelled the
British soldiers who were about to break through a very important but weak

point in General Jackson’s defense at Mobile. That general not only noted
that leadership rally but gave full credit and praise where it was due. He
also expressed gratefulness to the soldier of color whose ideas first
suggested the successful use of bales of cotton for breastworks in
fortifications. In the battles around New Orleans he looked with soldierly
pride upon the splendid fighting of his black troops.
When American school children learn from their United States histories
that clean-cut and famous naval battle report, “We have met the enemy and
they are ours” ..., such histories do not also inform their readers that the
personal pronouns “we” and “ours” so prominent in Commodore Perry’s
above message includes the heroic deeds of Colored sailors as well as
white. So when in reciting these stirring words their iron-charged bloods
suddenly gallop through their veins; their chests expand wide with national
pride; their heads jerk erect with proud fighting spirits and their eyes
sparkle bright with slumbering fires, such patriotic emotions have been
unknowingly and involuntarily aroused in true American youths because of
the loss of Colored blood and lives as well as of white in those lake battles.
And among those weather-beaten bronze “salts” were Jack Johnson (not our
present ex-champion heavyweight prize fighter of the world) and John
Davis who were both especially mentioned for distinguished service on the
schooner, “George Thompson.” That world known message of 1812 also
included many other Negro sailors who pitted their bravery and brawn
against the British “tars” in order to help Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry
to break the backbone of the War of 1812 by opening up a clear passage on
the Great Lakes. It was through that same newly made water path that
General William Henry Harrison (the hero of Tippicanoe, Log Cabin and
Hard Cider) and his seasoned famed Indian fighters were conveyed in order
to enter Canada where they completely defeated the artful Proctor and slew
the cunning Tecumseh in that savagely fought battle of The Thames. Thus
Colored fighters helped to end the foxy and wolfish Proctor-Tecumseh
partnership that had annoyed and tormented for so long the American
settlers on the Northern frontiers.

In the Mexican War
(1845-1847)
If it were possible for General Santa Anna to bodily slip back to earth,
personally mingle amid and chat with those of his soldier friends who are

still living; it is more than likely that among the many things talked over
they would seriously mention the fact of having caught many hasty glances
of dark fighting faces under command of the American Generals Taylor and
Scott who kept the Mexicans on a constant hop-step-and-a-jump around
Vera Cruz, Buena Vista and other places in that section.
On account of Negroes at that period being greatly removed from the
United States Army and State Militias, because of racial questions, it is not
likely that many Colored fighters had a chance to get busy in that one and a
half year backyard quarrel and fight. There was published in a Western
paper a few years ago an account of a Mexican War Colored veteran known
as Captain Jackson who died in Chicago, Ill., in 1894. And in order to have
received that military title, officially or unofficially he surely must have
used some brain power as well as much brawn force in helping to establish
America’s boundary line on the Southern frontier.

THROUGH THE “UNDERGROUND RAILROAD”

Every Local Was a Special

No thundering trains on iron laid tracks:
No steel made cars with cushioned backs:
No tickets punched by uniformed crews:
Yet a railroad it was: I’ll soon show you.

Fleet-footed horses on soft dirt roads
Stole by in nights with slavery loads
To stations anew further on the way
Where all were hid throughout the day.

Engineers, Conductors and Agents most
Were of Quaker stock—that Godly host,
Who through their silent night-dark roads
Transported blacks from slavery goads.
—Harrison.

M ANY years before the Civil War there was organized among the
Northern white and Christian people, mostly Quakers, a secret society
to help runaway slaves to escape from the South into the free states
and Canada. This society, on account of its hidden, winding and rapid ways
of carrying its fleeing and hunted passengers into places of freedom and
safety, was known as the “Underground Railroad”.
“As early as 1786, there are evidences of an underground road. A letter
of George Washington, written in that year, speaks of a slave escaping from
Virginia to Philadelphia, and being there aided by a society of Quakers
formed for the purpose of assisting in liberating slaves. It was not, however,
until after the War of 1812, that escaped slaves began to find their way by
the underground roads in considerable numbers to Canada.”
“From Maine to Kansas, all the northern States were dotted with the
underground stations and covered with a network of the underground roads.
It is estimated that between 1830 and 1860 over 9,000 slaves were aided to
escape by way of Philadelphia. During this same period in Ohio, 40,000
fugitives are said to have escaped by way of the underground railroad.”
Reference (Work’s Negro Year Book; page 167, 1918-1919 edition).

Without doubt, among the greatest workers in that society and truest
white friends to the freedom seeking slaves were; Calvin Fairbanks who
was arrested and kept for over fifteen years in Southern jails where he was
daily whipped until blood flowed from his back, just because he helped
human beings to get their freedom; Thomas Garrett who was jailed and had
to sell all his personal property and real estate to pay the fines imposed
upon him by the Southerners for doing the works of Jesus Christ by aiding
the weak and comforting the suffering. And when penniless Thomas Garrett
got out of jail he continued to help runaway slaves to find their freedom;
Samuel May whose Christianity helped thousands of Colored people to
enjoy the freedom due all human beings instead of suffering yokes and
chains belonging to dumb beasts of burden; and Levi Coffin, who was
recognized as the central electrical force that so powerfully and silently
drove on, and the chief consulting engineer who so watchfully kept in
motion the ever welloiled and frictionless machinery of the underground
railroad systems.

The following names are those of some of the leading free Colored
people who in every way possible were foremost in helping to liberate from
slavery their less fortunate race brothers and sisters in the South:
“Brown, William Wells.—Anti-slavery agitator. Agent of the underground railroad. Born a slave in
St. Louis, Mo., 1816.”
“Douglass, Frederick.—Noted American anti-slavery agitator and journalist. Born a slave at
Tuckahoe, near Easton, Maryland, February.., 1817. Died February 2, 1895.”
“Whipper, William.—Successful business man, anti-slavery agitator, editor of The National
Reformer.”
“Forten, James.—Negro abolitionist. Born in Philadelphia, September 6, 1776; died March 4, 1842.
Forten was a sail-maker by trade.”
“Harper, Mrs. Frances E. Watkins.—Distinguished anti-slavery lecturer, writer and poet. Born of free
parents, 1825, Baltimore, Maryland; died February 22, 1911.”
“Hayden, Lewis.—Born 1815, died 1889. Runaway slave from Kentucky to Boston, Abolitionist.”
“Ray, Charles B.—Anti-slavery Agitator. Agent Underground Railroad. Born Falmouth, Mass.,
December 25, 1807; died New York City, August 15, 1886. Congregational minister and editor of
the Colored American from 1839 to 1842.”
“Nell, William C.—Anti-slavery agitator and author of Boston. In 1840 was a leader in the agitation
for public schools to be thrown open to Negro children.”
“Lane, Lunsford.—Born a slave at Raleigh, N. C. He is placed in Prof. Bassett’s “History of the Anti-
Slavery Leaders of North Carolina” among the four prominent abolitionists of that State.”
“Purvis, Robert.—Anti-slavery agitator; chairman of the Philadelphia Vigilance Committee of the
Underground Railroad, and member of the first Anti-slavery Convention in 1833.”

“Redmond, Charles Lenox.—Born at Salem, Massachusetts, 1810, died 1873. First Negro to take
lecture platform as an anti-slavery speaker.”
“Russwurm, John Brown.—Born in Jamaica, 1799; died in Liberia, 1851. Editor of the first Negro
newspaper published in the United States, the “Freedmen’s Journal,” published in New York City,
1827.”
“Tubman, Harriet.—Fugitive slave and one of the most famous of the underground railroad
operators, died March 10, 1913.”
“Truth, Sojourner.—A noted anti-slavery speaker, born about 1775, in Africa. Brought when a child,
to America, she was sold as a slave in the State of New York.”
“Still, William.—Secretary of the Philadelphia Vigilance Committee of the Underground Railroad.
Born October 7, 1821, in Burlington County, New Jersey.”
“Walker, David.—First Negro to attack slavery through the press. Born free at Wilmington, North
Carolina, 1785.”
“Gibbs, Miffin Wistar.—Lawyer and anti-slavery agitator; born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April,
1823. He died in Little Rock, Ark., July 11, 1915.”
“Knights of Liberty.—In 1846 Moses Dickson and eleven other free Negroes organized at St. Louis,
The Knights of Liberty for the purpose of overthrowing slavery. Ten years was to be spent working
slowly and secretly making their preparations and extending the society.”
Reference: (Work’s Negro Year Book; pages 168-69-70-71, 1918-1919 edition)

To the Colored boys and girls who desire to learn more about such
mysterious underground railroad trains, that with their nervy and plucky
passengers holding on with all their might, were constantly diving into and
running under rivers as well as climbing upon and rolling down mountain
sides without ever being wrecked or seldom losing a passenger, the writer
begs to offer the following suggestion:
Any evening when such boys and girls suddenly get a burning thirst to
visit the “movies” and drink in the red-blooded and heroic screen capers of
a Wm. S. Hart, a Pearl White or a Douglass Fairbanks; let those boys and
girls go to the nearest library instead, secure a copy of William Still’s
“Underground Railroad Records”, and return home with it. In its stories
they will find just as hair-raising adventures and exciting escapes as are to
be found in any of Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes detective cases; between its
leaves they will find the same kind of serious wit and humor that smile up
from a Walt Mason newspaper article; from cover to cover they will find the
same kind of heart-rending and flesh-suffering word pictures that
Longfellow and other authors have so vividly painted in telling of the
expulsions and wanderings of the doomed Arcadians; but, last and most
important of all they will find every one of its pages to contain as true and
valuable American history as ever appeared in the writings of a Bancroft, a
Fiske, a Higginson, a Prescott or a Ridpath.

IN THE CIVIL WAR

(1861-1865)

Abraham Lincoln

On American pages of history space,
The world gives Lincoln the highest place,
For the triple service his life did give
So all men in freedom here could live.

When he signed his immortal name that day,
It meant that together the States must stay;
It lead the slaves to their freedom goals;
It washed one sin from the Rebels’ souls.
—Harrison

I F Colored men and women in the previous wars could become such
wonderful fighters and loyal Americans with no knowledge and little
hope of ever receiving freedom from their unnumbered slave sufferings
and sacrifices; then, how much braver and more patriotic would they be
when fighting with a new hope and full knowledge that their future freedom
depended upon the success of the side on which they were fighting? It is
needless to say that out of the more than one hundred forty thousand
Colored people who took active parts in the Civil War, there were countless
numbers of gallant and self-sacrificing deeds performed by them that were
only seen and noted by God. And those acts of valor and heroism that were
witnessed and recorded here on earth by mankind are so numerous that
space herein will not allow but the mention of a very few.

Captain Andre Cailloux was one of the bravest soldiers to fall in the
Union charge on Fort Hudson. It is said that his Company charged that fort
six times looking point-blank into the red-flaming, fire-spitting, bullet-
biting and smoke-breathing mouths of the enemy’s cannons, with a heavy
loss among his men in each charge. Feeling sure he was going to his certain
death, yet never flynching, a Colored soldier, Anselmas Plancianocis, who
was a color sergeant, uttered the following words to his commander before

departing to his post of duty within gun range and full view to the enemy;
“Colonel, I will bring back these colors in honor, or report to God the
reason why.” He never brought back the colors. At another time during the
noted battle at Fort Wagner, it was William Carney who upon seeing the
colors about to trail on the ground as they slipped from the relaxing grasp of
a dying comrade, quickly leaped to his side grabbed the flag staff and
planted it on the breastworks. When he in turn was severely wounded and
carried to the rear, he had just strength and breath enough to whisper,
“Boys, the Old flag never touched the ground.” Both artists and poets have
often come forth to paint and sing of the fierce fighting and brave stand
made by that famous 54th Massachusetts Colored Regiment and its fearless
and beloved white commander, Col. Robert Gould Shaw. He fell in the
thickest of the battle surrounded by hundreds of his wounded and dying
Colored troops whom he had watched over as a loving father and always
led as a fighting officer. Although Col. Shaw and his men were greatly
outnumbered by the enemy who repulsed their attack at Fort Wagner, the
Colored soldiers, who had marched continually a day and a night without
stopping and then pitched right into fighting without rest or food, proved to
both the North and South that they were among the bravest of brave
soldiers.
Civil War veterans now living, and when meeting each other usually
become so excited when tongue fighting their battles over again that they
forget for the time being all about their rheumatics and, throw away their
canes as they hop about trying to imitate their former military actions in
battles. Those who were there take delight in telling how Gen. Fitzhugh Lee
and his prancing Old Dominion well trained white soldiers met their
“Waterloo” in Fort Powhatan at the hands of the belittled and untrained
slave troops. It was at Fort Harrison in Virginia that the Southerners on
seeing Negro troops charging on the fort, taunted them with, “Come on
darkies, we want your muskets.” Eye witnesses say that the so-called
“darkies” being so used to obeying orders really did take the guns to the
fort, but several hours afterwards when the smoke had cleared away it was
seen that those Rebels who had remained to accept the muskets had
received the bayonet ends through their bodies instead of the trigger ends
into their hands. Gen. B. F. Butler’s records show that his ten regiments of
ex-slave soldiers brought victory and fame all along their fighting lines.

Aside from the chief motive to help free themselves, without doubt one
of the main things that spurred the Negro men to fight so valiantly was their
constant memory of Fort Pillow. At that fort were stationed 292 Northern
white soldiers and 262 Colored troops, all under the command of Major L.
F. Booth. On the twelfth of April 1864 that place was surrounded by a much
larger Confederate force under Generals Chalmers and Forest and ordered
to surrender. Upon the fort refusing to do so, the Rebels closed in with their
usual battle cry, “No Quarter”. And then as they broke in the fort and
overpowered the handful of Union men, there began a scene of
unmentioned butchering and slaughtering of Northern white soldiers and
Colored ex-slave men, women and children that far surpassed in
horribleness the massacre of Custer and his faithful little band by the Sioux
chief, Sitting Bull and his merciless Indian warriors. So after that whenever
Colored men entered battles their answer to the Rebel’s “No Quarter” was a
challenge “Remember Fort Pillow,” and times too numerous to mention did
Negro soldiers fully avenge that awful massacre of their comrades on that
April day in Fort Pillow.
By reading the battlefield records of Gen. Thomas at Miliken’s Bend;
Gen. Morgan at Nashville; Gen. Blount at Henry Springs; Gen. Smith at
Petersburg; Generals S. C. Armstrong, B. F. Butler and O. O. Howard at
other vital places, as well as the fighting records made in Virginia at Wilson
Wharf, Deep Bottom, Fair Oaks, Hatchers Run and Farmville; full proofs
can be found regarding the Colored soldiers’ supreme brave fights made for
a twofold purpose—the saving of the Union and the freedom of themselves.
In summing up this part of this very important topic, the writer can think
of no better way of strengthening the truth of foregoing assertions relative
to Negro battlefield valour and loyalty in the Civil War than by quoting the
following: “When the battle test came these regiments justified the hopes
entertained by their sanguine friends.” This just and high tribute was paid to
Colored Civil War fighters by Comrade John McElroy, a white editor of
Washington, D.C., in the editorial correspondence of his National Tribune
published April 7, 1921. He had written about General Rufus Saxton of
Massachusetts taking military command of St. Helena Island, S. C. and
forming the thousands of idle Negro men into regiments during the early
stages of the Civil War.

On the Sea

In the month of June, 1861, the Union schooner, “S. J. Waring” was
captured by the Confederate privateer, “Jeff Davis”. All the crew of the
schooner, with the exception of a Colored man, William Tillman and two
white men, were taken from the ship and replaced by Rebel sailors. At an
opportune moment Tillman killed the Rebel captain and mate, drove all the
other Rebels at the point of a gun below deck and took full charge of the
ship. After ploughing through a terrific storm, during which time the Rebel
sailors were brought up and forced to help man the wave-tossed ship, the
Colored sailor safely guided the recaptured “S. J. Waring” into the harbor of
New York. For that nervy and patriotic act he received from the Federal
Government prize money amounting to six thousand dollars.
It was through the cool-headedness, gamesness and shrewd planning of
Robert Small, a man of color, that the Confederate gunboat, “The Planter”
was stolen out of Charleston Harbor, running the gauntlet of the Rebel’s
watchful forts and barking cannons and safely delivered into the hands of a
Northern squadron. In payment for this naval strategy Robert Small was
made captain of the gunboat he captured and during his service continued to
show marked fearlessness as a fighting sailor and unusual executive ability
as a commanding officer.
When the Civil War was finally ended by General Ulysses S. Grant of
the Union Army compelling General Robert E. Lee of the Rebel Army to
surrender at Appomattox Court House, Va., on April 9, 1865, the Colored
soldiers and sailors laid aside their warfare weapons with proud and
thankful feelings that they had been given such great chances to help fight
for and secure their own freedom.

ON THE PLANTATIONS

Broad-Mindedness

From African jungles to American shores,
Negroes were brought to do all the chores;
Though bought and sold without due blame,
They now forgive this country’s shame.
—Harrison.

T HE slaves who went into the battles of the Civil War came up to all the
standards of loyalty and bravery that had been set for them as fighting
soldiers. But it was left to the millions of Colored men who staid on the
plantations during the war to come up to and go far beyond the standards of
moral self-control and human just treatment set by their owners. The
Colored men who were in the war were really enjoying a temporary
freedom while they were fighting for a permanent freedom. But it was quite
different with the shackled men who staid on the plantations during the war.
They were then slaves not only one way but in three ways. First, they were
still slaves to their owners as they were yet under their control; secondly,
they were slaves to themselves inasmuch as they were their own bosses and
overseers to plant, cultivate and reap the crops in the absence of the white
men; thirdly and most important of all, they were slaves to the trust and
honor under which they had been left with the care and protection of the
white women and children on the plantations. And no records in history
have been found to show where those thousands of white wives, daughters,
mothers and sisters made complaints to their returned husbands, sons,
fathers and brothers about having forced upon them insulting and raping
attentions from those millions of slave men under whose whole care those
white women had been freely left and safely kept during the Civil War.
If those Colored men had wanted to copy the spiteful, revengeful and
immoral actions of most of their white owners, they could easily have
mistreated or destroyed all of those helpless white women and children in
revenge for the two hundred and forty-four years of unspeakable crimes
committed against their Colored womanhood by the Southern white slave
owners and overseers. Or the slaves could have run away, joined the Union

Army in a mass and left alone those destitute white women and children to
starve on the untilled plantations. But those men of the Negro race, not then
three hundred years from the underbrush of Africa, had under their dark
skins too much inborn manhood and brotherhood qualities to stoop down to
such beastily acts. They naturally grasped that grand and big opportunity to
show to the Southern white people and the rest of the watchful world (that
helplessly looked on in silence but with pitiful and admiring glances) that
they had in their characters and dispositions and knew when and how to use
them, the sterling principles of open-fairness, loyal friendliness, tender
feelings, human considerations, moral self-control and Christlike mercy.
It is undeniably true that as early as 1860 there were in the United States
over five hundred eighty-eight thousand Mulattoes. (Ref. Work’s Negro
Year Book, page 432, 1918-1919 edition). Among that large number many
thousands were beautiful and innocent girls who were either retained as
their white owners’ immoral mistresses on Southern plantations or sold
hither and thither from the Potomac River to the Gulf of Mexico to be
forced into shameful and degraded lives a thousand-fold more friendless,
unhappy and unprotected than Longfellow’s wandering Evangeline.
As the Civil War did not begin until 1861, it is readily seen that those
one half million and more Mulattoes were not the results of slave men
forcing immoral attentions upon the white women and girls left under their
personal cares during the four years of the Civil War. But those half-
Colored, half white people were the undeniable results of the brutal rapings
of white plantation owners and overseers upon their helpless and
unprotected black slave women for over two hundred years. So is it strange
that fair and pure minded white people throughout the world, knowing and
seeing all around them today the increased results of those first beastily
actions by immoral members of their own race, listen without interest but
with shame and impatience whenever, through sheer politeness, they are
compelled to remain as audiences before certain classes of Southern men
who for centuries (including today) have been talking through mouth and
press about keeping their Southern white blood untainted and unstained?
Colored boys and girls, therefore, should not become down-hearted and
discouraged when they read in newspapers or hear from platforms such
Southern white men writing or making such “Jekel-Hyde” talks; because
close-observing, sound-reasoning and fair-judging white people in the
South, in the North and throughout the world fully understand the whole

situation and do not in the least take such Southern false utterances
seriously. In fact they usually cannot keep from laughing at the funny side
of the whole thing and say among themselves, “How absurd.”
No one but God knows the number of deceived Southern white married
women who during slavery days secretly worried themselves sick, slowly
pined away and silently died of broken hearts in their richly furnished
colonial mansions, because of the ever haunting, taunting and stinging
knowledge that their unfaithful, disloyal and immoral husbands as well as
being the fathers of their white wives’ children were also the fathers of their
slave mistresses’ Mulatto offsprings. So is it surprising that clean-living,
clean-thinking and justice-loving white people always exchange knowing
winks with their friends and hurriedly put handkerchiefs up to their mouths
in order to hide disgusted features and weary yawns whenever they find
themselves in places where they have to listen to certain classes of Southern
white men who for centuries (including today) have been boasting from
platform and press about their unsurpassed and unexcelled fidelity and
chivalry to their Southern white womanhood? Instead of losing their
ambitions and hopes when hearing and reading such blaspheming words
against their race and progress, Colored boys and girls should take on new
hope and redouble their efforts in striving to become even more devout
Christians, higher learned students, better skilled industrial workers and
fuller law-abiding citizens. In reference to the inferiority of their colors,
Colored youths should remember that the prettiest thing in the world (the
rainbow) is Colored, and yet, no one is able to resist the fascinations of its
archful beauty or forget the consolations of its floodless promise, just
because Nature with splashing rain drops and flashing sun rays oft ribbons
the sky with rainbow hues.
No one but God knows the number of black slave women who moaned
their heart strings loose and died of broken spirits either in their one-
roomed log cabins or out in fence-cornered fields, because of the ever
torturing knowledge that the virtues and womanhoods of themselves and
the chaste maidenhoods of their immatured and innocent daughters had
been repeatedly and forcibly taken or sold by their white owners and
overseers. Yet, not one of those white rapists was lynched, tortured and
burned at the stake by Negroes, not even at the close of the Civil War when
there were thousands of ex-slave holders living in some Southern districts
where the Colored people outnumbered the white people five to one. And

surely, after gallantly fighting through the thickest and hottest battles of the
war, it was not fear nor cowardice that held those Colored men from
avenging the unprintable immoral wrongs forcibly done for over two
hundred years to their unprotected and helpless Colored women. But, it was
the living up to and the carrying out of a certain high civic principle of their
African tribal laws that they had inherited and which prevented the ex-
slaves from striking such a revengeful blow upon the Southern whites. For
among savage tribes in Africa the universal punishment for raping was
certain death; different tribes having different methods of dealing out that
penalty. But that punishment was never dealt out by a mob. Those tribes so
respected and obeyed the laws under which they lived and were governed
that as savage as they appeared to be, they always had enough self-control
over their tempers and passions to leave the captures, trials, convictions and
executions of such offenders to be carried out by their chiefs and their
assistants who had been put in their offices for such purposes. And since
America had made laws and appointed officers who should have caught,
tried, convicted and punished those Southern white men who raped enough
black women to cause the birth of over a half million Mulattoes, the ex-
slave men felt that even if those laws had not been enforced by people who
had been selected to do so, it was not their rights to take the laws into their
own hands by forming themselves into lynching mobs. They felt that just as
raping of either black or white women is a most damnable crime; so is
lynching either by black or white mobs a most hellish sin. In making
comparisons between the ancient laws of Nippur and the modern laws of
the United States, relative to slaves, the world-famed journalist, Arthur
Brisbane, in the June 22, 1920 issue of the New York American, under the
title, “Today”, wrote in part as follows:
“Five thousand years ago some laws were better than those of our day.
“For instance, in those ancient laws, if a slave woman had a child, the
father being her owner, the mother and the child were set free. In
magnificent America, in Lincoln’s day, thousands of slave children, with
slave owners for fathers, were sold in the public markets.”
Now, not for one moment do intelligent and law-abiding Colored
citizens uphold or make excuses for the brutish crimes committed by the
degenerate members (and there are many) of their own race. For they fully
realize that it means a faster and higher progress of all their people to have
Colored criminals punished to the fullest extent of the law, after they have

been given the same fair trials, convictions and sentences that are handed
out to the thousands of white criminals who commit the same kind of
crimes. And just as Colored degenerates are disgusting and shameful to up-
right living white people, so are white degenerates disgusting and shameful
to up-right living Colored people. Thus the broad-minded and law-abiding
Colored and white citizens now mutually know that it is for the greater
advancement of both races and a closer brotherhood combining of all
Americans for them to see to it, as far as possible, that all criminals be
rightly protected when arrested, given fair trials, safely guarded after
sentenced and fully punished in a confinement where they cannot further
morally lower themselves nor longer dilute the purity of human society.
And in thus far carrying out their Christian duties for the elevation of
humanity, good Colored and white people are contented in knowing that for
those criminals of both races who are shrewd enough to escape the
detection and punishment of earthly laws, there is a Heavenly law that
never fails to punish them at the proper time. And even while on their death
beds those evil doers are twisting and turning in mental and bodily
sufferings, they will not on account of their torturing pains be able to
truthfully and peacefully chant such consoling lines that are found in
Tennyson’s poem “Crossing The Bar”, nor will their names be written in
that “Book of Gold” where it is said Abou Ben Adhem had his name
inscribed above all of those who loved the Lord, because he (Abou Ben
Adhem) loved all his fellowmen.

FOLK-LORE SONGS OF THE AMERICAN NEGRO

Different Emotions
Prayer
From lips of slaves with age bent low,
Wet prayers burst forth in deepest flow
To God above that some new light
Would slaves unborn save from such plight.

Work
Down they went the great long rows
Swinging scythes and chopping hoes
In time with cheerful labor songs
To ease the work and sting of thongs.

Song
“Camp Meetin” times were when their songs
Rang loose full pathos of slave wrongs,
And pent-up hearts with anguish fills
Were drained as springs on sloping hills.

Play
When work was done and nights were theirs,
They oft did have most jolly fairs
Quilting rags or shucking corn
With laughter, dance and fiddles worn.
—Harrison.

“T HE only American music”. This is the terse, sincere and high
comment made quite a number of years ago by Edward Everett Hale,
author of “A Man Without a Country”, in relation to the rightful
recognition and value of the American Negro melodies sung on the
Southern plantations during slavery. Since then, well-read, well-bred and
music loving people of both races have come to fully recognize,
acknowledge and appreciate the truthfulness of the above compliment.

For many years after their freedom great number of ex-slaves harbored
bitter dislikes toward these songs because they so clearly and painfully
reminded them of their past ill-treatment and sufferings during slave days.
Most of their children caught this feeling direct from their parents or
indirectly through their own vivid imaginations formed from what they had
heard about slavery. But quick and deep understanding people of both races
soon found in these crude tuneful words something far more interesting and
touching than mere memories of slavery sins and sufferings—they saw and
felt in such weird and original chants the most beautiful and truest life
pictures of the true soul that it is possible for human being to paint with
colorful and verbal expressions of tear moistened sorrows and smile dried
joys. Thus music lovers and masters began at once to value this music as
among the most precious finds to be added to their treasuries of folk-lore
songs.
World recognized Negro music transposers and composers are today
taking these rough, crude and half-savage chants and, without destroying
their originalities of construction or pureness of quality, lifting them from
the lowest depths of ignorant fun-making burlesquers to the highest level of
intelligent and serious-minded music admirers. And throughout the musical
world today celebrated chorus leaders, conductors, etc., of both races in
giving even operatic recitals indicate by their programs rendered that they
consider no first-class recital complete unless one or more of its numbers
are expressions of Negro folk-lore music as Burleigh, Dett, Diton, Work
and others have so classically elevated them. These broad-minded and just
manifestations are gradually causing the general public to become more
interested in, give more serious thought to, and show more appreciation of
the true dignity and value of these melodies. They are also rapidly
educating the American Colored people as a mass not to hate and cast aside
but to love and preserve this music as a race pride heritage so costly
purchased and handed down by their fore-parents and as one of the most
valuable and rare features of American history.
Among the foremost composers, singers and lecturers in the Negro race
who are giving tremendous aid and are largely responsible for the
development of the above favorable sentiments are Cleveland G. Allen,
New York, N. Y., Harry Burleigh, New York, N. Y., R. Nathaniel Dett,
Hampton, Va., Carl Ditson, Phila., Pa., E. Azalia Hackley, Detroit, Mich.,
Kathleen P. Howard, Birmingham, Ala., J. Wesley Jones, Chicago, Ill.,

Jennie C. Lee, Tuskegee, Ala., Nellie M. Mundy, New York, N. Y., Jas. A.
Mundy, Chicago, Ill., F. J. and J. W. Work.

THROUGH RECONSTRUCTION DAYS

Frederick Douglass

Oft in the past has his life been told,
And others again should it oft unfold
To learn of the greatness he did reap,
As orator, editor, statesman deep.

The following lines of marginal flight
Show a Negro’s rise from depth to height:
Fred Douglas unknown in slavery shame
Elevated his name to the Hall of Fame.
—Harrison.

I N taking a swift but careful glance back to that historical and red-letter
year of 1863, it will be noted that there was born at that time into these
United States a form of whole liberty that had been fathered and
nourished by the world-beloved Abraham Lincoln. Before the above date
this country had existed under only a one-sided liberty that had been won
from the English for the white Americans by the illustrious George
Washington. But it was left for Abraham Lincoln to win for the United
States a two-sided liberty by cutting the chains of slavery from the wrists
and ankles of the black Americans and also refreeing the white Americans
by unchaining from their souls the slave-holding temptations they had
become too weak-minded to resist and too selfish to give up of their own
accord.
As soon as the Colored people had passed out from the sufferings of
slavery, they were at once compelled as free, but ignorant, homeless and
penniless, people to begin their upward struggles and progress through a
reign of terror. This reign of terror was caused by the brutal treatment and
murdering of thousands of innocent Colored people and the destruction of
their properties by an uneducated, uncivilized and unchristianized element
of Southern white people who were known as “Night Riders”, “Ku Klux
Klan”, etc., of whom the best minded white people even in the South were
ashamed.

But the sturdy and hopeful Colored people came through that awful
ordeal as they had come through slavery, with increasing determination and
greater efforts to push forward and upward to the best and highest things in
life. However, it was only their unfaltering trust in God that gave them
enough hopeful vision in the future; it was only their gratitude to and
appreciation of their Northern and Southern white aiding friends that
retained them enough patience and faith in mankind; it was only their
keenness to see the funny side of life’s happenings that enabled them to
laugh and keep cheerful; it was only their ability and willingness to do any
and all kinds of hard work that enabled them to sleep through the whole
nights with peaceful minds; and it was only their great big healthy
(everlasting-non-fasting) appetites that gave them enough vitality, stamina,
physical strength and energy-plus to pass through those years of body
sufferings and spirit crushings and safely reach their present stages of
upward progress and onward success.
Thus the Negro race has proven that just as a red-blooded, self-
confident, self-reliant and resourceful individual cannot rest with a peaceful
and happy mind as long as staying in the easygoing, smoothly-worn and
narrow “rut” of a least-resistance, non-progressive position, but fearlessly
steps out with a determined mind, hopeful heart and unbounded enthusiasm
to face and overcome the ups-and-down of this rough-and-ready world that
finally yields up to that individual his or her well-earned and genuine
success; so will a race of people of similar qualities and aspirations be
restless until it wades and crawls out of a miry and stagnant pool of
ignorance and poverty and enters a channel of freshly flowing active
thoughts where it can freely swim abreast in fair competition with other
races in order to reach those distant ports of Christian service, citizenship
usefulness, financial independence, self culture and human helpfulness.
While the Negro race in the United States succeeded in swimming into
that channel in 1861, it has never been allowed, like other races therein, to
use either a rapid-lunging and noisy over-head double-arm stroke or a swift-
gliding and noiseless under-water crawl-stroke; but, has been compelled to
paddle along using a one-arm bull-frog stroke, having one leg and arm tied
together with strings of race discriminations, the entire racing course
clogged with floating debris of public decayed sentiments and a plaited cord
of race jealousy-envy-spite tied to the big toe of the free leg that has been
roughly and constantly yanked back throughout the swim. With all that

prejudiced and unsportsmanlike handicap, the American Colored people
have increased their ownership of homes from twelve thousand in 1866 to
six hundred thousand in 1919; they owned in 1910 over two hundred
thousand farms that with other real estate holdings comprised twenty-one
million acres of land; in 1866 they ran a little over two thousand business
enterprises and in 1919 they had increased that number to fifty thousand
business concerns doing a volume of business amounting to about one
billion two hundred million dollars; in 1919 there were annually being spent
for their education fifteen million dollars; starting out in 1866 with seven
hundred churches they kept on building and buying Houses of God until in
1919 they owned forty-three thousand such buildings valued at more than
eighty-four million dollars; and while the American Colored people in 1866
were worth twenty million dollars, they continued to earn and save money
until in 1919 they had accumulated a wealth of one billion one hundred
million dollars. (above figures extracted from Work’s Negro Year Book,
1918-1919 edition, pgs. 1-2-345.)
There are located in over 25 States throughout the Union nearly a
hundred towns and villages that are inhabited and governed wholly by
Colored people. The largest of these settlements is described below.

BOLEY, OKLAHOMA
Boley, Oklahoma, was founded on September 22, 1904 by two Colored
men, T. M. Haynes and James Barnett, and since then has enjoyed the
greatest growth of any exclusive Negro community in the United States.
There is a population of 2,500 in the city and 1,200 in the adjoining district.
There are no white people living in the city and all of the farms within a
distance of 8 to 10 miles are owned, with but few exceptions, by Colored
farmers who possess as much as 900 acres individually. Farming is the chief
industry of the community and about 90 per cent of the population own
modern homes, many of them costing $5,000 and more.
All of the city offices, telephone exchange, telegraph office, depot
agency, Post Office (only Third Class one in the world totally run by
Negroes) are conducted by Colored people. All the business establishments
and industries, that are of nearly every kind including several cotton gins
are owned and carried on by Negro business men and women, one merchant
being worth $100,000.00. The city has its own paved streets, electric light

plant, ice plant, water system, and modern city High School costing
$20,000, two private newspapers and a private Bank.
Some of the important buildings and institutions in the city are the State
School of the C. M. E. Church that has a modern three-story $20,000
building; the Masonic three-story Temple; The Widow and Orphan Home of
the U. B. F. Grand Lodge; the $150,000 State Tubercular Sanitarium for
Negroes; and seven churches with creditable buildings. Prospects are so
promising that the community is expecting to have oil wells within the next
two or three years.
This is not a bad record for such a handicapped life swimmer as the
Negro Race is compelled to be in the United States and certainly proves
that, when it comes to keeping a lead-weighted body above the water
surface and at the same time make progress up a rough stream against a
strong down-flowing prejudiced current, the Negro, if he really is a fifth
cousin to the foolish, noisy, frolicsome and “Call Of The Wild” goose
family, he is also a first cousin to the sensible, industrious, frugal, quiet,
dignified and home-loving swan family.

IN CONGRESS

I T is a most remarkable fact that only seven years after the emancipation
of his race, Hiram R. Revels, a Colored man, entered the United States
Congress as a senator from Mississippi. But it becomes a two-fold
remarkable and interesting fact when one learns that the Congressional seat
taken by Revels was the chair made vacant by Jefferson Davis who left
Congress and the Union side to join the Confederacy where he later became
its president and leader to keep Negroes in slavery. That explains the
question so many people have asked why Revels only served one year
(1870-1871) in the Senate. He was elected to serve the last year that Jeff
Davis had left unfinished in his term when he went over to the Rebel forces.
B. K. Bruce, also from Mississippi, served a full term of six years in the
Senate. So far those two have been the only Colored men to be seated and
serve in the U. S. Senate. In 1872, P. B. S. Pinchback, a Colored man, was
elected to the U. S. Senate, but the right of the Legislature to legally elect a
senator was challenged. The contention was urged that the Legislature itself
was not legally elected. The contest lasted four years and ended with seven
Republican Senators voting with the Democrats to deny him the seat. He
was later given four years salary as a senator. During the period of
Reconstruction right after the Civil War this same Colored man was elected
and served as Lieutenant-Governor of Louisiana and once while the
Governor, W. P. Kellogg was absent from the State for a brief period, Lt.
Gov. P. B. S. Pinchback acted as Governor of Louisiana.
J. R. Lynch was elected from Mississippi to the U. S. House of
Representatives. Other Colored men who have been members in the House
were as follows: Louisiana sent J. H. Menard and C. E. Nash; Georgia sent
J. T. Long; Alabama sent B. S. Turner, J. T. Rapier, and J. Harlson; Virginia
sent J. M. Langston; Florida sent J. T. Walls; South Carolina took the lead in
numbers by sending R. B. Elliott, R. C. DeLarge, R. H. Cain, A. J. Ransier,
Robert Small, T. E. Miller, G. W. Murray, and J. H. Rainey who by being
elected five times exceeded any other Negro in length of service (ten years)
in the House. But it was left for North Carolina to “Tar Heel” in the rear of
that Congressional noble march by sending the latest Colored member to
Congress in the person of the late George H. White, who as a

Representative had been proceeded from that same state in the same branch
of the U. S. Legislature by J. Hyman, J. E. O’Harra and H. P. Cheatham.
(extracts from Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pg. 207.)

In The U. S. Diplomatic Service
While a U. S. Senator or Representative acts in the Legislature at
Washington, D.C. as spokesman for a few thousand people living in a
certain section of the state that elects him; a Minister or Consul to foreign
countries acts as a spokesman for all the millions of American citizens
living in all the United States of America. Thus, while the Colored
Congressman held a very honorable and influential federal position; the
Colored man who had served either as a minister or consul to foreign lands
was the one who really shouldered the highest and most responsible
Government position ever accorded to an American Colored person.
Some of those of the Race who have served in this last named branch of
the Government are: A. H. Grimke, Minister to San Domingo, E. D.
Bassett, Frederick Douglas, J. S. Durham, S. A. Furness, and L. W.
Livingston, Ministers and Consuls to Haiti; T. M. Chester, Dr. J. R.
Grossland, J. L. Johnson and E. W. Lyons, Consul and Ministers to Liberia;
Jas. Weldon Johnson, Consul to Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, to Corinto,
Nicaragua and to the Azores; J. C. Carter, and M. Wistar Gibbs, Consuls to
Madagascar; Wm. H. Hunt and W. A. Jackson, Consuls to France; R. T.
Greener, Consul to Vladivostok; W. J. Yerb, Consul to Dakar, West Africa.
(some of above extracts from Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition,
pg. 208).
Others of the Race who have in the past or are at present holding
important Federal positions are Chas. W. Anderson, Collector of Internal
Revenue, New York City; E. T. Attwell, Director of Negro Industries during
the World War; Dr. Bozerman, Postmaster of Charleston, S. C.; R. W.
Bundy, Secretary to Legation in Liberia; Phil H. Brown, Commissioner of
Conciliation in the U. S. Labor Dept.; J. E. Bush, Receiver of Public
Money, Kansas; B. K. Bruce, Register of Treasury, Washington, D.C.; J. A.
Cobb, Ass’t U. S. District Attorney, Washington, D.C.; C. S. Cottrell,
Collector of Internal Revenue, Honolulu; W. S. Cohen, Land Office
Commissioner, La.; Wm. Crum, Collector of Customs, Charleston, S. C.; J.
C. Dancy, Recorder of Deeds, Washington, D.C.; J. H. Deveaux, Collector

of Customs, Savannah, Ga.; Frederick Douglas, Recorder of Deeds and U.
S. Marshall of the District of Columbia; Miss Helen Erwin, Director of
Colored Industrial Housing, during World War; H. O. Flipper, Special Ass’t
to the Alaska R. R. Commissioner; Geo. E. Haynes, U. S. Director of Negro
Economies, during the World War; Perry W. Howard, Special Ass’t U. S.
Attorney General; E. H. Hewlett, Judge, Municipal Court, Washington,
D.C.; Henry Lincoln Johnson, Recorder of Deeds and Republican National
Committeeman, Washington, D.C.; J. E. Lee, Collector Internal Revenue,
Florida; Wm. H. Lewis, Ass’t U. S. Attorney General, Boston, Mass.; Jas
Lewis, Collector of Port, La.; Judson W. Lyons, Register of U. S. Treasury,
Washington, D.C.; Wm. Matthews, Ass’t U. S. District Attorney, Boston,
Mass.; Whitfield McKinley, Collector of Port, Georgetown, D.C.; J. C.
Napier, Register of U. S. Treasury, Washington, D.C.; J. B. Peterson, Chief
Deputy Collector, Internal Revenue, Porto Rico; ex-Lieut. Gov. P. B. S.
Pinchback, Special Agent Internal Revenue, New York; Dr. C. V. Roman,
Field Secretary in Venereal Medical Division of U. S. Army, during World
War; H. E. Rucker, Collector Internal Revenue, Ga.; Emmett J. Scott,
Special Commissioner to Liberia, and Special Ass’t Secretary to Secretary
of War, during World War; Robert Small, Collector of Port, Beaufort, S. C.;
R. L. Smith, Deputy U.S. Marshall, Texas; Robert H. Terrell, Judge,
Municipal Court, Washington, D.C.; Ralph W. Tyler, Auditor of Navy, and
Foreign War Correspondent, during World War; W. T. Vernon, Register of
U. S. Treasury, Washington, D.C.; and S. Laing Williams, Ass’t U. S.
District Attorney, Chicago, Ill.

In State Legislatures
Upon being elected in 1866 to the Massachusetts House of
Representatives, C. L. Mitchell and E. G. Walker, became the first Colored
men to serve in any state legislature in America. Since that time up to the
present day nearly a thousand men of the Race have served as
Representatives in different state legislatures. Some of those having been
elected within the past few years as members of state congressional bodies
are as follows:
W. G. Alexander, New Jersey; J. C. Asbury, H. W. Bass and A. F.
Stevens, Pennsylvania; J. A. Brown, H. E. Davis and H. C. Smith, Ohio; J.
C. Coleman, H. J. Copehart, J. M. Ellis, E. H. Harper, T. G. Nutter, C.
Payne and H. H. Railey, West Virginia; W. R. Douglass, A. H. Roberts and

S. B. Turner, and Robt. R. Jackson, Illinois; J. C. Hawkins, New York; E. A.
Johnson, N. Y.; W. M. Moore, Missouri; F. M. Roberts, California and J. M.
Ryan, District of Columbia.

In City Government
The following names are those of a few of the many Colored politicians
scattered throughout the country who are earnestly and intelligently helping
their city governments to direct old and make new laws for the welfare of
all races in their represented districts:
Councilman J. A. Adams, Annapolis, Md.; Alderman L. B. Anderson,
Chicago, Ill.; Councilman J. Brown, Urbana, Ohio; Councilman V.
Chambliss, Mounds, Ill.; Councilman R. A. Cooper, Philadelphia; ex-
Alderman Oscar De Priest, Chicago, Ill.; Councilmen T. W. Fleming,
Cleveland, Ohio, S. A. Furniss, Indianapolis, Ind., W. M. Fitzgerald,
Baltimore, Md.; Alderman, G. W. Harris, and Assemblyman J. C. Hawkins,
New York City, N. Y.; Alderman J. H. Hopkins, Wilmington, Del.;
Alderman H. R. Jackson, Chicago, Ill.; Councilman Robt. R. Jackson,
Chicago, Ill.; Assemblyman E. A. Johnson, New York City, N. Y.;
Councilman W. T. McQuinn, Baltimore, Md.; C. Scott, Worcester, Mass,
and H. St. Clair, Cambridge, Md.; Alderman T. E. Stevens, Cleveland,
Tenn.; Councilmen H. Ward, Nicholasville, Ky. and F. F. Wright, Boston,
Mass.; Committeeman E. H. Wright, Chicago, Ill. (some of the above
names are extracts from Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, page
54.) Milton White and Amos Scott are very prominent in Phila., Pa. politics
as well as unusually successful businessmen.

IN THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

W HENEVER Colored people hear mentioned the Spanish-American
War, their first thoughts naturally dig up proud memories of the 9th
and 10th Colored Cavalries, the 24th and 25th Colored Regiments,
The 8th Illinois, Ohio Battalion and others bravely facing raining shot and
shell pouring down from the hill tops of El Caney and San Juan. And ever
will it go down in history that they were members of the celebrated 10th
Colored Cavalry who while fighting on San Juan Hill sprang to the timely
rescue of the late Colonel Theodore Roosevelt and his famous Rough
Riders and saved them from certain and horrible deaths at the hands of the
merciless Spaniards.
But why here go further into details regarding the conduct of Colored
men in that war when the official reports of such capable warriors and
experienced military judges as Major-Generals W. R. Shafter, J. F. Kent, H.
W. Lawton, Joseph Wheeler, Colonel (now General) Leonard Wood and
other high commanding officers give rightful credit and praise to the
Colored soldiers who displayed such remarkable patriotism and heroism in
that short and fierce “There’ll be a Hot Time in the Old Town To-night”
war? (This quotation is the title of a very popular tune sung during this war
by the American soldiers and civilians.)
When Hobson made his dare-devil and world-famed sea trip through a
gauntlet of Spanish frowning guns, there were more than twenty-five
Colored sailors with him who then shared all of his dangers and later a little
of his fame. Another most important naval action centered around a Colored
sailor, John C. Jordan, Chief Gunner’s Mate, who on May 1, 1898 during
the battle of Manilla fired the first shot from the crusier, “Olympia,” flag
ship of the late Admiral Dewey. That was the shot that opened the first
decisive battle of the Spanish-American War as well as starting the
destruction of the modern Spanish Armada. It is surely in place to mention
here that Jordan entered the Navy as a third-class apprentice and was
honorably retired as a Chief Petty Officer after spending thirty of his best
years in the Navy working and waiting for “Uncle Sammy” to give him his
just recognition and “Aunt Liberty” to give him a fuller caress of
citizenship privileges.

In the Massacre at Carrizal
Another backyard quarrel and fight occured 1916 between the United
States and Mexico. The famous 10th Colored Cavalry, 24th and 25th
Colored Infantries were sent with Chicago National Guards to help watch
the American border. On the morning of June 21, 1916, two divisions of the
10th Cavalry, Companies C and K, wished to pass through Carrizal to reach
Villa Alunado. They were invited to come nearer for a friendly parley with
the Mexicans. As the American soldiers drew closer to the place many of
the Mexicans slyly, slowly and seemingly unconcerned quietly fell back,
spread out and in Indian style rapidly formed a circle around the little band
of unsuspecting Americans before they had really noticed what had been
done. At an unseen given signal the Colored troops were suddenly attacked.
They were outnumbered eight to one and in the engagement lost fifteen
killed, had nine wounded and twenty-three captured, who received much
inhuman treatment from the hands of their captors. Among the many brave
acts of heroism during the day’s fighting was the one of Peter Bagstaff, a
trooper of the 10th Cavalry, who in the very face of the Mexicans’ hailing
shots staid by the side of his mortally wounded Lieut. H. F. Adair, giving
that officer physical aid until death ended his sufferings.

IN THE WORLD WAR

(1914-1918)

James Reese Europe

All sing the praise of Europe’s Band
That took such cheer to “No Man’s Land”
His were the tunes that led in line
The Colored bands of famed jazz time.

When life got “blue” to soldier lads,
And thots of home made hearts so sad,
Clownish slurs on “Jim’s” freak slides (trombones)
Made big loud smiles in camps abide.

To kings and queens of “Over There”,
He always played his jazziest air;
And generals often sent for him
To come and please their music whim.

From depths to heights he upward grew:
Then sudden death shut out of view
That Negro Sousa’s hidden chords
A world has lost from Bandrom boards.
—Harrison.

R EGARDLESS of their two hundred and ninety-eight years of unstained
and unquestioned loyalty and patriotism in America, Colored people at
the time the United States was about to enter the World War, were made
to feel that they were not needed nor wanted in the conflict. And on many
occasions they were even told that the World War was not their affair but
was a “white man’s war.” Here is again shown where an inherited African
instinct—that of usually being able to sense some big future happening—
enabled the American Colored people to see far enough into the distance to
fully realize that white people who made such remarks were sadly
mistaken. Colored people then knew as all other people later found out that
they were as much concerned and needed in that world conflict as any and
all other races of people who took part in it.

But not until America was fearfully startled and sensibly awakened by
the rapid and persistent progress of the Germans into France did this
country reluctantly consent to give the Colored soldiers a half-fair chance
and part in the war. And even then their acceptances had more the
resemblances of the probationary trials of total strangers rather than the glad
welcomings of life-long and never-failing friends. In other words,
figuratively speaking, it was in the highly tempered crucibles of the World
War’s whitehot furnaces of universal conflict that Negro Americanism was
put through a retesting process, in order to determine the actual purity of its
material and abstract composition. As to the outcome of that unnecessary
and unjust retesting process, let the reader (like a minutely trained chemist)
sum up in accurate notations the final results, but only after carefully
weighing and reweighing the following analysis in the ever-balanced scales
of impartiality.
Henry Johnson, Albany, N. Y. and Needham Roberts, of Trenton, N. J.
were the first two Americans soldiers, Colored or white, who were honored
by the French Government with the much coveted Croix de Guerre. These
men were privates in the 369th Infantry, formerly the distinguished
Fifteenth New York National Guard Regiment, that had been brigaded with
French troops. It was during the loneliest and latest hours of a night in May,
1918 while Johnson and Roberts were on guard duty at an outpost on the
Front near the German lines that they were suddenly surrounded and
attacked by a raiding party of a score of German soldiers. Although the two
colored boys used their firearms with quickness and deadly aim to keep the
enemy off, the superior number of Germans, wounding Johnson three times
and Roberts twice, closed in on them in a hand-to-hand death struggle. They
soon had Roberts on the ground helpless, one German at his head and
another at his feet. Johnson noticing the sad plight of his loyal friend,
leaped forward like a wild cat at bay and with one mighty downward blow
of his bolo knife split wide open the head of the enemy who was strangling
Roberts. Then with a crouching pantherlike spring Johnson made a terrific
sweep with his trusty knife that completely opened the stomach of the
German at Roberts’ feet. Although on the ground covered with blood and
gore, Roberts upon thus being released immediately began to hurl hand
grenades among the enemy with telling effect. As the foe, with whose
stomach Johnson’s bolo knife had made such a deep and lasting
acquaintance, was the leader of the raiding party, the then thoroughly

frightened Germans suddenly lost their nerve, dropped their weapons,
picked up their helpless ones and made a hasty retreat. Some of the
Germans had been killed and many of the party received such wounds and
indelible marks that throughout their future lives they will always be
reminded that American Colored is a guaranteed fast dye (slow die) that
does not run.
Among the three hundred thousand and more Colored soldiers who
served in the United States Army during the World War, twenty thousand
were already prepared and in fighting trim when America declared war
against Germany. Those twenty thousand men were divided into the First
Separate Battalion of the District of Columbia; Company G, Tennessee
National Guards; First Separate Companies of Maryland and Connecticut;
Company L, National Guards of Massachusetts; Ninth Battalion of Ohio;
15th New York National Guard; Eighth Illinois Regiment; 9th and 10th
Cavalries; 24th and 25th Infantries. After spending the necessary time in
undergoing the proper government training, 639 Colored men took and
satisfactorily passed the required military examination, and on October 15,
1917 were commissioned at Fort Dodge as officers in the United States
Army. They were divided into 106 Captains, 329 First Lieutenants and 204
Second Lieutenants.
During and at the close of the great war, leading white newspapers vied
with each other in filling their columns about the unsurpassed bravery and
patriotism of Colonel “Bill” Hayward, the clear-headed and nervy white
commander and his seasoned Colored 15th Regiment of New York. It was
the first Colored combat regiment to go overseas and was brigaded with the
French fighting forces as the 369th Regiment. To his admiring Colored
soldiers, “Fighting Bill” Hayward was known as “The Hell Man” and to the
surprised Germans the Colored fighters of the old 15th Regiment were
frightfully known as the “Bloodthirsty Black Tigers.”
A few years before that time William Hayward had been elected the
youngest judge in Nebraska and was known in that state as her
“Handsomest Man”. But with all of that previous civic and social honor and
fame, “Fighting Bill” never forgot to be a real “white man” and gentleman
as well as a strict and just commander at all times to his Colored troops.
When resting in camp he regarded and treated them as human beings and
full American citizens, and when in the thickest of battles he did not ask
them to go where he dared not to venture, (if there ever was such a place).

In battlefield action he always led his men—he never followed them. This
explains why he and his “Black Tigers” won undying fame and glory by
holding a certain sector of trenches at Bois d’Hause Champagne for ninety-
one days and then charging in great victory over the top of Belleau Woods
and the bodies of falling Germans. It was during a very dangerous charge
that a French commander seeing Hayward and his Colored men about to
plunge into what seemed to be a sure death trap, ordered the American
fighters back. Big Bill Hayward was already in motion and shouted over his
shoulder, “My men don’t come back! They will go through hell, but they
won’t come back.” And with that parting farewell, the “Hell Man” and his
impatiently waiting “Black Tigers” plunged forward and were soon busy
serving to the open-mouthed enemy such a smoking hot dish of scrambled
shots, shells, and bayonets that in swallowing them down those war-hungry
Germans at once and for all times became completely filled and lost their
appetites for everything. On their return after so quickly and efficiently
serving such a well prepared menu, Hayward and his fighters were
decorated with the Croix de Guerre.
At Metz, Argonne Forest and St. Dis in the Sectors of Marbacne, Meuse
and Vosges, the newly trained 92nd Colored Division, mostly manned by
Colored officers, went into the thickest of the battles with such telling
effects that fourteen officers and forty-three non-officers were awarded the
Distinguished Service Cross. When those battles were over and the
survivors learned that they had lost from among their chums 209 killed in
action, 32 dead from wounds, 589 slightly or severely wounded, 700
overcome by the German’s scientific gases and 18 unaccounted for, the
92nd Division became even more convinced that it had well earned the
many honors and distinctions accorded to it.
Those regiments that were brigaded with the French Army were; the
369th, 370th, 371st, and 372nd Infantries. In the engagements of Marson-
en-Champagne, Minancourt and Bois d’Hause Champagne, the 369th
Infantry (N. Y. 15th) took an active part and it was at Marson-en-
champagne that the whole regiment was cited for deeds of valor and
awarded the Croix de Guerre. It was at Soissons Front that the most
formidable oppositions were successfully faced by the 370th Infantry
(Illinois 8th) that was commanded by Negro officers from Lieut. Col. O. B.
Duncan, down. The final capture of Hill 304 after a severe encounter by
that regiment proved to the Germans that those Colored lads had not

paddled across the “Big Pond” to learn the “Goose Step.” The loss of 1,065
out of 2,384 men signifies the serious activities of the 371st Infantry in the
Champagne Sector between September 18th and October 6th, 1918. Besides
the entire regiment receiving citation for extreme bravery, its regimental
colors were decorated. It was this regiment that broke a standing record at
that time by shooting down three German airplanes on the wing. The 372
Infantry took part in the fighting around Vacquois Sector and Argonne West,
places not very far from the celebrated Verdun. For distinguished service all
along the fighting lines the whole regiment was decorated with the Croix de
Guerre.
While the 369th (New York 15th) enjoyed the distinctions of being the
first Colored fighting organization to go overseas into action and the first
Allied division (Colored or white) to reach the banks of the Rhine; it was
the 370th (8th Illinois) Infantry that won the glory of probably fighting the
last engagement of the World War. It appears that on the morning of
November 11, 1918 the French commander sent word to the officer in
charge of the 370th Regiment to cease firing at 11 a.m. as the Armistice
would be signed at that hour. But the Colored troops were pressing forward
so rapidly after the enemy that it was long past 11 a.m. before the
messenger could overtake them. When he did finally ride up to the
regiment, it was just putting on the finishing “frills and frazzles” in
capturing a German army train and its crews of fifty supply wagons.
Through the untiring efforts of Dr. Joel E. Spingarn, one of the truest and
most loyal friends the American Colored people have today, Dr. W. E. B.
Dubois, Editor of the Crisis, Col. Charles Young, U. S. Army and many
other prominent Colored leaders and friends of the race, the Secretary of
War authorized on May 19, 1917 the establishment of an Officers’ Reserve
Training Camp for Colored soldiers at Fort Des Moines, Iowa. This is the
place where the 639 Colored men mentioned elsewhere in this article were
trained before being commissioned into the United States Army. After being
divided into as equal groups as possible these officers were ordered to
report on November 1, 1917 for regular duty in the following named camps:
Camp Dix, New Jersey; Camp Dodge, Iowa; Camp Funston, Kansas; Camp
Grant, Illinois; Camp Meade, Maryland; Camp Sherman, Ohio; and Camp
Upton, New York.

Special National Guards

It was just at that most critical time during the first months of this same
year, (1917) before the United States declared war against Germany, and
when no white man in America positively knew nor absolutely trusted any
other white man as to his real one hundred percent Americanism, that the
Administration called out the first Separate Colored Battalion of the District
of Columbia. This group of well trained and true loyal American soldiers
was made a Special National Guard to defend, from the enemies of the
Government, the Capitol, White House and other important Federal
buildings located in Washington, D.C. the Capital of the United States of
America. The mere fact that the Administration did not select a white group
of soldiers for such a purpose at such a critical time when spies of the
enemy were everywhere in every form proves without a doubt that the
American white people not only had to admit among themselves but were
forced to acknowledge to the whole world that this was one time in the
history of the country when they had not confidence enough in members of
their own race to intrust to them the Nation’s most valuable and delicate
assets and responsibilities, namely; its filed-away official records, its
treasuries of monies, its cherished honors and its liberty-loving
Government. And the necessary intrusting of such national assets and
responsibilities to the care of Colored soldiers reminded the outside world
(what American white people should never forget) that the Colored people
in the United States form the backbone of the American nation; especially
when the Nation is required to use that backbone in overthrowing such
white traitors of this country as the despised Benedict Arnold and such
white murderers of Presidents as the scorned J. W. Booth.
That Special Colored Guard of Honor was under a Colored commander,
Major James E. Walker, who at all times intelligently and fearlessly directed
and guided his men in so successfully carrying out that responsible and
trustworthy task. And it was on account of his constant exposure to all kinds
of early spring weather (They started guard duty March 25, 1917.) while
daily and nightly directing and watching the movements of his men, that
Major Walker contracted the incurable cold which resulted in his fatal
illness and untimely death just in the flower of his youth and in the
performance of one of the most confidential and mental-straining duties the
Nation could impose upon a citizen; guarding the history, good name,
wealth and liberty of one hundred ten million people.

ON THE SEA

“Of The People, By The People, For The People.”

On U. S. Ships, Colored men deserve
More than to cook or meals to serve;
And some are worthy of better fates
Than be only stewards and gunners’ mates.

Miss “Annapolis-Stevens” should never forget
Foreign nations are looking in shocking regret
At her vamping white boys, for caresses to get
In this School where one Colored has studied but yet.
—Harrison.

In regard to the Colored men who took part in Naval strifes on the high
seas, it has been estimated that at least ten thousand of them served in the
Navy during the World War. While they were not allowed to advance in the
Navy in proportion to their advancement in the Army, nevertheless, Colored
college graduates and students, fully knowing such facts, put aside for the
time being their educational ambitions and careers, entered the Navy and
patriotically as well as unselfishly served in the menial positions of
stewards, cooks and mess boys. And judging from the sleek full cheeks and
plump round bodies of the officers and sailors aboard the vessels, those
Colored boys, who were broad-minded and big-hearted enough to put down
college pride and take up in its place national patriotism, went into galley
and mess rooms and used the same kind of brain power in wrestling with
pots and pans, foods and dishes as they had so brilliantly used in tussling
with slippery mathematical, historical and linguistic problems when in their
college class-rooms.
And who but God has an accurate record of the noble deeds humbly
performed by many of those entrapped and unrescued Colored firemen and
stokers who to the very last possible moment kept up the motor powers of
their vessels in trying to outspeed and outdodge the death dealing
submarine torpedoes? Those swift snakelike missives were always aimed
and usually struck at either the life-giving lungs (fire rooms) or the
pulsating hearts (engine rooms) of their objects. And it was in those vital
organs of several great sea-ploughing vessels where many feverishly
working, loyally dying and unsung Colored heroes went down to forever
sleep in the dark deep chambers of “Father Neptune.”

THE STEVEDORES
While their duties, not being on the battle fields nor firing lines, called
forth no spectacular incidents, citations for bravery or award of medals,
nevertheless, the work of the stevedores was as important and valuable as
the efforts of any other division in the World War. And their giant strengths
and swiftness of movements in loading and unloading supply transports on
both sides of the Atlantic Ocean played a very very clever part in helping
the world to finally get a Zbyszko “toe-hold” a Stecher “scissors-hold” and
a Lewis “strangle-hold” upon Germany and gradually forcing her shoulders
backward and flat upon the universal mat of democracy.
(For some of the facts and figures used in writing-up the actual military and naval actions of the
different wars that have been recorded on the foregoing pages, the writer is reverently grateful to
his deceased Father, who as a runaway slave served through the Civil War, and other veterans of
the Civil, Spanish-American and World Wars. But for the remainder and majority of such war data
herein used, the author is fully indebted to The National Benefit Life Insurance Company, through
the generous courtesies of its President, Mr. R. H. Rutherford, Washington, D.C., whose personal
permission the writer secured to use such data in this book.)

HIGHEST COLORED OFFICERS IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY

A Brunette General

Through all the wars these States have gone,
A million Colored their parts have borne,
But never a General has one been made:
Yet, Lafayette’s France have them so paid,
For character there out-points darkest shade.

Colored taxes are yearly in dollars fed
To help in the drilling of West Point’s tread:
On kinder treatments Negroes should have dined,
Who rarely got there and mostly resigned.

If length of service and training thorough,
And physical fitness without a blur
Mark Colored soldiers for station anew,
“Uncle Sam,” they would fill them both brave and true;
These nephews who never have treasoned you.
—Harrison.

Those who have been appointed the highest Colored officers in the
United States Regular Army are as follows:
Colonel Charles Young (retired) Tenth Cavalry.
Lieutenant Colonel Allen Allensworth (retired) deceased, Chaplain, Twenty-fourth Infantry.
Lieutentant Colonel Benjamin O. Davis, Ninth Cavalry.
Lieutenant Colonel John E. Green, Militia Attache, Monrovia, Liberia.
Major William T. Anderson (retired) Chaplain, Tenth Cavalry.
Major John R. Lynch (retired) Paymaster.
Major Richard R. Wright, Paymaster, 1898, Spanish-American War.
Major George W. Prioleau, Chaplain, Twenty-fifth Infantry.
Captain W. E. Gladden, Chaplain, (retired) Twenty-fourth Infantry.
Captain T. G. Steward, Chaplain retired, Twenty-fifth Infantry.
Captain Oscar J. W. Scott, Chaplain, Tenth Cavalry.
Major Louis A. Carter, Chaplain, Ninth Cavalry.
First Lieutenant A. W. Thomas, Chaplain Twenty-fourth Infantry.

Those who held the highest Colored commissions above captains in the
United States Army during the World War are as follows:
“Colonels:
Franklin A. Denison, 370th Infantry; Charles Young retired.
Lieutenant Colonels:

Ollie B. Davis, 9th Cavalry; Otis B. Duncan, 370th Infantry; John E. Green, Military Attache,
Monrovia, Liberia.
Majors:
“Thomas B. Campbell; Milton T. Dean, 317th Ammunition Train; John C. Fulton, 372nd
Infantry; William B. Gould, Jr., National Guard; Charles L. Hunt, 370th Infantry; William H.
Jackson, 369th Infantry; Thomas H. Moffatt, 371st Infantry; Adam E. Patterson, Judge
Advocate, 92nd Division; Rufus M. Stokes, 370th Infantry; James E. Walker, 372nd Infantry;
Arthur Williams, 370th Infantry.”
(The above list of officers’ names are quoted from Work’s Negro Year Book, edition 1918-1919,
pages 223-228.)

IN THE WORLD WAR

At Home
Relative to the willing sacrifices, unfaltering patriotism and loyalty of
the millions of Colored people who remained at home in the United States
during the World War, several books could be written but limited space
herein will not permit but a few paragraphs covering their many activities.
After the white American men had enlisted or were drafted into the
Army and Navy, there were left vacant thousands and thousands of
responsible positions. The European foreigners who had previously
immigrated here and were immediately given (even before they could
understand the laws of the land or speak its language) full American
opportunities and privileges, except the ballot, were now found unreliable.
Great hordes of them showed their gratefulness to America for earlier
throwing wide open her doors to them by refusing to come up to her test of
one hundred percent Americanism. Even after all of the available mothers,
wives, daughters and sisters of the departed white American soldiers were
used in such places, there still remained many thousands of positions
unfilled. All that time millions of Colored men and women who were
loyally and willingly asking and waiting to fill such places were at first
purposely ignored. Because of the lack of sufficient man power, the cog-
wheels of industry all over the country began to stop. It seemed as though
the American white sentiment of prejudiced feeling against the Colored
people had become so bitter that the country was willing to commit
industrial suicide while stopping to wallow in its mires of racial hatred.
But a certain good white sentiment (that usually turns up sooner or later,
and in some cases more later (than sooner) after great sufferings have been
caused) gently but firmly reminded America that there were millions of
Colored people who were able and willing to fill those places. They were
the people who had made and spent their money here to enrich and build up
America as well as at all times and under all conditions had proved
themselves most loyal and trustworthy citizens. That reminder although
known to be wholly true was still laughed and sneered at by many until they
were suddenly and painfully brought to realize that they must either employ

Colored people in those positions or let the country go in starvation and ruin
for want of sufficient and proper productions. Colored men and women
were then at first reluctantly given employment in all parts of the country in
almost all kinds of work. Thus for the first time since their forefathers and
mothers had arrived in America nearly three hundred years before, Colored
people were nationally allowed to use and enjoy many of the opportunities
and privileges that had been stingingly withheld from them merely because
they were Negroes and freely given to (many times forced upon) alien
enemies just because they were Caucasians.
Leaving home in the morning long before dawn and returning late after
twilight, Colored men faithfully dug coal in the mines of Alabama, Iowa,
West Virginia and elsewhere in order that various kinds of industrial plants
might continue to run in full blast and that transportation carriers might
quicken their speeds to stations and sea ports. “A. J. Webster, a coal miner
of Buxton, Iowa, is reported to have broken the record by earning $214.06
in 14 working days, during the last half of July, 1918. The wage was based
on the amount of coal mined.”
In the shipyards along both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, where the
long swift-keeled ocean grey hounds and the heavy big-bodied sea-pacing
mastiffs were rapidly born into life, thousands of Colored men were busily
helping to assemble the durable steel ribs into place and rivet the armorplate
hides of those ferocious watch dogs that prowled back and forth sleeplessly
guarding the front doors of their master and mistress—“Uncle Samuel” and
“Aunt Liberty”. And among those Colored ship builders, it was Charles
Knight and his crew of seven men, who on July 16, 1918, at the Bethlehem
Steel Company’s Sparrow Point, Md., plant, drove 4,875 rivets in a 9 hour
day. The highest previous record of 4,442 rivets for the same time had been
made in Scotland. Knight and his men, therefore, were the first Americans
(Colored or white) to break and bring that record to the United States. His
regular services for the day earned him $102; he received a bonus of $50.00
for bringing the record to America, and twenty-five pounds sterling
($125.00) offered through the London Daily Mail by Mr. McLeod, the head
of a London Shipbuilding Company, to the one who broke the record. Thus
Knight received for his one day’s labor $277.00, besides having the honor
of being the first American to break the European riveting record.
Many people have heard the time-worn expression “make bricks fly”,
but it has been left for Alonzo Harshaw, a Colored artisan, to break a record

by making bricks fly in laying them at the rate of sixty thousand paving
bricks per day. It is said that Harshaw, who works for the Southern Paving
& Con. Co., lays bricks with such rapidity and exactness that he has been
photographed while at work by several moving picture firms.
In the rolling mills, steel and iron foundries, Colored men were there in
thousands sweating away their strength and burning up their vitality before
blistering metals in order that the best possible steel and iron might be made
strong and durable enough to withstand the bursting shells and the snake
gliding torpedoes from the submarines of the scientific Germans.
Pushing pens and pencils on top of desks, tapping keys of clicking
typewriters, bending over buzzing sewing machines, plying needles over
tailors’ benches, before the humming looms, by the dangerous railroad
crossings, in the car-filled train yards, between the handles of loaded
wheelbarrows, through the crops of farmerette fields, among the death-
dealing explosives in munition and arsenal plants and in many other places,
thousands of brave and willing Colored women were to be found either in
yeowomen’s suits or overalls and blouses steadfastly working with cheery
dispositions and hopeful smiles.
In December, 1918, two distinguished Colored Americans were sent to
Europe on special missions as follows; Dr. Robert R. Moton, who was sent
by the President of the United States and the Secretary of War to investigate
the conditions of and talk to the Colored soldiers, and Dr. W. E. B. DuBois
who went to Europe as the representative of the N. A. A. C. P. and The
Crisis to collect historical data pertaining to the American Colored fighters
in the World War and to call and form a Pan-African Congress.

At Home Buying Liberty Bonds
“The Biennial meeting of the National Association of Colored Women’s
Clubs was held in Denver, Colorado in July, 1918. Among the important
subjects considered at this meeting were: Temperance, Suffrage, Lynchings,
Religious Work, Negro Women’s Problems, Food Conservation and what
the Negro Women Were Contributing to War Work Service. It was pointed
out that the Association had representation on the Women’s Committee of
the Council of National Defense, that in the Third Liberty Loan, 7,000
Negro Women were at work and raised $5,000,000. It was also stated that,

judging from the number of buttons sold through the colored women’s
clubs, that about $300,000 had been contributed in Red Cross Drives.”
“David H. Rains, a wealthy Negro farmer, living near Shreveport,
Louisiana, walked into the Liberty Loan Headquarters in that city and
purchased $100,000 worth of the Fourth Liberty Loan Bonds and said that:
‘If they fell short of the quota he would make up the deficiency.’ (Work’s
Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pages 48-49). According to an article
on page 273 in the April 1921 issue of The Crisis, ‘Mr. Rains, who is
reputed to be worth $1,500,000, owns 2,000 acres of land on which there
are 40 producing oil wells; he pays a clerk $100 a day to check up his
royalties.’ ”
“A report from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was that the Negro school
children subscribed for $27,000 worth of Third Liberty Loan Bonds.
Through a Negro bank in that city, over $400,000 worth of Bonds were
bought, and it was stated that the total amount of Third Liberty Loan Bonds
purchased by the Negroes of Philadelphia was more than $1,000,000.”
“At the close of the Third Liberty Loan Drive, the United States
Treasury Department awarded first place among all the banks of the country
to a Negro bank, the Mutual Savings, Portsmouth, Virginia. This bank was
given a quota of $5,700 to raise. A total of over $100,000, almost twenty
times the stipulated quota was raised. This bank was assigned $12,500 as its
quota of the Fourth Liberty Loan. Its total subscription for this loan was
reported to have been $115,000.”
“The Negroes of Jacksonville, Florida, were awarded the first honor flag
given to Negroes for exceeding their quota in the Third Liberty Loan Drive.
They were asked to raise $50,000; they raised $250,000. In the Fourth
Liberty Loan Drive, they were assigned a quota of $500,000 and raised over
$100,000 more than this amount. The following are additional examples of
subscriptions of Negroes to the Fourth Liberty Loan: Mobile, Alabama,
$250,000; Norfolk, Virginia, $250,000; Kansas City, Missouri, $500,000;
Savannah, Georgia, $500,000; Memphis, Tennessee, $700,000; Chicago,
Illinois, $1,000,000; Birmingham, Alabama, $1,155,000; Maryland,
$2,000,000.”
“When Secretary McAdoo visited Little Rock, Arkansas, in the interest
of the First Liberty Loan, he was presented with a certified check for
$60,000 as the Mosaic Templars’ bit toward financing the war. This

society’s subscriptions were added to for subsequent loans until a total of
$135,000 was invested in Liberty Bonds.”
Not only rich Colored people gave freely of their wealth, but poor
Colored people sacrificed to extents that are not imaginable in giving their
last few dollars to help end that world strife, as soon as possible.
“Mary Smith, a colored cook in Memphis, Tennessee, was asked by her
mistress if she would not undertake to buy a $100 Bond. Mary said: “No. I
don’t want no little $100 Bond. I want a $1000 and I am going to pay cash
for it.” She gave her lifetime’s savings to help the United States carry on the
war.”
“The Chicago Illinois Post, in an editorial headed: “The Widow’s Mite,”
among other things said: “We should like to tell the story of an old Negro
woman, who, with seamed face and knotted hands, lives on the South Side
and works for $7 a week. ‘Out of these meager wages,’ says the Favorite
Magazine, ‘this daughter of a race that has traveled the road of trials and
tribulations, has purchased three Liberty Bonds and $25 worth of War
Savings Stamps. She contributes $5 a month to her church—before the war
it was $10—belongs to the N. A. A. C. P. and a Court of Calanthe,
subscribed to three Negro periodicals and contributes a dollar a month to
the Home for the Aged. She does not knit, but she sits sometimes in the
sunset, dreaming of the two stalwart sons that she has given the nation to
fight its battles across the sea’.” ”
“Warner Brown, of Brenham, Texas, an ex-slave, seventy-five years old,
had accumulated $50 by chopping wood and doing other jobs. He invested
this in a Liberty Bond.” “Gilbert Denman, an eighty-seven year old Negro
of Greenville, Alabama after listening to an appeal of speakers from a war
relic train, tendered his entire worldly wealth, fifteen cents, to the cause of
the United States Government.”
Since a large percentage of the loyalty and patriotism of American
citizens was weighed on the Roosevelt standard testing machine of 100 per
cent Americanism with weights of paper, silver and gold money; then surely
the two hundred twenty-five million dollars and more in cash that was
dumped into the American scales of Liberty Loan Campaigns, Thrift
Stamps, Red Cross Drives and other War Work activities, by the Colored
people in the United States, pushed high above the level the opposite scales
that contained Negro one hundred per cent Americanism.

Thus did the Colored people at home give their over-flowing measure
and extra weight of money toward the putting down of a threatened world
autocracy and the establishment of a hopeful universal democracy. And
justly may those Colored people, who stayed at home in America during the
World War and so unselfishly gave of their strength and money, truthfully
and consolingly repeat that beautiful, fifty-fifty and “square deal” law of
King David’s found in First Samuel, thirtieth chapter, twenty-fourth verse:
“But as his part is that goeth down to the battle, so shall his part be that
tarrieth by the stuff; they shall part alike.”
(All quotations, facts and figures contained in this chapter titled “In The World War At Home”,
unless otherwise stated herein, are extracts taken from Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919
edition, pages 14-45-46-47-48-49-50.)

IN THE CHURCHES

Fresh Air Religion

The preachers of to-day now seek
Fresh air within God’s House to keep;
And not hot rooms with germ-filled airs
In sermons and their church affairs.
—Harrison.

E VEN during the Revolutionary War, George Leile, a Baptist slave who
had been freed by his owner, preached to slaves in Savannah, Ga. From
that time on up the Negro pulpit has been wielding among the masses of
Colored people in America an influence for good that is the first of all
influences that has the greatest hold upon the Race.
Some of the other early preachers who helped to lay the rock foundation
of this ruling influence were Lemuel Haynes of Connecticut, a wonderful
orator and honored veteran of the Revolutionary War; Richard Allen and
Absolem Jones of Pennsylvania, Allen having founded the famous old
Bethel Church in Philadelphia and was ordained in 1816 the first bishop of
the A. M. E. Church; Amanda Smith of Maryland, who won thousands of
Colored and white converts over to God as a result of her powerful sermons
and temperance lectures in England, Scotland, Africa and India as well as in
America; John Chavis of North Carolina, who on account of his superior
education won fame and recognition as a school teacher of rich white
Southern boys and girls and also as a powerful pulpit preacher to enslaved
men and women of his own race; and John Gloucester of Tennessee and
Pennsylvania, who was the first Colored minister of a Presbyterian church
in the United States. Thus were the ways those early God-Fearing men and
women of days before and right after the Civil War blazed the plain guiding
marks in the forests of ministry, in order that the clear-sighted and sure-
footed gospel leaders who have since followed them might have no trouble
in choosing the right paths through which to lead their trusting and loyal
congregations.
The following is an article quoted from the August 6, 1921, issue of the Chicago Defender:

“C. T. Walker, Noted Pastor, Dies in South.”—“Augusta, Ga., Aug. 5—
The Rev. Charles T. Walker, often referred to as the greatest preacher of his
time, died Friday July 29, at his home here.
“Dr. Walker was vice-president of the National Baptist convention of the
United States and pastor of the Tabernacle Baptist church here for the past
forty years, excepting five years when he was pastor of the Mount Olivet
Baptist church, New York City.
“He founded the Y.M.C.A. in New York City for our people, traveled
extensively in Europe and the Holy Land, and was the author of a number
of books of travel as well as sermons.
“As an evangelist, he was widely known, and no other minister ever
drew larger crowds when he spoke. His church in this city was often visited
by Northern winter tourists, among them former President Taft and John D.
Rockefeller. It was the latter who paid an artist to paint pictures of the
Christ Child on the walls of Rev. Walker’s church.”

“To Pastor A Large White Church”
“Toronto, Can.—To fill the pulpit of one of the largest Presbyterian
churches (white) in Toronto for five weeks with one of our ministers is the
interesting departure from the general rule of supply for the summer months
that Knox church is making this year. For last week and all of August, Rev.
Joseph J. Hill of Roawohe Baptist Church, Hot Springs, Ark., will occupy
Knox church pulpit. Dr. Hill has been a professor of science in a southern
university, and is a graduate of the Academy of Music. He is a quiet,
appealing and persuasive preacher with a message all his own, which he
delivers with great eloquence. During the summer holidays, last year, he
preached in the Moose Jaw Methodist church, with a seating capacity of
1,000 which was crowded at all services.”
The above is extracted from the Cleveland Gazette issued August 6,
1921.
As soon as Sunday School children of the Race have grown old and
large enough to understand and bear more weighty religious burdens, they
are at once invited to join the present four million Colored church members,
who are only too anxious to take in new members under the Divine
leadership and protection of the fourty-three thousand churches owned by
people of the Race in the United States. When it is proved by facts and

figures that about one-third of the Colored people in this country are
members in churches and that they have put over eighty-five million dollars
of their hard earned money into these present church properties they own; it
is plainly seen that people of the Negro race still have perfect faith and trust
in and are continuing to work for and with the God, Who inspired the
immortal Abraham Lincoln to free their slave working and hopeful praying
foreparents.
(Ref.: Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs. 1-234-5-6-7).
Colored ministers of today, on account of their all-around advancements
have been able to bring about a better understanding and knowledge of the
true teachings of the Bible. For instance, they are teaching their
congregations that the timely, proper and equal uses of emotional and
practical religion are necessary. Thus the masses of people attending
Colored churches are fast learning from their pulpits that there is just as
much needs for Christianity in practical business and social dealings with
each other on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and
Saturday, as there is for Christianity in their church emotional ceremonies
conducted among themselves before the altars on Sunday. Also ministers of
today have long since come to differ from most of those “old school”
ministers (God blessed them for doing the best they knew how) who taught
their people to live, think and say, to other races, “Give us Jesus and you
can take the dollar.” So the “new school” and more businesslike ministers
of these times are patiently teaching, fast convincing and gradually
converting their congregations in the belief and truth that it is just as much
Christianity in the honest earning, the frugal saving, the fair investment, the
wise spending and the merciful sharing of a dollar with the poor and needy,
as there is need for Christianity in the saving of their souls and the
spreading of the gospel.
Along other practical lines these gospel leaders are having remarkable
success, especially in large cities where many Colored people live. It is
wonderful to see how these practical ministers have taught their
congregations that they are showing as much reverence to God when they
pass out of their churches after services and go quietly and orderly to their
homes (instead of great numbers of them stopping right in front of their
church doors with loud talk and laughter and blocking the whole pavement,
against people who wish to go by, for fifteen and twenty minutes) as they
do when sitting quietly and dignified in their church pews listening to the

sermons. Such gospel leaders in every instance finally win their members
over to their sides in such matters by pleasantly and plainly pointing out
that people of other races seldom attend Colored churches of today and see
the polished and refined ways people of the Race deport themselves. But if
just two or three dozen members of a church come out after services and
thoughtlessly block the side walks, go along the streets or ride in the trolley
cars roughly laughing and loudly talking their church and private affairs to
each other from one end of the car to the other; they are seen and heard by
other races who class not only the church but the whole Negro race with
those few loud-mouthed, absent-minded and sometimes vain Colored
people who often use such shameful public manners to attract attention to
themselves and their clothes; just like the same class of uncouth white
people do.
Of course, when white men and women appear in public places acting
and talking in noisy, unrefined and vulgar ways, the Colored man or woman
(no matter how little learning he or she may have) who sees and hears such
actions, never judges and stamps the intelligent, refined and well-behaved
portion of the Caucasian race as a whole group of people also to be ignored
and discriminated against. But when a person of color sees and hears such
vulgar actions on the part of a white person, that Colored person merely
comments to himself; “There is a human being who is a sample of the
worse element among the white people and is far from being a fair and pure
sample of the best people in the white race.” Then that broad-minded
Colored person will at once throw the incident off his mind. He will then
turn his back on the uncouth white person with disgust and in facing about
will the very next moment give the fullest consideration, the most humane
treatment, the most polite manners and the deepest respect to the white lady
or gentleman whose Christian speech and civilized actions warrant and
deserve such courtesies. And this is only one of the countless (big) little
instances in which the American Colored people are daily showing their
practical use of the Golden Rule; (cornerstone in the foundation and
keystone in the archway of the white man’s Christianity).
Thus the brotherhood actions and manners of the masses of Negroes,
(from the hod-carrier to the president of a university and from the scrub
woman to the president of a national organization) in being broad-minded
and big-hearted enough to fair-mindedly apply the Golden Rule to the
Caucasian race, so as to mentally separate and treat accordingly the good

white people from the bad, are certainly proving that the Colored people as
a whole are daily putting into practical usages the Lord’s Golden Rule in
much more Christlike ways than the white race is itself. Of course, there are
exceptions in both races, but considering both from the standpoint of
masses the above assertion cannot be truthfully denied.
A present day exception on the white side may be cited as follows:—
During the summer of 1920 when Southern white savages turned Paris,
Texas into a human slaughter house by lynching, torturing and burning alive
of human beings, Rev. R. P. Shuler, (white) a prominent Methodist minister
living in that community fearlessly denounced the mob at the time of its
heathenish actions and at the risk of his own life. Later, when speaking of a
former statement he had made regarding the lynching, according to an
article in the July 24, 1920 issue of the Chicago Defender, he said:
“The above statement, I make in the face of the advice that has come to
me from many friends that such a policy is and will be at present unsafe for
me. I am informed that my life has been numerously threatened if I make
such a statement. I am told that the mob used my name repeatedly in such a
manner as to very much concern my friends. I can truthfully say that the
attitude of this mob toward me does not in the least concern me. Better men
than myself have died when far less was at stake. I am only concerned in
doing my God-appointed duty in this situation. Therefore, without apology
or plea for quarter, I unhesitatingly condemn the burning of these men in
our city as an act of lawlessness, which if carried to its legitimate ends,
would destroy our government and damn our civilization. And in making
this statement I ask for neither the protection of my friends nor the mercy of
my enemies.”
If all other white ministers were to take such fearless and open stands
against such savage doings, that are heaping as much shame and stain on
the United States as such crimes in Europe ever heaped on Turkey, they
could in a few years make these United States a truly Christian land. And in
taking such stands such ministers (if they showed the same kind of faith in
God as Rev. Shuler did who is still living and preaching) they would also be
delivered from a threatening mob. But where within the recent past or the
present have there stepped out from the white ministry two Rev. Shulers?
Among all the nationally famed white evangelists, which one or three of
recent times have in preaching in all parts of the United States proved
himself a second Henry Ward Beecher, an Elijah P. Lovejoy or a C. T. Torry,

who fearlessly and fruitfully preached against all national as well as local
sins, crimes and lawlessness that came under their notice?
Among all the white ministers in the United States, only they themselves
can tell how many of them peacefully feel within their secret hearts and
contentedly feel within their reasoning minds that they are giving full
reverences to God, full honor to their calling and full service toward all
weak and suffering humanity through their Sunday preachings against all
sins and crimes? And among them only they can tell how many of them,
through advising words in reasoning talks, are trying each Sunday (if only
for five minutes) to blow out and drown the sinful sparks of jealousy, envy,
malice and hate that instantly flame up in the breasts of so many of their
church members as soon as they see a Colored person, even if that person is
well-behaved, well-educated, well-dressed and well-to-do. Such feelings
merely on account of color are not natural and God has not meant for such
to be; for if He had, He would have made the brown earth white, the green
grass white, the blue sky white, the yellow sun white. These are the greatest
things in the world and all of them are colored. Even the water, that covers
three-fourths of the earth (while it is supposed to be colorless) is more
colored than it is white. Those white people who wish that there were no
colored on earth should remember that God in His infinite wisdom fully
realized in making the universe that if He made all things white the glare
would be so great and intense that every seeing thing would be driven
totally blind. So God put soft and blending colors on earth in order that
humanity might retain its sight to see His works and learn to love them but
not to look upon any of His works with scorn and hatefulness.
While intelligent preachers of the Race upon quietly and carefully
looking about them see that practically the entire earth is one mass of colors
—the majority of internal and external earth elements, the foods, the
clothes, inside and outside building materials and furnishings are colored;
yet these Negro ministers teach their congregations that the white color God
has placed here has as much right on earth as the big majority of colors.
And there are such advising and logical talks going on every Sunday from
the Colored pulpits in order to keep down race prejudice and friction. And
Colored ministers are silently and hopefully praying to God that He will
finally soften, melt and move the hearts of the white ministers so that they
will at last come forward and do their parts by logic reasonings with their
white congregations a few minutes every Sunday regarding the rights of all

colors of peoples to live unmolested and progress unhindered here on earth.
It has been left for the white press to come forward and take the lead (which
it is nobly and increasingly doing) in this movement of reasoning with the
masses of white people in America regarding racial discriminations and
injustices. But the entire world, including the American white press itself, is
looking on in puzzled and wondering silence as it continues to hopefully
wait for the American white ministry to dutifully and courageously come
forward in a mass and take its rightful lead in this Christian movement to
help bring about a closer brotherhood co-operation, a truer Christlike
understanding and a smoother racial adjustment between the white and
Colored people living in the United States. The influence of the white
church is the greatest human power in the world—it unintentionally
encourages mobs and rioting in America by continuing to keep silent on the
question, but it can intentionally discourage and prevent in a very short time
the occurence of a second Arkansas, Atlanta, Chester, Chicago, Duluth, East
St. Louis, Houston, Philadelphia, Tulsa, Washington and other race riots, if
it will come out as a whole all over the country and speak to its
congregations Sunday after Sunday against such barbarism and heathenism
being constantly carried on here in the United States.
According to notices that have recently appeared in the white press, The
Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, spurred on by the
barbarisms carried on at the riot of Tulsa, Okla. of a few months ago, has
boldly come forward and denounced such sins and crimes. In order to bring
about better relations between the two Races and help to prevent such
future occurences, this Council has already appointed a Commission that
has held a meeting in Washington, D.C. It is planned to hold conferences,
composed of white and Colored clergymen, all over the country, and an
effort will be made to have the white churches to educate their audiences
regarding the sins of race prejudice and the crimes resulting therefrom. So
just as God in His own time answered the prayers of American slaves that
they and their children would some day become free; He is gradually and
surely answering the prayers of persecuted Negroes of today that the white
ministry will come forward and take its proper place as a leader in helping
to swing into the right channels the public sentiments of white people
regarding their Christlike treatments of Colored neighbors. Colored people
must continue to work and pray and be hopeful that out of this movement
will eventually come a second Henry Ward Beecher of modern times.

On the following pages are named some of the highest men in the
Colored ministry, who have been for years using every Christlike means
within their powers to help bring about more mutual understandings and
feelings between the two races:
Bishops J. W. Alstork, W. W. Beckett, G. L. Blackwell, P. A. Bouldin, I. P. Brooks, W. S. Brooks,
C. S. Brown, R. B. Bruce, J. S. Caldwell, A. J. Carey, R. A. Carter, W. D. Chappelle, E. W.
Chaver, N. C. Cleaves, G. C. Clement, G. W. Clinton, J. M. Connor, L. J. Coppin, M. W. Clair, E.
Cottrell, Archdeacons H. B. Delaney and E. T. Denby, Bishops Derrick, J. A. Ellison, J. S.
Flipper, W. A. Fountain, A. Grant, J. S. Green, T. L. Griffiths, C. R. Harris, W. H. Heard, J. J.
Higgs, L. H. Holsey, John Hurst, J. A. Johnson, W. D. Johnson, Wyatt Johnson, J. H. Jones, R. E.
Jones, L. W. Kyles, Isaac Lane, B. F. Lee, W. L. Lee, J. W. Lee, C. A. Moore, R. P. Morgan, H. B.
Parks, C. H. Phillips, J. F. Ramsey, I. N. Ross, B. T. Ruley, Archideacon J. S. Russell, Bishops C.
S. Smith, B. T. Tanner, P. Taylor, E. Tyre, W. T. Vernon, A. J. Warner, R. S. Williams, W. N.
Winston and P. H. Wright.

From among the thousands of Colored ministers all over the country, the
names below are those sent to the author from the following large cities,
where immense congregations are ministered unto by their spiritual leaders,
who are also Sunday after Sunday calmly pacifying and patiently advising
their congregations in order to keep them on peaceful and frictionless
relations (without sacrificing their citizenship rights) with the white people
with whom they daily come in contact:
Alexandria, Va.: Revs. H. A. Haynes, L. A. King, S. B. Ross.
Atlanta, Ga.: Revs. R. S. Brown, P. J. Bryant, H. W. Evans, E. Hall, J. A. Lindsay, H. C. Lyman, R.
H. Singleton, S. D. Thorn.
Atlantic City, N. J.: Revs. J. W. Brown, J. N. Deaver, J. P. Gregory, W. E. Griffen, A. L. Martin, L. C.
Scott, W. Tyler.
Augusta, Ga.: Revs. Dorsett, C. Floyd, C. T. Walker, R. S. Williams.
Baltimore, Md.: Revs. G. F. Bragg, J. T. Colbert, M. H. Davis, W. H. Deane, J. R. L. Diggs, J. H.
Dovey, J. Gray, J. W. Hill, Harvey Johnson, Earnest Lyons, C. E. Stewart, J. H. Dorsey, C. R.
Uncles.
Birmingham, Ala.: Revs. C. W. Brooks, L. G. Duncan, J. W. Goodgame, R. N. Hall, F. W. Riley, T.
W. Sherrill.
Boley, Okla.: Revs. J. S. Dawson, T. C. Martin, N. J. Johnson.
Boston, Mass.: Revs. A. R. Cooper, L. Ferguson, D. S. Klugh, W. D. McLain, A. L. Scott, M. M.
Shaw, B. W. Swain, C. A. Ward.
Buffalo, N. Y.: Revs. E. R. Bennett, H. Durham, E. J. Echolson, H. A. Garcia, J. Nash.
Brooklyn, N. Y.: Revs. J. B. Adams, N. P. Boyd, W. C. Brown, W. S. Carpenter, G. F. Miller, H. H.
Procter, W. P. Wallace, A. K. Warren.
Camden, N. J.: Revs. J. S. Braithwaite, H. W. Cummings, G. Morris, W. S. Saunders, J. R. White.
Charleston, S. C.: Revs. E. L. Baskerville, J. E. Beard, C. A. Harrison, D. J. Jenkins, W. J. Jones, R.
Kemp, T. D. Nelson, J. R. Pearson, C. H. Uggams.
Charleston, W. Va.: Revs. M. W. Johnson, E. H. Whitefield, C. H. Woody.

Charlotte, N. C.: Revs. F. L. Brodie, G. D. Donowa, J. E. King, A. Mason, M. D. Melodona, W. M.
Miller, R. P. Wyche.
Chattanooga, Tenn.: Revs. C. G. Bell, W. H. Heath, J. H. Henderson, J. L. B. Johnson, C. M. Robins,
C. C. Stewart, C. C. Tucker.
Chester, Pa., Revs. J. R. Bennett, E. E. Durant, H. J. Ryder, T. M. Thomas, H. Tyree.
Chicago, Ill.: Revs. W. M. Bennett, S. L. Birt, C. H. Clarke, W. D. Cook, J. M. Henderson, H. M.
Jackson, J. H. Simon, H. E. Stewart, J. G. Walker, L. K. Williams.
Cincinnati, Ohio.: Revs. J. P. Blackburn, W. L. Brean, E. H. Oxley, Wilbur Page.
Cleveland, Ohio: Revs. H. C. Bailey, C. G. Fishback, J. S. Jackson, L. C. Jefferson, P. O’Connell, R.
H. Suthern.
Columbia, S. C.: Revs. J. F. Green, M. F. Haygood, M. G. Johnson, J. R. Jones, H. M. Moore, J.
Perry, D. F. Thompson, C. M. Young.
Columbus, Ohio: Revs. J. W. Carter, E. A. Clarke, H. W. Cooper, G. L. Davis, R. D. Phillips, J. B.
Pius, H. W. Smith.
Danville, Va.: Revs. W. E. Carr, J. R. Cooper, G. W. Goods, A. Murray, J. A. Valentine.
Dayton, Ohio: Revs. J. D. Anderson, D. E. Bass, J. N. S. Belbader, O. W. Childers, W. H. Riley, T. J.
Smith.
Denver, Colo. Revs. W. H. Thomas, S. A. Strippling, I. S. Wilson.
Des Moines, Iowa: Revs. S. Bates, S. L. Birb, D. W. Claybrook, E. S. Hardge, E. A. Liles, G. W.
Robinson.
Detroit, Mich: Revs. T. J. Askew, F. Begnall, R. L. Bradby, A. Gomez, C. A. Hill, W. R. Rutledge.
Durham, N. C.: Revs. W. C. Cleland, J. E. Kiklaird, J. H. Pacheal, J. Smalls, R. Spiller, J. L. White.
Evansville, Ind: Revs. F. P. Baker, J. S. Haddison, H. B. Mayes, M. McIntyre, J. Rouse.
Fort Smith, Ark.: Revs. W. E. Guy, E. D. Hill, J. T. Jones, Wm. Jones, C. H. Whitted.
Fort Worth, Texas: Revs. A. L. Dotson, S. A. Nelson, S. R. Prince, M. H. Spencer, W. G. Upshur.
Gary, Ind.: Revs. M. Bolden, A. Kittrell, W. H. Saunders, W. T. Whitsett.
Greenville, S. C.: Revs. A. R. Burk, C. H. Copeland, C. F. Gandy, J. H. McAdams, C. F. Rice, S. J.
Simkin.
Hampton, Va.: Revs. J. D. Baker, J. W. Brown, E. H. Hamilton, J. W. Patterson.
Harrisburg, Pa.: Revs. C. H. Fareira, G. W. Cregg, A. J. Greene, W. Parchment, C. F. Jenkins.
Hartford, Conn.: Revs. R. R. Ball, O. H. Brown, W. Byrd, C. L. Fisher, C. N. Gibbons, W. B. Reed, J.
A. Wright.
Helena, Ark.: Revs. L. S. Arnold, W. E. Briett, H. W. Holloway, E. C. Morris, D. S. Shadd.
Hopkinsville, Ky.: Revs. M. Brooks, T. H. Copeland, M. Kirby, W. M. Newell, E. Williams.
Houston, Texas: Revs. C. K. Brown, J. R. Burdett, E. H. Bolden, F. L. Lights.
Indianapolis, Ind.: Revs. J. S. Bailey, C. S. Dusenberry, B. H. Ferrell, A. H. Maloney, G. W. Ward, B.
J. Westbrook, C. S. Williams.
Jackson, Miss.: Revs. S. C. Greer, R. Isabelle, B. T. McEween, M. L. Vonadore.
Jacksonville, Fla.: Revs. W. W. Carter, J. E. Ford, E. J. Gregg, J. K. Salterwhite, S. H. Savage, W. R.
Stephens.
Jersey City, N.J.: Revs. W. A. Byrd, A. Carter, A. C. Sanders, W. S. Smith.
Kansas City, Kan.: Revs. W. A. Boran, J. F. Griffin, D. A. Holmes, W. A. Johnson.
Kansas City, Mo.: Revs. S. A. Bacote, G. H. Daniels, D. A. Homes, J. B. Isaacs, J. W. Lowe, W. T.
Osborne, M. E. Spatches.
Leavenworth, Kan.: Revs. Curtis, Hayes, Scott, and Wright.

Little Rock, Ark.: Revs. J. A. Booker, F. H. Cook, J. M. Mitchell, R. B. Porter, J. M. Reed, J. P.
Robinson.
Los Angeles, Cal.: Revs. W. B. Butler, W. T. Cleghorn, J. D. Gordon, N. P. Cregg, A. P. Shaw, A. M.
Ward, J. H. Wilson.
Louisville, Ky.: Revs. J. H. Frank, E. G. Harris, C. H. Parrish, W. H. Sheppard, W. P. Stanely, C. C.
Steward, N. H. Williams.
Lynchburg, Va.: Revs. G. E. Curry, L. O. Lewis, B. Whitlock.
Memphis, Tenn.: Revs. J. Bell, R. L. Campbelle, T. O. Fuller, S. E. Griggs, J. Q. Johnson, W. J.
McMichael, H. L. Patterson, R. B. Roberts, F. G. Snelson, A. M. Townsend, M. I. Warfield.
Milwaukee, Wis.: Revs. J. O. Morley, R. Russell.
Minneapolis, Minn.: Revs. J. A. Breedlove, V. S. Cooper, J. J. Evans, F. Leatled, T. J. J. Merritt, G.
W. Mirchell, T. A. Smith, C. H. Thomas.
Mobile, Ala.: Revs. W. E. D. Claybrook, C. F. Johnson, G. W. Johnson, H. D. Parker, W. D. Speights.
Montgomery, Ala.: Rev. I. Champney, W. M. Madison, A. J. Stokes, P. W. Walls.
Mound Bayou, Miss.: Revs. A. A. Cosen, F. Morgan, J. R. Powe.
Muskogee, Okla.: Revs. T. M. Greene, S. S. Jones, J. Johnson, A. R. Norris, J. Roker, A. Wells.
Nashville, Tenn.: Revs. G. W. Allen, H. A. Boyd, R. H. Boyd, W. Haynes, E. P. Jones, W. Beckham,
R. P. Russell, P. Taylor.
Newark, N.J.: Revs. Bonfield, Brown, Derrick, Ellerson, Flipping, Hubbard, Ricks, and Welcher.
New Orleans, La.: Revs. W. G. Alston, J. L. Burrell, H. H. Dunn, A. Hubbs, T. F. Robinson, A.
Simmons, C. C. Smith, E. A. Wittenberg, E. A. White.
Newport News, Va.: Revs. J. W. Brown, A. A. Galvin, G. D. Jimmerson, C. E. Jones, J. T. McDuffie,
W. H. Sayles, W. Scarborough, E. E. Smith, J. H. Smith, S. A. Snuggs, C. A. Ward.
New York City, N.Y.: Revs. H. C. Bishop, W. H. Brooks, J. W. Brown, F. A. Culler, E. W. Daniels, W.
P. Hayes, F. Howard, F. M. Hyder, J. W. Johnson, W. R. Lawton, A. C. Powell.
Norfolk, Va.: Revs. W. H. Bowling, J. D. Lee, S. S. Morris, L. E. B. Rosser, B. W. White, F. W.
Williams, C. P. Madison.
Oakland, Cal.: Revs. J. M. Brown, C. C. Carter, G. C. Coleman, L. S. Goolsby, J. B. Holmes, D. R.
Wallace, A. O. Newman.
Omaha, Neb.: Revs. W. F. Botts, J. A. Broadnax, T. A. Taggart, R. Taylor, M. H. Wilkinson, J. A.
Williams.
Philadelphia, Pa.: Revs. M. Anderson, F. H. Butler, W. A. Creditt, W. F. Graham, W. A. Hannum, W.
A. Harrod, L. G. Jordan, S. J. Jones, J. R. Logan, J. M. Moses, W. G. Parks, H. L. Phillips, C. A.
Tindley, M. Winston, R. G. Williams, E. C. Young.
Phoebus, Va.: Rev. A. A. Graham.
Phoenix, Arz.: Revs. C. H. Gilmore, T. J. Sanford.
Pine Bluff, Ark.: Rev. A. W. Clark, A. H. Hill, I. C. Hodges, S. A. Mosely, H. W. Savage.
Pittsburgh, Pa.: Revs. J. C. Austin, S. H. Bishop, H. W. Childs, G. W. Gaines, C. Y. Trigg, C. H.
Trusty.
Portland, Oregon: Rev. J. W. Anderson, J. R. Fox, J. E. Reynolds, W. W. Howard, A. C. Yearwood.
Princeton, N. J.: Revs. A. E. Bennett, A. George, W. H. Hicks.
Providence, R. I.: Revs. P. M. Brown, R. A. Carroll, W. S. Holland, W. J. Moss, I. S. Sisco, J. S.
Blake.
Raleigh, N. C.: Revs. C. C. Asken, A. D. Avery, A. C. Cochran, L. A. Fairley, A. W. Pegnes, J. W.
Walker.

Richmond, Va.: Revs. M. E. Davis, A. Gill, A. A. Rector, W. F. Johnson, Z. D. Lewis, T. J. Ring, W.
H. Stokes, J. L. Taylor.
Roanoke, Va.: Revs. L. L. Downing, J. H. Hatcher, A. L. James, W. E. Lee, H. Mapson, Jr., B. G.
Whitlock.
Sacramento, Cal.: Revs. J. A. Allen, T. A. Collins, T. A. Harvey, A. Prior.
San Antonio, Texas: Revs. G. F. Curry, S. J. Johnson, I. H. Kelley, L. H. Richardson.
San Francisco, Cal.: Revs. W. J. J. Byers, J. A. Dennis, J. Washington.
Salt Lake City, Utah: Rev. X. C. Runyon.
Saratoga Springs, N. Y.: Rev. T. R. Brown.
Savannah, Ga.: Revs. W. G. Alexander, J. H. Brown, T. J. Goodall, S. T. Redd, J. A. Richie, D.
Wright.
Seattle, Wash.: Revs. J. B. Barbour, W. D. Carter, D. A. Graham.
Shreveport, La.: Revs. L. Allen, Jr., J. M. Carter, G. W. Mills, G. T. Stinson.
St. Louis, Mo.: Revs. B. F. Abbott, D. R. Clark, S. A. Mosely, S. W. Parr, B. G. Shaw, G. E. Stevens,
C. A. Williams.
St. Paul, Minn.: Rev. J. A. Anderson, G. W. Camp, T. J. Carr, B. H. Hodge, A. H. Lealted, S. L.
Theobold, J. S. Strong.
Tampa, Florida: Revs. W. J. Ballan, W. O. Barley, M. T. Culmer, G. Griffin, T. Gurley, S. A.
Williams.
Terre Haute, Ind.: Revs. O. H. Banks, C. M. C. Hammonds, W. S. Hodge, C. L. Upthegrove.
Washington, D.C.: Revs. W. H. Brooks, T. J. Brown, W. H. Carey, M. W. Clair, F. J. Grimke, J. R.
Hawkins, W. H. Jernagin, C. L. Mitchell, W. D. Norman, C. M. Turner.
Wichita, Kan.: Revs. S. B. Butler, E. F. Fishback, E. P. Geiger, J. R. Ransom.
Wilberforce, Ohio: Rev. T. G. Steward.
Wilmington, Del.: Revs. H. Y. Arnett, H. C. Jones, J. U. King, B. F. Moore.
Wilmington, N. C.: Revs. J. R. Bormes, W. H. Moore, J. A. Jackson, A. Williet, A. Wilson.

Aside from the foregoing list of Colored ministers, there are many
thousands of others whose names the writer did not get in his research but
who are known to be faithfully serving on similar or smaller but none the
less important scales in the above or smaller cities, towns, villages and
country districts all over the United States.

THE GLOBE—BETHLEHEM, PA., SATURDAY, APRIL 3, 1920
Eastertide and Springtime

From spring does Easter get its blend
In new-born life of plants and men,
And thus the two will ever trend,
While God with love the world does tend.

New life and hope in spring are seen,
As fields unfold their rugs of green
Where robins bold in songs serene
Strut forth in cheer that is supreme.

Fresh is the air with fragrant smell;
Calm are the creeks of winter swell;
And pious men will always tell
Of peace they hear in Easter’s knell.

Young crops on farms have just begun
To feel the warmth of golden sun
That sends its beams to dance and run
With little babes in play and fun.

Up from the mire of earth’s black room
White lilies rise in purest bloom
To drive away all tainted gloom
And leave on earth their sweet perfume.

Thus did our Christ from manger start
And served the role of Jesus’ part—
Thence on the cross to give His heart
In pay for sins that must depart.

So to our minds is always borne
That every man can shed his thorn
As did our Christ so bruised and torn
From earth arose on Easter morn.
—William Henry Harrison, Jr.,
820 Wyandotte St.

IN THE SUNDAY SCHOOLS

I N no surroundings of childhood, except the home life, is there a more
suitable or fruitful place in which to spiritually nourish and grow up
Colored youths than in the forty-six thousand or more Colored Sunday
Schools where over two million boys and girls are regularly having
impressed upon their tender and open minds the religious teachings of the
Bible.
As a step toward further broadening the Sunday School work among
American Colored children and at the same time enabling them to get better
teachings about the Christian religion, The International Sunday School
Association began in 1911 to organize classes for specially training Sunday
School teachers among the young men and women attending Colored
colleges and large schools. Many white friends to the Race became
interested in this good movement, especially Mr. W. N. Hartshorn of
Boston, Mass., who gave of his own personal money $15,000 to pay the
expenses of a fair trial of the work. This Christian effort has aroused so
much interest and has grown so rapidly that at present upward of two
hundred Colored universities, colleges and large schools have accepted and
given this Sunday School Teachers’ Course a regular place in their class
room studies.
Some of the foremost religious leaders who are helping to direct and
carry on this much needed work among American Colored children are
Bishop Geo. W. Clinton and Dr. R. H. Boyd, both life members of the
International Sunday School Association; Prof. Wm. B. Matthews, member
of the Executive Committee of the above association, Dr. H. G. Lyman,
Supt. of work among Colored people, and Mr. M. L. Finckel, President of
the American Sunday School Union. (Ref.: Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-
1919 edition, pgs. 1-257-8).

THE YOUNG WOMEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION

The Girl Reserve

If she’s a three-angled, true “Y” Girl Reserve;
The world she is willing to Christlike serve:
Her sunshine smiles will come thru rains;
Her kind heart will guide her fertile brains:
She will love to work as well as play;
She will have “good times” but not too gay:
She will swim the streams and camp the woods;
She will love all sports that are pure and good:
And thus she learns “the simple life” reader
To make her some day a great woman leader.
—Harrison.

U NDER the sisterly and wise supervision of Miss Eva D. Bowles, as the
first salaried Y. W. C. A. Colored branch secretary in New York City
and since then Executive of Colored Work, the Young Women’s
Christian Association for Colored girls and women has made wonderful
progress, since 1907 when Mrs. Wm. A. Hunton was appointed by the
National Board to investigate and arouse interest in the work. As Special
Student Worker, Miss Catherine Lealted greatly aided in building up and
strengthening this work in Colored schools until she took up work in
another field of uplift.
Today there are over fifty city Y. W. C. A. Colored Branches in as many
cities in 23 states and the District of Columbia; while there are at least 100
such branches in Colored schools located in 18 States and the District of
Columbia. Just as the school branches are the means of helping to build up
and fortify the practical Christian minds of the girls who join them; the city
branches prove sheltering havens and protections for self-respecting and
self-supporting Colored single girls and women when they leave such
schools and respectable homes to embark upon the rough oceans of life and
desire to nightly anchor in places of moral protection, social uplift, mental
development, sanitary conditions, congenial companionships, pleasures of
innocence and Christian influences. For the safe arrival and calm anchorage
of such Colored girls and women, the writer assures them that the following
list of addresses is a true compass needle that will, when they set-sail for a

new city port, safely guide them into any of the following beacon-lighted Y.
W. C. A. Christian Harbors:
Atlanta, Georgia, Y. W. C. A., 196 Piedmont Avenue.
Augusta, Georgia, Y. W. C. A., 1104 Gwinnett Street.
Baltimore, Maryland, Y. W. C. A., 1200 Druid Hill Avenue.
Bridgeport, Conn., Y. W. C. A., 70 Beach Street.
Brooklyn, N. Y., Y. W. C. A., 45 Ashland Place.
Camden, N. J., Y. W. C. A., 829 Kaighn Avenue.
Charleston, S. C., Y. W. C. A., 106 Coming Street.
Chattanooga, Tenn., Y. W. C. A., 411 East 9th Street.
Chicago, Ill., Y. W. C. A., 3541 Indiana Avenue.
Cincinnati, Ohio, Y. W. C. A., 704 Eighth Street.
Columbia, S. C., Y. W. C. A., 1323 Assembly Street.
Columbus, Ohio, Y. W. C. A., 495 East Long Street.
Dayton, Ohio, Y. W. C. A., 800 West Fifth Street.
Des Moines, Iowa, Y. W. C. A., 728 Walnut Street.
Detroit, Mich., Y. W. C. A., 2111 St. Aubin Avenue.
East St. Louis, Mo., Y. W. C. A., 826 East Broadway.
Fort Worth, Texas, Y. W. C. A., 415 East 6th Avenue.
Germantown, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 6128 Germantown Avenue.
Harrisburg, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 804 Cowden Street.
Houston, Texas, Y. W. C. A., 806 Clay Avenue.
Jersey City, N. J., Y. W. C. A., 31 Ege Avenue.
Kansas City, Mo., Y. W. C. A., 1501 East 19th Street.
Little Rock, Ark., Y. W. C. A., 924 Gaines Street.
Los Angeles, Cal., Y. W. C. A., 1108 West 12th Street.
Louisville, Ky., Y. W. C. A., 1021 W. Madison Street.
Lynchburg, Va., Y. W. C. A., 613 Monroe Street.
McKeesport, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 317 Tenth Street.
Montclair, N. J., Y. W. C. A., 159 Glenridge Avenue.
Nashville, Tenn., Y. W. C. A., 436 Fifth Avenue, North.
Newark, N. J., Y. W. C. A., 71 Wilsey Street.
Newcastle, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 140 Elm Street.
Newport News, Va., Y. W. C. A., 2300 Madison Avenue.
New York City, N. Y., Y. W. C. A., 179 West 137th Street.
Oakland, Cal., Y. W. C. A., 828 Linden Street.
Omaha, Neb., Y. W. C. A., 2306 No. 22nd Street.
Orange, N. J., Y. W. C. A., 78 Oakwood Avenue.
Petersburg, Va., Y. W. C. A., 457 Harding Street.
Philadelphia, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 756 South 16th Street.
Pittsburgh, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 2215 Wylie Avenue.
Portland, Oregon, Y. W. C. A., Broadway and Taylor Streets.
Richmond, Va., Y. W. C. A., 515 South 7th Street.
San Antonio, Texas, Y. W. C. A., 328 North Pino Street.
St. Joseph, Mo., Y. W. C. A., 1021 Francis Street.
St. Louis, Mo., Y. W. C. A., 703 North Garrison Street.
St. Paul, Minn., Y. W. C. A., 598 West Central Avenue.
Springfield, Ohio, Y. W. C. A., 134 West Clark Street.
Warren, Ohio, Y. W. C. A., 132 North Park Avenue.

Washington, D.C., Y. W. C. A., 901 Rhode Island Avenue.
Williamsport, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 429 Walnut Street.
Winston-Salem, N. C., Y. W. C. A., 717 East Depot Street.
Youngstown, Ohio, Y. W. C. A., 248 Belmont Avenue.
Among the foremost Y. W. C. A. Colored leaders who are so nobly and
ably assisting Miss Eva D. Bowles in the smooth and efficient supervision
of the above named branches are Misses May B. Belcher, Crystal Bird,
Mabel Brady, Mary E. Jackson, Josephine Pinyon, Lucy B. Richmond,
Adele F. Ruffin, Clayda Williams, Mrs. Charlton Wallace, and Mrs.
Cordella A. Winn. Before her death on December 31, 1919, Mrs. Marie A.
Wilder was one of the most faithful and hardest workers in the above group.
But the main stream of success connected with this work has come about
through the “working together” “branch relationship” co-operation on the
parts of Mrs. Samuel J. Broadwell, Treasurer; Miss Mable Cratty, Gen’l
Sec’y; Mrs. Jas. S. Cushman, 1st Vice-Pres.; Mrs. John French, Chairman
Execu. Com.; Mrs. Lewis H. Lapham, Sec’y; Mrs. Wm. W. Rossiter, 2nd
Vice-Pres.; and Mrs. Robt. E. Speer, President, who compose the National
Board (white) of The Young Womens Christian Association of the United
States of America. And in the different cities where they are established the
white and Colored branch workers are carrying on the above co-operations.
During the World War, the War Work Council showed its co-operation by
appointing a Colored Work Committee with Miss Eva D. Bowles as
Executive and Mrs. Charlton Wallace as Chairman and, The War Work
Council, “recognizing the loyalty and need of the colored girls and women
in this country, appropriated $400,000 for the work.”
In speaking of the work of this committee Miss Bowles said, “The Y. W.
C. A. is the only organization that is handling the work with all girls alike,
and the result of its efforts is bound to be the building up of the confidence
of the colored race, not only in the nation itself but in Christianity. With the
colored, as with all other women and girls throughout the world, the aim of
the Y. W. C. A. is a constructive foundation of Christian ideals. Girls are
girls, whatever their race or complexion. As naturally as a flower demands
sunshine and rain, a girl craves good times, pretty clothes and happiness.”
In closing this vital chapter, the writer can think of no better way than to
quote the following words of Miss Bowles when she summed up the past
and pointed out the future regarding the leaderships of Colored women
among their own people in the United States.

“The war has given opportunity to the colored woman to prove her
ability for leadership. She had her chance and she made good. With all the
strength of having suffered, she will be able, through the patience born of
suffering, to lead the women and girls whom only she can lead. The time is
past for white leadership for colored people. As white and colored women,
we must understand each other, we must think and work and plan together
for upon all of us rests the responsibility of the girlhood of our nation.”

THE YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION

The “Y” Men

The buildings where, “Y” men do live
Have comforts like, dear mothers give.
Fine lodgings they are for single men,
Who with the best do want to blend.
Without rank smoke and vulgar swear
Billiards and pool are also there
The gym., the baths and sleeping rooms
Give to their healths the greatest booms.
Night schools and also Christian talks
Do most to guide young “Y” men walks.
—Harrison.

T HE 110 Negro college Young Men’s Christian Associations and the fifty
or more city branches is as many cities in twenty-three different states
in the Union are really God-sends to thousands of young Colored men
who prefer to spend their spare minutes in the best places of physical
cleanliness, social purity and mental advancement. These “Y” branches in
the cities are also great blessings for thousands of intelligent, refined and
progressive Colored men who are constantly visiting strange places on
important businesses and want to be sure they are stopping in modern,
sanitary, decent, respectable and congenial lodgings.
Mr. Julius Rosenwald of Chicago, Ill. made an offer in 1911 to give the
sum of $25,000 to every city in the United States that would raise $75,000
by public subscription for the construction of a Y. M. C. A. building for the
use of Colored people. This offer was gladly and eagerly accepted and as a
result buildings have already been erected in Atlanta, Ga., Baltimore, Md.,
Brooklyn, N.Y., Chicago, Ill., Columbus, O., Indianapolis, Ind., Kansas
City, Mo., New York City, N. Y., Philadelphia, Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa., St.
Louis, Mo., and Washington, D.C. During the past ten years Mr. Rosenwald
has given $350,000 toward the erection of these buildings, other white
people have given nearly a million dollars, while Colored people have
contributed over a quarter of a million dollars. Thus over two million
dollars have already been expended in the construction of Y. M. C. A.
buildings in cities for Colored men.

Great credit for the early development and rapid growth of this work is
due the late W. A. Hunton, who was made a member on the staff of the
International Secretary Board of the Y. M. C. A. Today this work is
continuing to rapidly grow and spread with the friendly co-operation and
hearty support of Messrs. B. H. Fancher, Treas., A. E. Marling, Chairman
and J. R. Mott, Gen’l Sec’y of The International Committee of the Y. M. C.
A., and under the wise supervision of Dr. J. E. Mooreland, who is being
ably assisted by H. K. Craft, W. C. Craver, R. P. Hamlin, C. H. Tobias, J. B.
Watson, Max Yergen and other efficient members on that large staff. During
the World War 350 Y. M. C. A. Colored Secretaries, under the guidance of
Dr. J. E. Moorland, R. B. DeFrantz, W. J. Faulkner, J. F. Gregory and G. L.
Johnson loyally served Colored soldiers stationed in 55 camps, training
schools and forts in America. Among those who were the leaders in Y. M.
C. A. and social work among the Colored soldiers over-seas were J. E.
Blanton, Mrs. Helen Curtis, Miss Helen Hagan, Dr. John Hope, Mrs. Addie
Hunton, Miss Katherine Johnson, Dr. B. M. Murrell, Dr. H. H. Proctor, C.
H. Williams and Max Yergen.
In the following named cities Y. M. C. A. Branches are being directed
and carried on by their secretaries for the encouragement and uplift of
Colored youths:
Akron, Ohio, G. W. Thompson, Secretary, 259 So. Main Street.
Asheville, N. C., N. Martin, Secretary, Market & Eagle Streets.
Atlanta, Ga., W. J. Trent, Secretary, 146 Butler Street.
Atlantic City, N. J., C. M. Cain, Secretary, 1711 Artic Avenue.
Augusta, Ga., Silas Floyd, Secretary, 9th and Miller Streets.
Baltimore, Md., S. S. Booker, Secretary, 1619 Druid Hill Avenue.
Beloit, Wis., J. D. Stevenson, Secretary, Colored Men’s Branch.
Benham, Ky., Alex. Gregory, Secretary, Colored Men’s Branch.
Birmingham, Ala., A. M. Walker, Secretary, Acipco Branch.
Bluefield, W. Va., P. A. Goins, Secretary, 432 Scott Street.
Boston, Mass., B. F. Seldon, Secretary, 316 Huntington Street.
Brooklyn, N. Y., R. M. Meroney, Secretary, 405 Carlton Avenue.
Buxton, Iowa, W. L. Hutcherson, General Secretary.
Camden, N. J., E. C. Richardson, Secretary, Hunton Branch.
Charleston, S. C., G. D. Brock, Secretary, 61 Cannon Street.
Charlotte, N. C., J. B. F. Prather, Y. M. C. A., State Committeeman.
Chicago, Ill., George R. Arthur, Secretary, 3763 So. Wabash Avenue.
Cincinnati, Ohio, B. W. Overton, 436 W. Ninth Street.
Columbus, Ohio, N. B. Allen, Secretary, 202 E. Spring Street.
Columbus, Ga., Robert D. Kelsey, Secretary, 521 Ninth Street.
Crossett, Arkansas, Chas. E. Johnson, Secretary Colored Men’s Dep’t.
Dallas, Tex., J. D. Rice, Secretary, 3710 State Street.
Dayton, Ohio, John A. Green, Secretary, Fifth Street Branch.

Denver, Col., T. J. Bell, Secretary, 2800 Glenarm Street.
Detroit, Mich., H. S. Dunbar, Secretary, 1930 St. Antonia Street.
Des Moines, Iowa, E. C. Robinson, Secretary, 782 West 9th Street.
East Moline, Ill., B. G. Smith, Secretary, Colored Men’s Branch.
East St. Louis, Ill., J. E. Nance, Secretary, Colored Men’s Branch.
Englewood, N. J., W. H. Kindle, Secretary, 135 W. 132nd St., N.Y. City.
Evanston, Ill., J. D. Ross, Secretary, 1014 Emerson Street.
Fort Worth, Tex., S. H. Fowler, Sr., Secretary, 915½ Calhoun Street.
Gary, Ind., H. K. Craft, Secretary, 1716 Washington Street.
Germantown, Pa., Leon C. James, Secretary, 132 West Rittenhouse St.
Greenwood, Miss., Thos. M. Elliott, Secretary, Hunton Branch, Box 283.
Harrisburg, Pa., Fritz Caneler, Secretary, 644 Broad Street.
Houston, Texas, H. P. Carter, Secretary, 711 Prairie Avenue.
Indianapolis, Ind., F. E. DeFrantz, Secretary, 450 N. Senate Avenue.
Indiana Harbor, Ind., A. G. Fallings, Secretary, 2115 137th Street.
Kansas City, Mo., F. A. Harris, Secretary, 1824 Pasco Boulevarde.
Los Angeles, Cal., T. A. Greene, Secretary, 1400 E. Ninth Street.
Louisville, Ky., J. W. Ramsey in charge, 920 West Chestnut St.
Marshall, Tex., J. W. Davis, Secretary, Colored Men’s Branch.
Miami, Fla., G. P. McKinney, Jr., Secretary, 1st Street & Avenue H.
Mineola, Long Island, R. T. Weatherby, Secretary, Nassau-Suffolk County.
Mobile, Ala., W. J. Williams, Secretary, 510 Congress Street.
Montclair, N. J., C. H. Bullock, Secretary, Bloomfield Avenue Branch.
Nashville, Tenn., W. N. Sanders, Secretary, Cor. Cedar St., & 4th Ave. No.
Newport News, Va., A. F. Williams, Secretary, 2201 Marshall Avenue.
New York City, N. Y., Thos. E. Taylor, Secretary, 181 West 135th Street.
Norfolk, Va., C. C. Dogan, Secretary, 440 E. Queen Street.
Oakland, Cal., Allen O. Newman, Secretary, Colored Men’s Branch.
Orange, N. J., J. W. Bowers, Secretary, 34 Cebtral Place.
Philadelphia, Pa., H. W. Porter, Secretary, 1724 Christian Street.
Pittsburgh, Pa., S. R. Morsell, Secretary, 1847 Central Avenue.
Princeton, N. J., H. H. Cain, Secretary, 102 Witherspoon Street.
Richmond, Va., Secretary, 214 East Leigh Street.
Ridgewood, N. J., A. E. Flournoy, Secretary, 220 Broad Street.
Rouse, Col., W. T. Thornton, Secretary, Colo. Fuel & Iron Company.
Savannah, Ga., T. Walter Moore, Secretary, 817 West Broad Street.
Sewickley, Pa., J. T. Morris, Secretary, 411 Walnut Street.
Springfield, Ohio, W. S. Smith, Secretary, 209 So. Center Street.
St. Louis, Mo., D. D. Jones, Secretary, 2839 Pine Street.
Tulsa, Okla., G. A. Gregg, Secretary, Hunton Branch.
Washington, D.C., Wm. Stevenson, Secretary, 1816 12th Street, N. W.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COLORED WOMEN

National Colored Club Women

“Lifting As We Climb”—Their motto in life
Is their battle cry in uplift strife
In leading their women to higher things
So better to rear their Race off-springs.
—Harrison.

W HILE they went about their self-imposed and greatly beneficial tasks
in somewhat crude ways that were executed under circumstances far
more trying and peculiar than these modern times; nevertheless,
Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth may be rightly called the first real
welfare and uplift national workers among American Colored women. And
the histories of the untiring efforts, speakings and lectures of those two
pioneers who fearlessly worked for the freedom of their Race sisters and
brothers should be learned by all Colored youths, especially girls.
While leading Colored women throughout the country as far back as
1894 had already decided and carefully planned to gather and form some
kind of a national body among themselves, they were indeed suddenly
inspired to whole-heartedly and fearlessly carry out those plans
immediately, when a prejudiced white editor of a village paper in the United
States published an open letter in which he accused alike all American
Colored women as being without moral characters and uplifting principles.
Not only the educated, refined and moral Colored women resented and
challenged that poisoned-pen letter that had lied on and slandered a whole
race of their sisters, but the largest nationally known white newspapers of
large cities in both America and Europe came out in broad-minded
editorials verbally chastising and denouncing without mercy that editor of
their race who stained his profession and shamed his race by stooping so
low in unsuccessfully using that narrow-minded and short-sighted means of
gaining subscriptions for his failing paper and fame for his unheard of
name.
As a result of the above plans and decisions nearly a dozen States sent
upward of a hundred leading and representative Colored women who met in

July 1895 in Boston, Mass., where the first National Convention of Colored
Women was formed, with Mrs. Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin as president,
Mrs. Booker T. Washington and Mrs. Helen Cook as Vice-Presidents and
Miss Elizabeth C. Carter as secretary. During the meeting that convention
was given the name of “The National Association of Colored Women.” This
body became affiliated with The National Council of Women in 1900 and
was incorporated in 1904. At different times it has had as its presidents;
Mrs. Mary Church Terrell, A. M., Washington, D.C., Mrs. Booker T.
Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Ala., Miss Elizabeth C. Carter, New
Bedford, Mass., Mrs. Mary B. Talbert, Buffalo, N. Y. and Miss Hallie Q.
Brown, Wilberforce, Ohio, who is its present presiding officer. Those who
are Miss Brown’s closest assistants in helping to carry on this noble work
are named as follows: Mrs. Janie Porter Barrett, Peake, Va., Mrs. Ruth L.
Bennett, Chester, Pa., Mrs. Alice Cary, Atlanta, Ga., Mrs. Charlotte Dett,
Niagara Falls, N. Y., Mrs. Addie W. Dickerson, Phila., Pa., Mrs. C. L.
Hamilton, Indianola, Ill., Mrs. C. R. McDowell, Hannibal, Mo., Mrs. J. C.
Napier, Nashville, Tenn., Miss Georgia A. Nugent, Louisville, Ky., Mrs.
Minnie Scott, Toledo, Ohio, Mrs. E. J. N. Simms, Spokane, Wash., Mrs.
Mamie E. Steward, Louisville, Ky., Mrs. Marion Wilkerson, Orangeburg, S.
C. and Mrs. W. T. B. Williams, Tuskegee Institute, Ala.
In regard to the relations of this association with the International
Council of Women, several Colored women have attended different
European meetings as representatives from the United States. Foremost
among such women are Miss Hallie Q. Brown, Mrs. Mary Church Terrell,
Mrs. Mary B. Talbert and Dr. Mary F. Waring. The following is an extract
from the July 1921 issue of The Crisis:
“The Committee on International Relations—the highest committee of
women in personnel of representatives in the League of Nations—has
chosen Mrs. Mary B. Talbert as a member. Mrs. Talbert was the first
accredited Negro delegate to sit in the International Council of women and
one of five American women to speak for the National Council of Women
of the United States of America in the House of Parliament at Norway.”
The quotation below is taken from the February 1921 issue of The
Favorite Magazine. “Dr. Mary F. Waring, recently returned from a trip
through eleven European countries, and one of twenty American women to
represent the United States at the International Council of Women in
Norway. She had the distinction of being the only woman commissioner of

the Lincoln Jubilee in 1915 and the organizer of the Red Cross units
Canteen and Home Nursing classes during the World War. After the war the
Community Service appointed her as a national organizer for girls’ work.”
Some of the national leading and most prominent Colored women before
the public today who as workers in this association or along other elevating
lines have encouraged, inspired and helped thousands of American Colored
girls to move out of Nobody’s Alley and live on Somebody’s Avenue are
Miss Mary M. Bethune, Daytona, Fla., Miss Eva D. Bowles, New York
City, N. Y., Miss Hallie Q. Brown, Wilberforce, O., Miss Nannie H.
Burroughs, Washington, D.C., Madame E. Azalia Hackley, Detroit, Mich.,
Mrs. Addie W. Hunton, New York City, N. Y., Miss Jane E. Hunter,
Cleveland, O., Miss Lucey Laney, Augusta, Ga., Mrs. S. W. Layton, Phila.,
Pa., Mrs. R. R. Moton, Tuskegee, Ala., Mrs. Alice Dunbar Nelson,
Wilmington, Del., Mrs. Mary B. Talbert, Buffalo, N. Y., Mrs. Florence C.
Talbert, Detroit, Mich., Mrs. Mary Church Terrell, Washington, D. C., Mrs.
Maggie L. Walker, Richmond, Va., Dr. Mary F. Waring, Chicago., Ill., Mrs.
Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Ala. and Mrs. Butler R. Wilson,
Boston, Mass.

National Uplift Organization founded and run by Negroes

The National Negro Business League

I N 1900 the late Dr. Booker T. Washington, founder of Tuskegee Institute,
organized in Boston, Mass. The National Negro Business League, which
is now under the forceful and energetic leadership of Dr. Robert R.
Moton. Such nationally known men as Chas. Banks, J. C. Napier and
Emmett J. Scott are among those who are closely allied with the president
of this League in so widely spreading its influences of encouragement,
inspiration and business knowledge.
As a description of the workings of this organization, the writer gives
below some extracts from an article written for the August 13, 1921 issue of
The Chicago Defender by E. Davidson Washington, son of the late Dr.
Booker T. Washington.
“While the Business League has a distinctive purpose (that of promoting
the commercial and financial development of our Race,) it does not attempt
to prescribe for every racial endeavor; yet it is a significant fact that through
the instrumentality of this the national body and its more than 600 local
branches or local leagues scattered throughout the country a very large part
of the progress made by the Race in the direction of home and farm
ownership, banking, insurance, manufacturing and mercantile enterprises
has been achieved since the organization of the Business League.
“Among the many subjects discussed are such as: “Making Farming
Pay,” “Building a Negro Town,” “The Relation of Education to Business,”
“Conducting a Grocery Store,” “Editing a Newspaper” and many others
which space will not permit me to mention here. Questions are asked, and
in that way those who did not come up to their expectations the previous
year try, when they return to their various communities, as far as possible,
to put into practice what they have gained through the league.
“The symposiums conducted in the main convention by the following
organizations are highly interesting and instructive: The National Negro
Bankers’ Association, the National Negro Funeral Directors’ Association,
the National Negro Press, the National Negro Bar Association and the
National Negro Insurance Men.

“Finally, as a Race we must not be discouraged. There will come to us,
as to all races, seasons of depression and gloom. Once in a while even those
in high places may seem to seek to insult, humiliate and harass us, but they
cannot last. “The morning cometh.” Those who treat us unjustly are losing
more than we are. Above all, we must not lose faith in ourselves nor in our
Race. We must be as proud of being Negroes as a Japanese is of being a
Japanese. It is through such meetings as the National Negro Business
League that the Negro is encouraged and made to look upon the brighter
side of life and with more optimism for the future than ever before.”

Association For The Study of Negro Life and History
American school white boys and girls get the larger part of their
inspirations to become great men and women mostly from what they read in
the public school United States Histories about big things members of their
race have done. As white authors in writing such histories saw fit to leave
out of them all references (with the exception of slavery) to the parts the
American Colored people have had in helping to make American history,
public school Colored boys and girls get no racial encouragements nor
inspirations from such histories.
The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, organized in
1915, is doing a grand work in helping to supply the American Colored
youth with the desired encouraging and inspiring information relating to
Negro historical achievements in the United States. The president of this
organ, R. E. Park is ably assisted in this work by such scholars as Drs. J. E.
Mooreland and C. G. Woodson.

The National Equal Rights League
The National Equal Rights League was started in 1910 and one of its
chief purposes is contending for and securing in peaceful but firm ways the
same equal rights in the United States for American Colored citizens as
those so generously given to members of other races, especially many
foreigners in this country who do not understand the laws, cannot speak the
language and have no intentions of becoming naturalized. The president of
this organization is N. S. Taylor, who is loyally assisted by such race leaders
as Wm. Monroe Trotter, and B. N. Murrell.

The Lincoln League of America
The Lincoln League of America is an organization that was started in
1919, and one of its main objects is to instil race pride on a broader scale
among Colored people and at the same time encourage them along all lines
of citizenship privileges and advancement. Roscoe C. Simmons is president
of this body and is nobly aided in this work by such national figures as
Henry Lincoln Johnson and Walter Cohen.

National Association of Teachers for Colored Schools
The National Association of Teachers for Colored Schools is under the
scholarly and experienced leadership of Prof. J. M. Gandy. It is due mostly
to this organization that the managements and sentiments of the different
Southern Colored colleges and schools have come to better understand each
other and thereby work in closer conjunction and harmony for the broadest
and most practical development of Negro youths in both industrial and
higher education. Other officials who have helped to bring about such good
feelings are S. X. Floyd and W. H. A. Howard.

Negro Organization Society
Although it has not yet developed into a national organization, the Negro
Organization Society of Virginia is making rapid strides in that direction. It
was organized several years ago, at the wise suggestion of the late Dr. H. B.
Frissell, by Major R. R. Moton, who with the valuable assistance of Captain
Allen Washington, Profs. J. M. Gandy, T. C. Erwin, Rev. A. A. Graham,
Lawyer T. C. Walker, Hon. Robert. E. Clay and others soon made it a
leading source of encouragement and helpfulness throughout the entire
State. While its purpose is to unite into one large solid body for more
mutual understandings all the church, fraternal and social organizations and
societies, big and little, in the State; it has no desires nor intentions
whatever of selfishly absorbing within itself or taking away the
individuality of any organized body that comes under its advice and help.
One of the chief objects of this society is to gather all such organizations
in the state under its guiding wisdom and sheltering arms into one big
congenial family, whose members may then be constantly taught how best
to work in helpful understandings and harmony among themselves and in
brotherhood co-operations with their white neighbors in order to secure

“better health, better schools, better homes and better farms” for the
Colored people. These efforts have proven so fruitful that this society has
already overflown its Virginian cup of uplift influence that is now running
and dripping over the sides into surrounding states. And under the
continued successful “Whooping-up” campaigns of its present leader, Major
Allen Washington, this organ is destined some day to become one of the
most helpful national movements in America in aiding to bring about
stronger and broader good-will feelings between the two races and at the
same time more friendly and solidly uniting all Colored organizations for a
more rapid and all-round advancement of the Negro Race.

THE PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESS
On February 19, 1919, Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, editor of The Crisis, called
a meeting known as The Pan-African Congress that held three days’ session
in the Grand Hotel, Paris, France. It was attended by fifty-eight delegates
representing sixteen different Negro groups, who passed resolutions of
which two of the most important paragraphs are quoted below as follows:
“Whenever persons of African descent are civilized and able to meet the
tests of surrounding culture, they shall be accorded the same rights as their
fellow citizens: they shall not be denied on account of race or color a voice
in their own Government, justice before the courts and economic and social
equality according to ability and desert.
“Whenever it is proven that African natives are not receiving just
treatment at the hands of any State or that any State deliberately excludes its
civilized citizens or subjects of Negro descent from its body politic and
cultural, it shall be the duty of the League of Nations to bring the matter to
the attention of the civilized world.”
Along with Dr. DuBois, some of the other internationally known persons
who attended that first Congress were Boisneuf, Deputy from Guadaloupe;
Captain Boutte; Canadace, French Deputy from Guadaloupe; Mme
Chapoteau; Mrs. Helen M. Curtis; Diagne, French Deputy from Senegal;
Grossilliere, Deputy from Martinique; Mrs. Ida Gibbs Hunt; Mrs. Addie W.
Hunton; Dr. John Hope; President King, Peace Delegate from Liberia; B. F.
Seldon and Roscoe C. Simmons.
The Pan-African Congress plans to hold its second meeting in Europe in
1921 and hold sessions in four different countries as follows: in London,
England on August 28th and 29th; in Brussels, Belgium on August 31st,
September 1st and 2nd; in Paris, France on September 4th and 5th, and a
“Special Committee to visit the Assembly of the League of Nations,
Geneva, Switzerland, after September 6th.”
In brief (according to the July 1921 issue of The Crisis) the chief
working plans mapped out on the practical progress of this Congress are as
follows: to satisfy the urgent need of securing first-hand information “about
Africa’s physical, climatic and commercial conditions, as well as the
attitude of the natives and the European governments”; to thresh such newly

gained knowledge and put it into the form of a statement, presenting the
main social problems which face the Negros of the world; to enable the
leaders of the different Negro groups the world over to become acquainted;
to get in touch with and put before those persons, groups, nations and
organizations of various races who either do sympathize with the peoples of
Africa and their descendants or who would sympathize with them if they
knew the fundamental characteristics, needs and deserts of the black man
all over the globe; to have the Pan-African Congress finally evolved into
one permanent body that welds the Negro people and their friends for the
emancipation of the race.
“For his services in originating and conducting in Paris the Pan-African
Congress”, Dr. DuBois was presented with the Spingarn Medal. And this
Pan-African Congress, “in the judgment of President Hope of Morehouse
College”, “made the Negro representatives from seventeen countries
discover that the problems of colored people the world over are the same.”
The origin and purpose of the above mentioned Spingarn Medal is
explained in the following quotation:
“A few years ago Dr. J. E. Spingarn of New York decided that he would
offer each year a gold medal to be awarded to the man or woman of African
descent who had rendered valuable, though perhaps somewhat
inconspicuous, service to his race and to modern civilization. Dr. Spingarn
had very clearly in his mind the “for merit” type of decoration. This idea
has always been kept before the committee on award”. (Ref. July 1920
issue of the Southern Workman).
A complete list of those who have been awarded the Spingarn Medal
since 1915, when it was first presented, up to the present date is as follows:
1915, Dr. Ernest E. Just, Scholar-Scientist.
1916, Colonel Chas. Young, United States Army.
1917, Harry T. Burleigh, Singer-Composer.
1918, Wm. Stanley Braithwaite, Poet-Critic.
1919, Archibald H. Grimke, Author-Orator.
1920, Dr. W. E. B. DuBoise, Sociologist-Author.
1921, Charles E. Gilpin, Celebrated Actor.

MARCUS GARVEY
Whatever may be their private thoughts and judgements as to the
methods, purposes and final results of his efforts; the one conclusion at
which close observing Colored and white people alike have unanimously
arrived and publically admitted is that the Negro, Marcus Garvey (who is
estimated to have united more than a million of his Race people into
different organizations) has unquestionably become “The World’s Greatest
Group Organizer” of today.
Relative to the Race interests, efforts and leaderships of Dr. DuBois and
Mr. Garvey, the writer quotes below the very logical and impartial editorial
that appeared in Editor J. Finley Wilson’s “Washington Eagle” that was
published September 17, 1921, in Washington, D.C.
“WORLD LEAGUE OF THE AFRICAN RACES NECESSARY”
“We are very much in favor of the Pan-African movement which Dr. W. E. B. DuBois has in
charge and is trying to make a success of. The race needs an international organization which will
gather representatives of the African peoples of the world, where their rights and wrongs may be
registered and looked after, and where, annually, they may gather in an open congress or a
discussion and agreement upon questions affecting them. The question is a broad one, race-
embracing, and should be considered from that viewpoint.
“On the other hand, we are very much in favor of the movement fostered by Mr. Marcus
Garvey, the provisional president of Africa, to create a sentiment in Africa in favor of a oneness
of sentiment among Africans themselves and the building up of African States for Africans. Mr.
Garvey has been pointing out, recently, and very wisely, we think, that the time may come when
Afro-Americans who are dissatisfied with their conditions in States of the United States may
desire to go to Africa, and to a State in Africa governed by Africans. This is reasonable foresight.
“There are millions of Jews working hard for the rehabilitation of Palestine who have no
desire to make it their home, as they are satisfied in the States where they are, but there are
millions who are not satisfied, as in Turkey and Russia, who would go to Palestine and build its
waste places while repatriating it. It is in the same way that we regard the building of a strong
African State as a sufficient asylum of those of the race who are persecuted anywhere on the
globe that they may be.
“Mr. Garvey is as much of a prophet in his way as Dr. DuBois, and we should be willing to
hold up the hands of both of them in any plans they may advance which seems possible of
working out for the good of the race. Both of them have ideas and methods we do not approve,
but that would be the case with any movement whatsoever, that may be started, on a large or
small scale, by any man or group of men of the race, but it should not prevent us from
encouraging them in any idea or plan which appears reasonable and possible of resulting in good
for the race.
“A World League of African People is necessary. An Independent African State in Africa is
necessary. We already have Liberia and Abyssinia, but we need more than these, and stronger
than both of them.”

ON THE FARM
Education The Negro Needs All
Wild men first learned to scratch the ground: —Agricultural Education
In building caves first trades they found: —Industrial Education
Then exchange of hides made business boom, —Commercial Education
And science was born gazing stars and moon —University Education
—Harrison.

S INCE the raising of tobacco, cotton, corn, sugar cane and other farm
products had been the main reason for starting slavery in America, it is
plainly seen that farming was the chief work of the Colored people until
they were set free. And it is quite natural that they took a great dislike to a
work that they had been compelled to do against their wills for over two
hundred years. So at the close of the Civil War when they were free to
choose their own work, the majority of ex-slaves were willing to do any
kind of labor under the sun (or over the sun for that matter) but work on the
farm. Such a state of affairs continued for a number of years and caused
much of the rich fertile lands in the South to go unfarmed, neglected and
runned-down, but after some years away from the only kind of work they
knew the most about, their dislike to farming began to lessen and they
gradually drifted back to work patches of land on shares with their former
owners who had survived the war. And their return to the bosom of nature
rapidly increased as the ex-slaves saw how it would enable them to make a
living and save money to buy land for themselves.
As a result of that movement back to the farms which continued to
increase, there were, according to the 1910 census, over two hundred
thousand farms or twenty-one million acres of land owned in the United
States by Colored people. Negroes in the South alone own more than two
hundred thousand of those farms that are valued at more than four hundred
million dollars. Just in the state of Virginia Colored people own over one
million acres of land that are valued at over ten million dollars. The
following named are just a handful of the Colored farmers throughout the
South and West who own and cultivate farms ranging in size from 500 to
3,000 acres of land; J. N. Brown, Tenn.,; J. Collins, S. C.; Robt. Chatman,
Texas; Wash Dillard, Texas; Lewis Dolphin, Okla.; J. G. Groves, Kan.;
Wiley Hinds’ family, Cal.; J. A. Hickey, G. N. Humphries, Texas; Howard

Jackson, Ala.; Chas. Jackson, La.; Deal Jackson, Ga.; Y. U. Jones, Texas;
John Lyttle, N. C.; J. H. McDuffy, Fla.; Wm. Mazy, John F. McGowon, L.
A. Nash, Lance Parker, Dennis Pollard, H. Penneth, Jack Taylor, Texas;
Jake Simmons, Okla.; R. L. Smith, Newton Smith, La.; A. W. Taylor, Texas;
J. Thompson, Ga.; W. B. Turner, Va., and Frank Wallace, Texas.
Through the encouragement and helpfulness of such farming agencies as
the Smith-Lever Funds for Agricultural Extension Education, the Smith-
Hughes Funds for Vocational Education, The Federal Farm Loans and the
Farmers’ Co-operative Demonstration Work, a new interest, rekindled
enthusiasm and extra efforts have been aroused among Colored farmers in
all parts of the country. They have at last been made to plainly see and fully
understand that it is always to their seemingly dull country barnyard gates
that the boiled-shirt, stiff-collared and learned business and college men of
the cities must sooner of later turn for their ham and eggs, steak and chops,
bread and butter and different vegetables. These same farmers manfully
realize that they or others can only produce such necessities of life by daily
mingling among the neighing horses, the mooing cows, the grunting pigs,
the bleating sheep, the cackling hens and the crowing roosters. They are the
people who with rolled-up sleeves cheerfully feel they must be stained with
the earth’s sweet dirt (for what is so fragrant, so refreshing and so sweet as
the smell of newly plowed furrows on an early spring morn, when crows
overhead fly with taunting caws and robins scratch the sods for a wormy
cause?) or the city folks for want of life-giving foods would soon die of
starvation.
In order to help prevent the above dreaded calamity overtaking the
country by learning how to better intensify crops and redouble their
products, Colored farmers both young and old are taking either short or full
courses in scientific agriculture in the following named schools that are a
few among the many giving such instructions:
Agricultural & Mechanical College for Negroes, Normal, Ala.;
Agricultural & Industrial State School, Nashville, Tenn.; Agricultural &
Technical College, Greensboro, N. C.; Agricultural & Normal University.,
Langston, Okla.; Alcorn Agricultural & Mechanical College, Alcorn, Miss.;
Branch Normal College, Pine Bluff, Ark.; Downingtown Industrial &
Agricultural College, Downingtown, Pa.; Florida Agricultural &
Mechanical College Tallahassee, Fla.; Georgia Normal & Agricultural
College, Albany, Ga.; Hampton Normal & Agricultural Institute, Hampton,

Va.; Armstrong Agricultural & Industrial Institute, West Butler, Ala.;
Tuskegee Normal & Industrial Institute, Tuskegee, Ala. (extracts from
Negro Year Book, 1918-1918 edition, pgs. 2-308-345)
As soon as Colored men have finished agricultural courses in the above
named or other schools, they are fully prepared to locate in any section of
the country and put into practice the farming theories they have just learned.
It is quite natural that the majority of them want to settle and farm in the
South—the birth place of their parents and usually of themselves, and the
best farming district in the United States, and many of them do settle there.
But quite a few (and the number is rapidly increasing) after deciding to
follow farming as a life work have settled in the North, or even better have
followed Horace Greeley’s famous advice “Young man, go West”. There
they have settled with assurances of better human treatments and fuller
civic rights due all human beings and American citizens, than they would
have received if they had settled in many parts of the South. On the Pacific
Coast they have found farming conditions more in accord with their special
agricultural training than any place in America with the exception of the
South. And whenever any of those Colored farmers arrived in California,
for instance, without money to buy a few acres of land, they at once hired
themselves out to farmers (without any fear of Southern peonage systems)
and in a little while had saved enough money to strike out for themselves.
During the time they served as farm laborers they were able to get practical
and valuable experience in three ways; through experimenting they got
acquainted with the Western crops that were new to them; they got
acquainted with the customs and habits of the people, and they had time to
carefully and slowly investigate many sections of the country before
selecting the plot of land and district in which they planned to later and
permanently settle.
The following two quotations are parts of articles written by Governor
Wm. D. Stephens and Secretary of State Frank C. Jordan of California, and
which articles appeared in the April 1, 1920 issue of the California Free
Lance that has since been absorbed into the California Voice. The reading of
these quotations may be of interest to those concerned.
Governor Stephens said—“Workers are what we need and opportunity
was never so widely open to the Negro as it is today. A very large number
of Colored workers are well fitted for farm labor and it would be better for
them, and a measure of aid to our agricultural interests, if they could be

diverted from the cities into the country. The farm laborer situation is
difficult in this state and steps might well be taken to shift to the country
those Colored men who are residing in large cities, under conditions
unsuited to them. Our Negro workers could themselves help to solve this
problem. Any effort initiated on their part undoubtedly would meet with
active encouragement. Some adaptation to new conditions would be
necessary, but this could easily be brought about through co-operation
between Negro workers and the employing farmers of our state. I regard
this matter of shifting workers who are misplaced in cities to the farms of
our state as a matter of importance, and I invite the earnest attention of the
Negro people to it as one primarily in their interest as well as being for the
best interest of our state.”
Secretary of State, Jordan said in part: “California today has need of
farmers and farm laborers. There is a general alarm felt by persons
acquainted with farming conditions at the shortage of laborers. The farmer
or farm laborer has a comfortable living under health-giving conditions and
the money he makes he can save. He is an independent producer and plays a
most important part in the national welfare. The California lands are
marvels of richness. Truck gardening, fruit orchards, wheat and rice fields,
cotton lands—in fact, nearly all farm culture—can be found in this State.
The important question at present is, Where are we to find laborers to
increase and intensify cultivation? Immigration from European countries
has practically ceased. Mexican labor is difficult and uncertain. We can only
hope for laborers to come from the more thickly settled parts of the country.
The youth of today needs to be educated not only in the technique of
farming, but also in the advantages of farm life. The prosperity of the nation
rests largely on the agricultural workers. The city dwellers cannot reduce
the high cost of living without the farmer’s co-operation in increased
production. The factory worker depends upon the farmer for food. His high
wages mean little to him unless food is plentiful. Let a young man consider
carefully the opportunities offered by country as well as civic life—the
sturdy independence, the healthful surroundings, the wholesome food, of
the former—before he decides what his life work will be.”
Copied below is another article “Land Conditions” that appeared in the
same issue of the Free Lance and which article goes more in detail
regarding the wonderful opportunities of farm life in California—the land

of not-too-cold nor not-too-hot climate, the land of singing birds, blooming
flowers and golden fruits.
“Probably the greatest opportunity for the race lies in the agricultural
sections of the state. Land at reasonable prices is now being offered by the
Southern Pacific Land Company in sixteen counties in various parts of the
state. While a great deal of this land is available for grazing purposes, yet
there are large tracts awaiting the coming of the man with the plow, chief
among which are sections laying in the beautiful Antelope Valley, situated
in Los Angeles county, which section’s chief products are alfalfa, grain,
fruit and dairying products. The soil of this valley is somewhat varied. The
upper mesas and slopes in the main valley are decomposed granite of fine
texture, with considerable vegetable humus. In the lower levels there are
great deposits of silt and in every case the soils are light and easy to work
The water conditions are all that can be desired, there being quite a deal of
artesian wells, where the water is found at depths varying from 50 to 600
feet. Prices of land in this valley vary from $2 to $10 per acre for grazing
land and from $10 to $71.50 for agricultural lands, with possibilities of
irrigation by pumping.
“In Fresno county, the home of the raisin and the Thompson grapes,
there will be found plenty of opportunities for dairying, fruit and general
farming. This county has now quite a large number of Negro ranchers who
are engaged profitably in various agricultural pursuits. The price of land in
this vicinity ranges from $20 to $143 per acre, with fine possibilities of
irrigation by pumping.
“Nearly all sections in the State of California are filled with
opportunities for men with small capital to engage in various kinds of
farming. While some are impressed by the large ranches, there is ample
opportunities to engage in small farming projects. Land at reasonable prices
and for all purposes can be obtained in the following counties; Siskiyou,
Shasta, Tehama, Butte, Nevada, Yuba, El Dorado, Monterey, Stanislaus,
Fresno, Imperial, Riverside, San Bernardino, Los Angeles, Kern and Tulare,
Recent reports from various sections of the State show that there are now
over 2100 Negroes engaged in agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry
in this State.”
In his annual report of February 1920, Secretary Houston of the
Department of Agriculture pointed out that when both the acreage and yield

per acre are taken into account, the American farmer leads the world in
individual production of crops. He further pointed out that the aggregate
value of all crops raised in the United States for that year amounted to over
fifteen billion dollars. These facts are truly very encouraging and
complimentary to the American farmer and are quite apt to give him
somewhat of a “big-head” until he reads “Social Aspects of the Decreasing
Food Surplus in The United States.” This is a nation-wide agricultural
survey written by one of America’s best authorities on that subject, Prof.
Bernhard Ostrolenk, Director of the National Farm school at Farm School,
Pa.
One of the most startling facts and timely warnings he brings out in his
survey is that three million farms in the United States are idle on account of
the American people not developing their unimproved lands. In writing
about the already improved lands and abandoned farms, he says in part:
“And now we come to the most serious aspect of the agricultural
situation in the United States. For the period of 1900 to 1910 more than two
and a half million people left the country to go to the cities. Double that
figure could safely be assumed to be the true situation from 1910 to 1920. A
tragedy is facing the country. Scarcity of food means dissatisfaction, unrest,
riots, mob rule, anarchy.
“Instead of proud boasting when new acquisitions are made in our cities,
new apprehensions for the future food supply should be aroused. Can the
Nation afford to be indifferent to the farmer much longer? We need an
exodus from our congested districts back to the soil and the National Farm
School is ready to lead in that movement. We have proved that it can be
done by taking raw city youths and training them to be successful farmers.
Eighty-seven per cent of our graduates own and operate their own farms.”
In giving out this advice and information of deep thought and timely
warning, Prof. Ostrolenk has meant for it to apply to and benefit the great
masses of Colored people who are jammed in the cities living in unsanitary
courts and alleys, as he has meant for it to influence the masses of his own
people who have left the country for the cities. And in putting a last spread
on this bread-and-butter subject, the writer can truthfully say that just as the
National Farm School, under the direction of Prof. Ostrolenk, is taking the
lead among other white agricultural schools in helping to solve this great
problem by turning out such efficient white farmers; so are Hampton

Institute, under the guidance of Dr. Jas. E. Gregg, and Tuskegee Institute,
under the leadership of Dr. Robt. R. Moton, gladly and whole-heartedly
joining hands with the National Farm School in helping to bring about this
“Back-to-the-Farm” movement by taking the lead among other Negro
agricultural schools in turning out practically and scientifically trained
Colored farmers.
Young men who wish to take a scientific course in agriculture but
hesitate to do so because they fear their race and color will prevent them
from getting sales for their products, should remember that:
The greatest and only food supplier in the world (the earth) is Colored,
and that no race of people ever attempts to wean itself from sucking its
daily life-giving nourishments from Nature’s nippled breasts just because
those breasts are made of the brown colored dust and dirt from which all
crops must come.

ON THE FARM

Chestnut Hunting

It was after four, one Friday when
We all rejoiced at school-week end,
And plans were made for Saturday roves
Among the trees of chestnut groves.

And half that night we thought of fun
That we would have when day begun;
So up we got with early sun
To get our chores real quickly done.

The cross-roads by the old mill-dam
Was where we formed our happy band
Of laughing girls and whistling boys,
Who vied their chums in making noise.

Blushing maids in tam-o’-shanters,
And teasing lads with roguish banters
All romped away one happy crew
To where we knew the best nuts grew.

What luck to be a boy or girl,
When leaves begin to brown and curl!
What joy it is to feel the thrill
That’s in the air from hill to hill!

Tramping over knolls and dales,
We saw a woods fenced in with rails;
And there tree limbs were bending down
Thick with burs all big and round.

Then we raced by rocky juts,
Until we spied the brownish nuts
Peeping down from sticky burs
Smooth inside as softest furs.

Boys shook boughs and nuts rained down
Rolling over frost-bit ground:
Those whose hands the burs did bruise
Upon them stamped with heavy shoes.

Some stood on the ground below
So their clubs to better throw:
Girls with sacks from flour mill
Picked enough each bag to fill.

When on a fence we climbed to chat,
The top rail broke and down we sat
On sticky burs all round about
That made us dance as well as pout.

What jolly times we had out there

Joking some two as a loving pair,
’Till baskets all were well heaped up,
When home we went to get our sup’.

We hid the nuts clear out of sight,
To roast or boil some winter night,
When coals glowed red within the grate
And snow outdoors fell deep and late.

Oh! that I were a youth once more
To gather chestnuts as of yore
From trees that once had blooming health
But long since dead from insects’ stealth.

Whenever now through woods I go,
My anguished heart does overflow
To see the blighted chestnut die
While puzzled science no cure does spy.
—Harrison.

IN THE TRADE SCHOOLS

Booker T. Washington

He loved both mankind and the soil,
And taught his folks to learn to toil
In all trades of the manual work
That kept them from an idle shirk.

Tuskegee stands a monument
To Booker T. whose life was spent
On begging trips for cash and fuel
To build and run that world-famed school.
—Harrison.

J UST as the late Dr. Booker T. Washington, founder of the wonderful
school, Tuskegee, was the greatest agricultural and industrial leader of his
race in the United States; so Dr. Robert R. Moton, former educator at
Hampton Institute and present principal of Tusgkee Institute, is today the
foremost leader of the American Colored people in industrial and
agricultural education. And the tireless efforts and uplifting influence of
those two great industrial leaders have either originated or greatly
encouraged and advanced much of the skilled industrial and intensive
agricultural progress made by the Colored people in America during the
past thirty or more years.
But the pioneer and greatest industrial educator of them all was General
Samuel Chapman Armstrong who founded in 1868 the famous Hampton
Institute, which is said to be the leading school of its kind in America, and
among the best in the world. For years not even many intelligent white and
Colored people looked with kindly favor upon General Armstrong’s then
new and strange methods of teaching the head, the hand and the heart to
work together for the highest development of an individual or a race. People
then generally thought that it was foolish to go to school just to learn the
trades or how to work on a farm, as they had always been taught that
schools were places where one went to learn to study books alone. And that
was what nearly every one wanted to do as it was thought to be a disgrace
and dishonor to work with the hands. But many years had not passed before

it was seen and proved that General Armstrong’s methods were among the
most valuable educational teachings in the world.
And today civilized countries throughout the world are using in their
private, public and government schools vocational and industrial plans and
methods copied after those originated by the far-sighted General Armstrong
and so successfully carried on after his death by Dr. Hollis Burke Frissell.
The unusual beneficial careers of those two life long friends of Colored
peoples stand with the foremost among the careers of many brave white
men and women who have not been ashamed to follow the footsteps of
Christ by unselfishly giving their lives and fortunes for the encouragement
and uplift of an oppressed people. Since the death of Dr. Frissell a few years
ago, Hampton has been under the careful and progressive leadership of Dr.
Jas. E. Gregg who has kept up the high grade of industrial education he
found there. He has also raised the academic standards to higher planes, in
order to better fit his graduates to more successfully face the advanced
educational requirements they have to meet when going out into the world
to wring success from the opportunities that will constantly come into their
callings.
Below are named a few of the other Colored industrial schools that are
yearly turning out hundreds of skilled and practical auto repairers,
blacksmiths, bricklayers, carpenters, cabinetmakers, domestic science
teachers, dressmakers, engineers, house matrons, machinists, milliners,
painters, printers, plumbers, school teachers, shoemakers, steamfitters,
tailors, tinsmiths, upholsters, wheelwrights and other artisans.
Albion Academy, Franklintown, S. C.; Americus Institute, Americus,
Ga.; Berean Ind. School, Phila., Pa.; Calhoun Colored School, Calhoun,
Ala.; Camden Colored High School, Camden, Ark.,; Coleman College,
Gibsland, La.; Betts Academy, Trenton, S. C.; Cheyney Training School,
Cheyney, Pa.; Christiansburg Ind. Institute, Cambria Va.; Clayton Ind.
School, Manor, Texas; Clinton Nor. & Ind. College, Rockhill, S. C.;
Colored Industrial School, Cincinnati, O.; Cookman, Institute, Jacksonville,
Fla.; Daytona Training School for Girls, Daytona, Fla.; Delaware Nor. &
Ind. School, Dover, Del.; Dunbar Training School, Brownsville, Tenn.;
Florida Bapt. Academy, St., Augustine, Fla.; Fort Valley High & Ind. Inst.,
Fort Valley, Ga.; Fort Worth Ind. & Mech. Col., Fort Worth, Tex.; Georgia
State & Ind. College, Savannah, Ga.; Greenville Ind. Inst., Greenville,
Miss.; Haines Nor. & Ind. Insti., Augusta, Ga.; Henderson Normal Inst.,

Henderson, N. V.; Joseph Brick Ind. School, Bricks, N. C.; Lincoln Normal
School, Marion, Ala.; Lincoln Inst, of Kentucky, Lincoln Ridge, Ky.; Knox
Academy, Selma, Ala.; Manassas Ind. School, Manassas, Va.; Mary Potter
Memorial School, Oxford, N. C.; Mayesville Ind. Inst., Mayesville, S. C.;
Mound Bayou Ind. Col., Mound Bayou, Miss.; National Training School,
(women) Washington, D.C.; New Jersey Nor. Training School, Bordentown,
N. J.; Oklahoma Nor. & Ind. Inst., Boley, Okla.; Penn Normal & Ind.
School, Frogmore, S. C.; Princess Anne Academy, Princess Anne, Md.;
Prairie View State Nor. & Ind. School, Prairie View, Texas; Schofield N. &
Ind. Inst., Aiken, S. C.; Sater State Normal & Ind. School, Winston-Salem,
N. C.; Snow Hill Inst., Snow Hill, Ala.; St. Augustine School, Raleigh, N.
C.; St. Paul Nor. & Ind. Inst. Lawrenceville, Va.; Vicksburg Ind. School,
Vicksburg, Miss.; Voorhees Ind. School, Denmark, S. C.; State College for
Colored Youth, Dover, Del.; Walker Bapt. Inst., Augusta, Ga.; Waters
Normal Inst., Winton, N. C. (extracts from Work’s Negro Year book, 1918-
1919 edition, pages 309-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20).

IN THE TRADE SCHOOLS
While a great many of these schools are kept going through the
donations of money by Northern white individuals and organizations as
well as by the aid of several state appropriations, the majority of them are
supported and run by Colored people themselves. “The African Methodist
Episcopal Church is raising each year about $500,000 for the support of its
twenty colleges and normal schools. The Negro Baptists are giving support
to about 110 colleges and academies.” All together there are about 175 such
schools supported by different Colored church denominations that raise
each year for this purpose about two million dollars. The properties of these
schools thus supported are worth about two million five hundred thousand
dollars. (Ref: Works Negro Year Book 1918-1919 edition page 286.)
Among the foremost Colored leaders in industrial education are J. B.
Dudley, Winston-Salem, N. C., W. J. Edwards, Snow Hill, Ala., J. M.
Gandy, Petersburg, Va., W. H. Goler, Salisbury, N. C., W. J. Hale, Nashville,
Tenn., J. R. E. Lee, Kansas City, Mo., E. A. Long, Cambria, Va., R. R.
Moton, Tuskegee, Ala., J. S. Russell, Lawrenceville, Va., Emmett J. Scott,
Washington, D.C., R. R. Wright, Sr., Savannah, Ga.

IN THE RURAL SCHOOLS

W HEN it is taken into consideration that in 1910, just 47 years after
their freedom was received, there were less than three million
illiterate Negroes in America out of their population of ten million, it
will be seen that the Colored people under most unfavorable circumstances
that have always existed have made very good strides along educational
lines. Rural education among them began as early as 1861 when the first
real day school was started near Fortress Monroe, Va., by the American
Missionary Association. That school, which was taught by Miss Mary S.
Peake, a Colored teacher, was the forrunner of Negro rural school education
in the South as well as the pioneer site of the present Hampton Institute.
The movement continued to grow and spread so rapidly that in 1870
through the assistance of the Freedman’s Bureau, there had been established
in different parts of the South over four thousand common schools.
While it is true that the majority of the Southern white people apposed
the education of the Negro, there were many of the best thinking among
them who did everything possible to elevate their Colored population.
Together with the hundreds of Northern white people (mostly of the Quaker
and Puritan stocks) who willingly gave their times, fortunes and in many
cases their lives for this cause, different white church denominations and
other organizations spent large sums of money for the establishment of
schools and the support of teachers for the work. As the outgrowth of that
early start there are today in just the Southern States alone over two million
Colored children attending public schools that are being taught by nearly
thirty-seven thousand Colored teachers. (Ref: Work Negro Year Book,
1918-1919 edition, page 269.)
The greatest encouragement and help that the Southern Colored people
have received in the development of their rural school systems have come
from the Rosenwald Rural School Fund, which was founded by Mr. Julius
Rosenwald, President of the Sears-Roebuck Company of Chicago, Ill. The
following quotation is an extract from Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919
edition, page 291; “June 12, 1914, Mr. Rosenwald announced that through
the Tuskegee Institute he would provide money to assist in erecting rural
school-houses for Negroes in the South under the following terms: that the

people in the community where a school house is to be erected shall secure
from the public school funds or raise among themselves an amount
equivalent to or larger than that given by Mr. Rosenwald. It is understood
that in no case will the sum given by Mr. Rosenwald exceed $400 for a one-
teacher school and $500 for a two-teacher school.”
In the April 23, 1921 issue of the Chicago Defender there appeared an
article on the above subject and the following quotation is an extract from
that article: “Nearly 400 rural schools will have been completed during the
year ending July 1 with aid from the Rosenwald fund. Of the money
required to erect these schools our people in the South gave $500,000, the
white people $500,000, various states $800,000 and Mr. Rosenwald
$500,000. All the Rosenwald schools have been put in operation.
Altogether, more than 1,000 schools have been built in the South with the
aid from the Rosenwald fund.”

IN BUSINESS SCHOOLS

The Pen and the Typewriter

Years back pen and pencil were always cross
For every one used them as though a horse:
They were pushed and pulled without respite,
And made to draw heavy lines just right.

Not a figure was cut without their aid
Nor a letter was built without their shade;
And well did they have good cause to fret
And wish for some other the work to get.

One day a man from Remington came
With a funny thing that bore his name;
Then Smith-Underwood did saunter in
To ease the work of the weeping pen.

Now pen and pencil are mad as a bee
And say they would even a mule rather be
Than lie on a desk as dull as a log
Or stay on the floor like a poodle dog.
—Harrison.

A S Colored people have branched out into more numerous and new
business enterprises, they have found that in order to place their
ventures on foundations that are sure and firm they must learn certain
book knowledge as well as getting actual working experiences in modern
businesses. They have also noticed through observations or experiences that
no matter how well a business may be founded and grounded it will not
continue to succeed unless its detailed operations are carried on by specially
trained and capable workers. Since they, with but few exceptions, have not
been allowed to attend, simply on account of their Race, white business
schools and colleges to receive such preparations, Colored people have in
many of the large cities in America established their own business schools
and colleges. From among the many such schools the following named are
the few that have come under the writer’s notice during his limited research
efforts:

The progressive city of Jacksonville, Fla., has the honor of housing
probably the largest and most modernly equipped private school of this
nature not only in America but in the world among Colored people. The
founder and president of this institution is Prof. R. W. Walker. Through his
patient and untiring efforts, unusual business and teaching abilities, he has
built up an enrollment of over one thousand local and correspondent
students in his college that is established in its own fifty thousand dollar
building which is open day and night the year round for class room work.
Aside from its school rooms Walker’s National Business College has a
dormitory for the boarding and lodging of its out-of-town students.
The Derrick Business School has within the past five years made such
rapid growth and progress under the sound establishment, expert teaching
and sane management of Miss M. J. Derrick that it is now centrally located
in its own building in one of the most exclusive business sections of
Philadelphia, Pa. Miss Derrick has the distinction of being the only Colored
person who owns and manages a business college that teaches the famous
“Boyd’s 30-Day System.” This school also has its own dormitories for the
accommodation of its students living out of the city and state.
More than ten years ago The Stenographers’ Institute was founded in
Philadelphia, Pa., by Prof. E. T. Duncan. Since that time he has built up a
commercial school of such efficiency that his reputation has brought to him
not only local students but young men and women living in several other
cities and states. The enrollment of his school has become so large that in
the near future he will be compelled to seek new and larger quarters.
The New York Academy presided over by Prof. R. W. Justice, and
Braithwaite Shorthand School managed by Prof. I. N. Braithwaite are two
business schools in New York City operated by Colored men who are doing
much for the elevation of their race by turning out competent commercial
graduates.
In Chicago, Ill., Prof. M. J. Treadwell’s Commercial Institute and The
Central School of Commerce, of which Prof. W. D. Alimono an expert
bookkeeper and accountant is president, are two Colored business schools
that rank in the first class.
Prof. Chas. A. Brown’s Bruno School of Business, Brooklyn, N. Y., is
also an institution of modern methods and is doing its part in preparing for

future careers stenographers, typewriters, bookkeepers and other students in
various commercial subjects.

IN BUSINESS

RACIAL CO-OPERATION

When Race stores are tidy and neatly bent,
And act polite when you spend but a cent;
Then do buy their wares, if fair and good,
And as Jew Folks, help your own Racehood.
—Harrison.

C OLORED boys and girls who wish to learn about what some of their
race people have done in big business should read the following and
thereby get encouragement and inspiration.
One of the very first Colored persons (thanks to and honor due Negro
womanhood) to develop an enterprise from a local venture into a successful
national and international commercial standard was the far-seeing and
progressive late Madam C. J. Walker, of Indianapolis and New York.
Starting with a few cents in her pocket but with a full knowledge of the
value of her beauty culture and toilet articles, with even fuller knowledge of
their urgent need among her Colored sisters, and with the fullest
determination and confidence to succeed, Mrs. Walker within the short
period of twelve years made for herself a wealth of one million dollars. This
fortune included a modernly equipped home in Indianapolis, Ind., a fifty
thousand dollar residence in New York City, and a two hundred fifty
thousand dollar mansion at Irvington-on-the-Hudson, New York. Aside
from the numerous and unrecorded sums of money she gave to both
Colored and white charities during her twelve years of wonderful financial
career, Mrs. Walker at her death bequeathed one hundred thousand dollars
to be used in many charitable ways for the encouragement and uplift of her
race. The business, Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Co., was left to her
daughter, Mrs. Lelia Walker Wilson, whose business abilities handed down
to her from her gifted mother, together with her own original ideas and
efforts have already increased the enterprise. Mrs. Walker’s life of
marvelous success will ever stand out as a clear beacon light to Negro
youths, especially Colored girls. And when the circumstances under which
she labored are taken into just consideration her achievements are
recognized as worthy of being recorded on the best pages of American
history.
Right on the heels of the above business wonder is the commercial
success of Mr. and Mrs. A. E. Malone, St. Louis, Mo., who are also in the
same line of business. On account of the superior quality of their goods, the
urgent demands for same and the resulting satisfaction they are giving, their

business has increased so rapidly that they were compelled to recently erect
a two hundred fifty thousand dollar five-story fireproof building. In this
structure are housed their manufacturing plant and office force. The
Malones are giving $5,000 toward the Colored Y. M. C. A. Work and
various other sums of money for different lines of betterment for their race,
(like the late Madame Walker and several other wealthy Colored people)
show they are with a Good Samaritan spirit taking altruistic advantages of
their unusual success in business by repeatedly aiding their less fortunate
Race people or humanity in general after they have found the need of such
aid is for a worthy and good cause. So Mr. & Mrs. Malone are today
equally dividing their time between the expansion of their Poro College
business and the encouragement and uplift of their struggling Race.
(Figures extracted from Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, p.
3).
Colored girls who want to go into business for themselves or be
successful in anything but hesitate and hold back because they belong to the
Negro race and are Colored, should remember that:—The most powerful
thing in the world (the sun) is Colored, and just because Nature has willed
that it must get up every morning and retire every evening with a red rosy
face does not mean that it is blushing with shame or holding back its
leadership in light and energy just because it happens to be a golden color.
According to an article that appeared in the April 16, 1921 issue of the
Chicago Defender, the Kashmir Chemical Co., and the Nile Queen Co. are
to be formed into one corporation in its own three story building and is to
have a capital of two hundred thousand dollars. This is also a beauty culture
business and is under the hustling and capable leaderships of its president
David Manson and his associates J. D. Bell, George Walker and C. A.
Barnett.
To be awarded first prize at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and the
Jamestown Exposition in 1907 and to be awarded a contract by the United
States Government to supply its army during the World War, is what A. C.
Howard’s shoe polish has accomplished for him. And today the products of
A. C. Howard Shoe Polish Manufacturing Co., New York have become
known on both sides of the oceans.
Because of their unusual business success the writer quotes below from
Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919, pages 360-361, sketches telling about

the accomplishments of three among America’s foremost Colored business
men.
“Boyd, Dr. R. H. Prominent minister in the Baptist denomination. He
established in 1896, the National Baptist Publishing House at Nashville,
Tenn. The printing plant occupies a half block in the business portion of the
city. It pays its employees over $200,000 a year for labor. According to
inventory made by Bradstreet’s Agency, the value of stock, equipment and
property of the concern is about $350,000. Here all the books and
pamphlets needed in the Sunday School and church work of the Negro
Baptists are published. Dr. Boyd is the president of the National Negro Doll
Company, which manufacturers high class Negro dolls.”
“Merrick, John. One of the most successful Negro business men in the
United States. He was born in Clinton, North Carolina, September 7, 1859;
died August 6, 1919; was a bricklayer by trade, and later, became a barber.
In 1898 he founded the North Carolina Mutual and Provident Association,
which is one of the strongest Negro insurance companies in the world. He
was one of the wealthiest Negroes in North Carolina. He owned a large
amount of real estate. His monthly rent income was over $500.”
“Smith, Robert L. Born in Charleston, South Carolina, 1861. Founder of
the Farmer’s Improvement Society of Texas. He graduated from Atlanta
University, and for a time was editor of a paper in Charleston. He then went
to Texas and became a teacher. In 1895 he was elected a member of the
Texas Legislature. Wishing to help the people, he organized in 1890, the
Farmers’ Improvement Society. The members of the Association now own
over 75,000 acres of land worth considerably over $1,000,000. In 1906 the
Society founded an agricultural college at Ladonia, Texas, and in 1911, they
organized a bank at Waco, Texas. The Society also operates an overall
factory at Waco. Under the Auspices of the Society Farmers’ Institutes and
fairs are held.”
On account of having detailed knowledge of their enterprises unshaken
determination to succeed, unusual energetic efforts, strict attention to
business, courteous manners to customers, integrity of word, prompt
payment of debts, frugal methods of saving and living within their means,
the late Messrs. McKee, Minton, Smith, Stevens and Trower of
Philadelphia, Pa., in accumulating wealth amounting to millions of dollars,

proved themselves among the most prominent and successful Colored
business men the United States have produced.

IN BANKING

Every Dollar Saved Shows a Little More (Sense) Cents

In good strong banks all youths should seek
One dollar at least to save per week;
So when old age on them does creep
They’ll not in poorness have to weep.
—Harrison.

As off-springs of people who three hundred years ago were savages in
Africa, and as decendents of people who were in the United States as slaves
for two hundred forty-four years; the American Colored people of today,
less than sixty years from slavery, own and operate seventy-two Banks.
These Banks carry a capital of about two million five hundred thousand
dollars and do an annual business of about thirty-five million dollars.
(Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, page 367).
This marvelous and successful commercial plunge is the most dazzling
banking achievement, as far as history records, ever made in the world in
the same length of time, by a like group of people placed under the same
kind of circumstances. In fact, this most heavily handicapped business
broad-jump has been made with such sudden rapidity, length of leap and
sure-footed landing that financial judges and onlookers of all races are still
dizzy from trying to measure the distance and solve how it was covered.
Banking critics throughout the country seem to agree in estimating E. C.
Brown, President of Brown and Stevens Bank, Phila., Pa., and Brown
Savings & Banking Co., Norfolk, Va., as the foremost Colored banking
financier of today in America. Aside from having many heavy real estate
holdings in numerous Southern and Northern cities, he is founder and
president of the Quality Amusement Corporation that owns and operates the
Lafayette Theater in New York, the Dunbar Theater, in Phila., Pa., and
theaters either under construction or contemplation in several other large
cities.
According to an article that appeared on August 13, 1920 in the Dayton
Forum, a Negro paper published by J. H. Rives, Dayton, Ohio, the first
Colored bank in the United States to report resources of over one million

dollars is the Solvent Savings Bank & Trust Co. of Memphis, Tenn. Its
cashier, B. M. Roddy stated that the bank does business with twenty-five
thousand people. These facts together with a fuller and more detailed
notification were sent to the State Commission on June 30th of that year.
Other Colored banks that separately had resources of over nine hundred
thousand dollars and were expected to reach the million dollar mark by the
end of that year were the Brown Savings & Banking Co., Norfolk, Va., and
the Wage Earners Savings Bank in Savannah, Ga. The St. Lukes Bank,
Richmond, Va., the only institution of its kind founded and presided over by
a Colored woman, Mrs. Maggie L. Walker, has resources of over five
hundred thousand dollars. Other banks that have gone over the half million
dollar mark in resources are, The Mechanics Bank, Richmond, Va., The
Mutual Savings Bank, Portsmouth, Va., and the Tide Water Bank, Norfolk,
Va. Twenty-five Colored banks throughout the country each have over two
hundred fifty thousand dollars in resources. Colored people have one
national bank, not so long established in Chicago, Ill., The Doughlass
National Bank of which P. W. Chavers is president. The Brown & Stevens
Bank, Phila., Pa., and the Binga State Bank, Chicago, Ill., have both
reached the million dollar mark in resources. The last named bank, of which
Jesse Binga is founder and president, has a capital and surplus of one
hundred twenty thousand dollars.
The names in the following list have been handed to the writer as being
just a few from among many such Colored banks in the United States that
are laid on sound foundations, efficiently conducted and fully recognized
for their business integrity, steady financial growth and broadening moral
influences.
Banks Presidents
C. H. Anderson Co., Bankers, Jacksonville, Fla. C. H. Anderson
Atlanta State Savings Bank, Atlanta, Ga., J. A. Ross
Auburn Savings Corporation, Atlanta, Ga., B. J. Davis
Central State Bank, Gary, Ind., W. C. Hueston
Citizens State Banking Co., New Orleans, La., J. H. Lowery
Citizens & Southern Banking Co., Phila., Pa., R. R. Smith, Sr.
Charleston Mutual Savings Bank, (not informed)
Crawford Bank, Boston, Mass., David Crawford
Crown Savings Bank, Newport News, Va., (not informed)
{120}Farmers & Merchants Bank, Boley, Okla., D. J. Turner
Farmers Improvement Bank, Waco, Texas, R. L. Smith
Fraternal Bank & Trust Co., Forth Worth, Texas, Thomas Mason

Mechanics Savings Bank, Richmond, Va., John Mitchell, Jr.
Mechanics & Farmers Bank, Durham, N. C., W. G. Pearson
Mound Bayou State Bank, Mound Bayou, Miss., D. A. Carr.
Peoples Federation Bank, Charleston, S. C., W. H. Johnson
One Cent Savings Bank, Nashville, Tenn., R. H. Boyd
Penny Savings & Loan and Investment Co., Augusta, Ga., R. S. Williams.
Northcross & Curtis Bank, Detroit, Mich., Dr. Northcross.
Savannah Savings & R. E. Corp’n, Savannah, Ga., W. S. Scott.
Industrial Savings Bank, Washington, D.C., J. W. Lewis.
Fraternal Savings Bank, Memphis, Tenn., J. J. Scott.
Tide Water Bank & Trust Co., Norfolk, Va., P. B. Young
Steel City Bank, Pittsburgh, Pa., (not informed)
Tuskegee Institute Savings Bank, Tuskegee, Ala., Warren Logan.
Modern Savings & Trust Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., J. H. Phillips

“The Allied Bankers’ Corporation will serve as a clearing house for
banks, life and fire insurances companies, manufacturing companies and for
business generally. The enterprise is to be owned by and operated wholly in
the interest of and for the economic development of the Race.” This
quotation is extracted from an article that appeared in the December 11,
1920 issue of the Chicago Defender. In speaking of this movement, the
article further stated that a group of Colored bankers and business men were
combining in forming and having incorporated a one million dollar concern
to be known as the Allied Bankers and Industrial Corporation.
“Application for charter has already been made by the following bankers
and business men: L. E. Williams, president Wage Earners’ Savings Bank,
Savannah, Ga.; Harry E. Pace, formerly secretary-treasurer Standard Life
Insurance Company, now president of Pace Phonograph company, New
York City; E. C. Brown, president of Brown & Stevens, bankers,
Philadelphia, Pa., and president Quality Amusement Corporation; John E.
Nail, of Nail & Parker, real estate dealers, New York City; J. S. Jones,
secretary-treasurer Tidewater Bank and Trust Company, Norfolk, Va.;
Charles Banks, Mound Bayou, Miss., and Emmett J. Scott, formerly
assistant to Secretary of War Baker and now secretary-treasurer of Howard
University.”

IN REAL ESTATE.

W ITHIN the past twenty years Colored real estate owners and brokers
throughout the country have made real estate deals running up into
millions of dollars. Some of the heaviest transactions have been made
by Nail & Parker, New York City, Watt Terry, Brocton, Mass., and New
York City, the late P. A. Payton, New York City, A. F. Herndon, Atlanta,
Ga., R. L. Smith, Waco, Texas, Brown & Stevens, Phila., Pa., Jesse Binga,
Chicago, Ill., M. L. Harris, Washington, D.C., H. M. Burkett, Baltimore,
Md., W. Lewis, C. Tolson, Baltimore, Md., R. H. Watterford, Gary, Ind., J.
T. Jackson, Germantown, Pa., S. J. Jones, Phila., Pa., H. Rudduth,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Isadore Martin, Phila., Pa., J. L. Slaughter & Co.,
Faulkner & Cook Co., Anderson & Terrell Co., Harvey Watkins Co.,
Chicago, Ill., McKinley, Walker and DeVeille, Washington, D.C., P. H.
Sykes, Phila., Pa.
According to an article that appeared on page 53 in the May 1920 issue
of The Crisis, Nail & Parker, New York real estate brokers, handle over a
million dollars yearly in rentals and commissions. During the year 1919
Colored people purchased over four million dollars worth of property in the
Harlem section of New York City. But what is said to have been the largest
real estate transaction ever made in the United States at one time by
Colored people was when six large modern De Luxe Elevator Apartments,
that had been constructed on West 141st and 142nd Street, New York City
at a cost of one million five hundred thousand dollars, were purchased by
an organized group of Negro business men. (Ref. Work’s Negro Year Book,
1918-1919 edition, page 3).
Through his personal research work in the following cities, the writer
has been able to uncover from among the many thousands of Colored
business people throughout America, the following unusually successful
business Colored men and women each reputed able to write his or her
personal check for twenty-five thousand dollars; nearly all of them have
saved a fortune of fifty thousand dollars; a large number of them have
reached the one hundred thousand dollar mark; numbers of them have two
hundred fifty thousand dollars to their credits; many of them count their
wealth up to five hundred thousand dollars and quite a few of them own

over a million dollars in cash and property. But in reading this list let the
readers say, as the Queen of Sheba said when she paid a visit to King
Solomon and viewed his wealthy kingdom, “The half has not been told.”
Because the author would remind the reader that all over the United States
there are just as successful and wealthy Colored business men and women
whose names do not appear in this list simply because he was unable to
locate such names during his much handicapped research work.
Atlanta, Ga. Los Angeles, Cal.
A. F. Herndon, Barber & Real Estate. R. C. Owens, Real Estate.
J. O. Ross, Merchant & Banker. A. J. Roberts, Undertaker.
Atlantic City, N. J. Louisville, Ky.
B. G. Fitzgerald, Cafe & Hotel. W. S. Lovett, Banker.
J. B. Ford, Real Estate. R. I. Smith, Moving & Packing.
Baltimore, Md. Lynchburg, Va.
J. C. Burton, Merchant. A. Humbles, Merchant, (retired).
E. B. Taylor, Caterer, Banker. Memphis, Tenn.
H. O. Wilson, Banker. R. R. Church, Real Estate, Capitalist.
Bethlehem, Pa. T. H. Hayes, Undertaker.
J. L. Ray, Restaurant Manager. Milwaukee, Wis.
Birmingham, Ala. John Malone, Hotel Manager.
N. B. Smith, Real Estate. Mobile, Ala.
Boley, Okla. J. T. Paterson, Real Estate.
L. L. Dolphin, Merchant. Montgomery, Ala.
T. L. Woods, Merchant. V. H. Tulane, Real Estate.
Boston, Mass. Mound Bayou, Miss.
D. Crawford, Banker. Chas. Banks, Real Estate.
Buffalo, N. Y. Knoxville, Tenn.
C. H. Patrick, Druggist. Calvin Johnson, Capitalist (retired).
E. D. MacAden, Hotel Manager. Morrisville, Pa.
Brooklyn, N. Y. J. W. Lewis, Real Estate.
L. Williams, Tailor (retired). Muskogee, Okla.
Camden, N. J. Miss Sarah Rector, Oil Wells.
C. W. Moore, Contractor. B. J. Elliott, Real Estate.
Charleston, W. Va. Nashville, Tenn.
C. H. James, Wholesale Merchant. R. H. Boyd, Publisher.
Charleston, S. C. P. Taylor, Real Estate.
J. W. Frazer, Contractor. Newark, N. J.
T. T. Edwards, Contractor. H. J. Brown, Undertaker.
Charlotte, N. C. G. Bowles, Mover & Storage.
T. L. Tate, Barber. New Orleans, La.
C. B. Bailey, Insurance. R. H. V. DeJoie, Insurance.
Chattanooga, Tenn. Wm. Robinson, Merchant.
C. Marshall, Merchant. Newport News, Va.
Bristol, Tenn. Miss Lelia Brown, Theatre.
R. E. Clay, Barber, Real Estate. S. A. Howell, Banker.
Chester, Pa. New York City, N. Y.
Geo. Nugent, Hotel Proprietor. J. E. Nail, Real Estate.

E. F. Wright, Hotel Proprietor. J. C. Thomas, Undertaker.
Chicago, Ill. Norfolk, Va.
E. H. Morris, Capitalist. P. B. Young, Financier.
Jesse Binga, Banker. Oakland, Cal.
Cincinnati, Ohio. Wiley Hines, Real Estate.
J. L. Jones, Regalia Manfgr. Nebraska, Omaha.
Cleveland, Ohio. J. H. Broomfield, Real Estate.
J. E. Reed, Real Estate. Phila., Pa.
Columbia, S. C. E. C. Brown, Banker.
I. S. Levy, Merchant Tailor. W. W. H. Casselle, Undertaker.
J. C. Sawyer, Cotton Dealer. Beresford Gale, Financier.
Columbus, Ohio. Augustine and Baptiste, Caterers.
C. W. Bryant, House Mover. W. A. Davis, Druggist.
Danville, Va. J. T. Gibson, Theater Owner.
J. R. Wilson, Real Estate. Phoebus, Va.
Darby, Pa. J. I. Fountain, Barber.
J. M. Drew, Expressman. Phoenix, Ariz.
Dayton, Ohio. M. H. Shelton, Real Estate.
J. H. Finley, Carpet Factory. Pine Bluff, Ark.
Denver, Col. R. Y. Longly, Barber.
A. A. Waller, Real Estate. Pittsburgh, Pa.
L. H. Lighterner, Real Estate. C. W. Posey, Coal Operator.
Des Moines, Iowa. J. H. Phillips, Banker.
Chas. Cousins, Merchant. Portland, Oregon.
Detroit, Mich. Rutherford Bros., Merchants.
Dr. Northcross, Banker. Portland, Maine.
H. S. Ferguson, Caterer. M. S. Green, Real Estate.
Durham, N. C. Portsmouth, Va.
W. G. Pearson, Capitalist. L. C. Brown, Banker.
Fort Smith, Ark. Princeton, N. J.
G. S. Winston, Real Estate. Mrs. Wm. Moore, Real Estate.
Fort Worth, Texas. E. S. Johnson, (Rtd.) Merchant.
W. M. McDonald, Financier. Raleigh, N. C.
Gary, Ind. B. O. Kelly, Merchant.
J. Smith, Real Estate. C. W. Matthews, Real Estate.
Greenville, S. C. Richmond, Va.
J. P. Chappell, Real Estate. John Mitchell, Banker-Editor.
Hampton, Va. A. D. Price, Undertaker.
W. T. Anderson, Merchant. Roanoke, Va.
Harrisburg, Pa. A. F. Brooks, Real Estate.
W. M. Felton, Airplanes & Autos. Sacramento, Cal.
Hartford, Conn. T. D. Walker, Barber.
C. Grant, Wood Yard. San Antonio, Texas.
Helena, Ark. J. A. Grumbles, Real Estate.
Scott Bond, Merchant. San Francisco, Cal.
Dr. N. B. Hauser, Druggist. W. A. Butler, Real Estate.
Houston, Texas. Savannah, Ga.
R. L. Andrews, Real Estate. L. E. Williams, Banker.
Indianapolis, Ind. F. F. Jones, Butcher.
Mrs. Lelia Walker Wilson, Manfgr. Seattle, Wash.

Jackson, Miss. E. R. James, Real Estate.
S. D. Redmond, Real Estate. Shreveport, La.
Jacksonville, Fla. C. Jackson, Real Estate.
A. L. Lewis, Insurance. I. S. Stokes, Planter.
W. J. Geter, Real Estate. J. S. Williams, Undertaker.
Jersey City, N. J. St. Louis, Mo.
W. C. Lee, Merchant. Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Malone, Mfgs.
Kansas City, Kan. W. C. Gordon, Undertaker.
W. Price, Real Estate. St. Paul, Minn.
Kansas City, Mo. W. T. Frances, Lawyer.
H. L. Kinsler, Real Estate. Terre Haute, Ind.
W. S. Wood Druggist. R. C. Simpson, Real Estate.
Knoxville, Tenn. Washington, D.C.
Calvin Johnson, Capitalist, retired. J. W. Lewis, Banker.
Leavenworth, Kan. R. H. Rutherford, Insurance.
S. T. Jones, Coal & Feed Dealer. Wichita, Kan.
Little Rock, Ark. Mrs. H. G. Bradford, Cafe Owner.
C. E. Bush, Manufacturer. Wilmington, Del.
Dr. S. G. Elbert, Real Estate.
Wilmington, N. C.
J. H. Shaw, Undertaker.

IN INSURANCE

Poverty in Old Age

While now you have both youth and health,
Endow your life for old aged wealth,
Or loved ones, (if death first you claim),
So WANT will not bow them in shame.
—Harrison.

O NE of the chief living conditions surrounding the American Colored
people that always stood as a puzzled question to the masses of
American white people was; how did Negroes (considering the low
cheating wages, until the World War, they had always received for their
work and the usually double prices they were made to pay in buying
clothes, furniture, homes, etc.) manage to keep up decent living expenses,
save money and at the same time nourishingly care for their sick and
properly bury their dead? It has never been understood why so few Colored
people have been seen as beggars, and paupers holding up every other street
corner or silently filling the potter fields; while these same places have
always been over-crowded with dependent white people, who in their
prosperous life times had received the highest paid wages and given the
lowest bargain sales. When it is remembered that there is over ninety
million Caucasians in the United States against twelve million Negroes,
even then the percentage of whites in such places is much larger than that of
the blacks. And from the fact that in nearly every large city in America there
are to be found white men and women who own homes and thousands of
dollars and still beg on street corners proves that begging is easier and
comes more natural to white than to Colored people, because no instance
has ever been heard of a Negro street begging when owning a home or
money in a bank.
Now the facts that answer the puzzled question, as to how Negroes have
always been able to “get along” generally under all circumstances, are the
insurance companies, fraternal orders and beneficial societies founded and
operated by Colored people in America. There is nothing in the world
(including death) that the average Colored people dread more than to face

downright poverty, need and beggary, and to prevent such misfortunes they
become full members in these organizations even from childhood. For this
reason insurance enterprises have proven to be one of the most congenial
occupations, quickest, surest and best paying business into which Negro
business men have so far ventured. On the other hand the founders and
managers of these companies have taken full advantage of their
opportunities to give to the masses of people in their companies a timely,
practical and material helpfulness that is surpassed by no other group of
Colored business leaders.
Philadelphia, Pa., has the honor of having been the home of the first
Negro insurance company, in the United States, which was the American
Insurance Company founded in 1810.
The following named are a few of the many Colored insurance
companies throughout the country that together have policies in force
valued at about sixty million dollars and annually write up insurance
amounting to about forty million dollars.
Afro-American Industrial Ins. Co., Jacksonville, Fla.; American Mutual
Benefit Association, Houston, Tex.; Georgia Mutual Ins. Co., Augusta, Ga.;
Keystone Aid Society, Phila., Pa.; Liberty Life Ins. Co., Ill. and Ind.;
Liberty Mutual Life & Health Ins. Co., Savannah, Ga.; Mammouth Life and
Accident Ins. Co., Louisville, Ky.; Mutual Relief and Benevolent Ass’n,
Columbia, S. C.; National Benefit Life Ins. Co., Washington, D.C.; North
Carolina Mutual and Provident Ass’n, Durham, N. C.; Fireside Mutual Ins.
Co., Atlanta, Ga.; Provident Ins. Co., Chicago, Ill.; Southern Life Ins. Co.,
Baltimore, Md.; Standard Life Ins. Co., Atlanta, Ga.; Superior Mutual Ins.
Co., The Lincoln Life Ins. Co., New Orleans, La.; Underwriters’ Mutual
Ins. Co., Chicago, Ill.; Union Central Relief Ass’n, Birmingham, Ala.;
Union Mutual Ins. Co., Jacksonville, Fla.; Unity Ind. and Life Ins. Co., New
Orleans, La.; Unity Mutual Ins. Co., Chicago, Ill.; Union Guarantee and Ins.
Co., of Miss., Jackson, Miss.; Richmond Beneficial Ins. Co., Richmond,
Va.; Southern Aid Society of Virginia, Richmond, Va.; Virginia Beneficial
and Ins. Co., Norfolk, Va. (Extracts from Works’ Negro Year Book, 1918-
1919 edition, pgs. 359-60).
Some of the foremost leaders who have built up in the past or are today
building up Colored insurance business in America are as follows: J. C.
Asbury, Philadelphia, Pa., Geo. W. Blount, Portsmouth, Va., Chas. H.

Brooks, Philadelphia, Pa., Edw. Bowen, E. H. Carry, Wm. Carter, Chicago,
Ill., D.C. Chandler, Columbus and C. R. Davis, Cincinnati, O., P. H. V.
Dejoie, C. C. Dejoie, Chicago, Ill., T. K. Gibson, Atlanta, Ga., F. L.
Gillespie, Geo. W. Green, Chicago, Ill., H. E. Hall, Louisville, Ky., B. L.
Jordan, Richmond, Va., Wm. H. King, W. J. Latham, Chicago, Ill., the late
John Merrick, Durham, N. C., J. E. Mitchell, A. J. Pullen, Chicago, Ill., H.
E. Perry, Atlanta, Ga., H. E. Pace, A. D. Price, and J. T. Carter, Richmond,
Va., J. A. Robinson, Atlanta, Ga., Wm. Roland, Chicago, Ill., R. H.
Rutherford, S. W. Rutherford, Washington, D.C., Wm. Roland, H. B.
Streeter, C. S. Smith, Chicago, Ill., C. C. Spaulding and F. Winslow,
Durham, N. C.

SECRET AND FRATERNAL ORGANS

Helpful Boosts.

In time of need they give full aid
To those whose fees are fully paid:
They also loan with gleeful pride
Tame goats a child could easily ride.
—Harrison.

I N 1784 a Boston Negro, Prince Hall, was granted a warrant from England
to establish the African Lodge, No. 459 of the Masons; and in 1843 Peter
Ogden, a Colored organizer in New York, secured a charter from England
to set up the Philomathean Lodge No. 646 of the Odd Fellows. Since then
the Knights of Pythias, the True Reformers, The Elks, the Grand United
Order of Galilean Fishermen, the National Order of Mosaic Templars, the
Independent Order of St. Luke and the Grand United Order of Tents (which
last named order is one of the best managed and most progressive societies
organized and run entirely by women) have been established and become
nationally known. The following is quoted from Work’s Negro Year Book,
1918-1919 edition, page 457:
“There are over sixty secret and fraternal organizations among Negroes in the United States
of a more or less national scope. It is estimated that they have a total membership of about
2,000,000. Large sums of money have come into the treasuries of the various secret
organizations. The Knights of Pythias have collected over $1,000,000 for endowment. There is
over $50,000 in the Grand Lodge treasury. A considerable part of the money collected by the
orders has been permanently invested. It is estimated that the Masons have about $1,000,000
worth of property; the Odd Fellows $2,000,000; and the Pythians $2,500,000. It is probable that
altogether the Negro secret societies in the United States own $20,000,000 worth of property.
The Odd Fellows have in New Orleans, a building that cost $36,000, and in Atlanta and
Philadelphia, buildings that have cost $100,000 each. In Indianapolis, New Orleans and Chicago,
Knights of Pythias own buildings each worth from $30,000 to $100,000. The Negro secret
societies are paying attention to the improving of the health of their members. The Supreme
Lodge of the Knights of Pythias has erected a sanitarium at Hot Springs, Arkansas; the Mosaic
Templars and other societies have established health bureaus.”
Some of the leaders in the most prominent and best known of these organs are as follows:

MASONS
Imperial Potentate, C. R. Blake, Charlotte, N. C.
Imperial Chief Rabban, R. E. Monroe, Chicago, Ill.
Imperial High Priest and Prophet, R. F. Husley, Wheeling, W. Va.

Imperial Treasurer, C. A. Freeman, Washington, D.C.
Imperial Recorder, Levi Williams, Jersey City, N. J.
National Grand Commander, Bishop J. W. Alstork, Montgomery, Ala.
National Deputy Grand Commander, Dr. A. R. Robinson, Phila., Pa.
National Grand Secretary, R. J. Simmons, Atlanta, Ga.

ODD FELLOWS
Grand Master, E. H. Morris, Chicago, Ill.
Grand Master, J. S. Noel, Charleston, W. V.
Deputy Grand Master, I. L. Roberts, Boston, Mass.
Deputy Grand Master, W. T. Francis, St. Paul, Minn.
Grand Secretary, Jas. F. Needham, Phila., Pa.
Grand Secretary, R. J. Nelson, Harrisburg, Pa.
Grand Treasurer, C. Colbourne, Wilmington, Del.
PYTHIANS
Supreme Chancellor, S. W. Green, New Orleans, La.
Supreme Chancellor, W. Ashbie Hawkins, Baltimore, Md.
Supreme Vice Chancellor, E. C. Tidrington, Indianapolis, Ind.
Supreme Vice Chancellor, W. H. Willis, New York City, N. Y.
Supreme Master of Exchequer, J. H. Young, Pine Bluff, Arkansas.
Supreme Master of Exchequer, J. C. Anderson, Crewe, Va.
Supreme Keeper of Records and Seals, Dr. E. E. Underwood, Frankfort, Ky.
Supreme Keeper of Records and Seals, G. E. Gordan, Chelsea, Mass.
MOSAIC TEMPLARS
National Grand Master, S. J. Elliot, Little Rock, Arkansas.
National Grand Secretary, C. E. Bush, Little Rock, Arkansas.
National Grand Treasurer, J. A. Davis, Little Rock, Arkansas.
ORDER OF ELKS
Grand Exalted Ruler, G. W. F. McMechen, Baltimore, Md.
Grand Esteemed Leading Knight, W. C. Trueheart, Atlantic City, N. J.
Grand Secretary, G. E. Bates, Jersey City, N. J.
Grand Treasurer, J. T. Carter, Richmond, Va.
ORDER OF ST. LUKE
Right Worthy Grand Chief, Mrs. Minnie L. Banks, Macon, Ga.
Right Worthy Vice Chief, Dr. H. L. Harris, Richmond, Va.
R. W. G. Secretary and Treasurer, Mrs. Maggie L. Walker, Richmond, Va.
TRUE REFORMERS
Grand Worthy Master, S. S. Morris, Richmond, Va.
Grand Worthy Secretary, Maurice Rouselle, Richmond, Va.
Grand Worthy Treasurer, Dr. W. H. Smith, Richmond, Va.
GALILEAN FISHERMAN
National Grand Ruler, Joseph P. Evans, Baltimore, Md.
Vice Grand Ruler, G. W. V. Grey, Norfolk, Va.
Grand Treasurer, J. F. Henry, Cambridge, Md.

ORDER OF TENTS
Supreme Matron, Mrs. C. A. Gilpin, Richmond, Va.
Deputy Matron, Mrs. A. J. Valentine, Chester, Pa.
Grand Secretary, Miss Adeline M. Ward, Norfolk, Va.
(Extracts from Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs. 457-8-9-60).

AMONG THE LAWYERS

A Lawyer in Time Saves Many a Dime.

A timely “Eagle” ’tis better to pay
To “Blackstone’s” grads, who know the say
About strange deals you plan to pave,
And also your cash you want to save.
—Harrison.

A.B.before
MACON was the first Negro in the United States to be admitted
the bar to practice law, which occured in Massachusetts in 1845.
Since he thus blazed such a path through the law fields of America, Colored
men and women have continued to follow that pathway until today there are
about one thousand Colored lawyers practicing in different parts of the
United States. And they are making splendid records before judge benches
and jury boxes by legally understanding, plainly interpreting, and loyally
defending the laws of this land.
When Miss Charlotte Ray, as the first Colored woman lawyer in
America, graduated from Howard University in 1872, she was fully
justified in lightly and nimbly stepping off the campus of her Alma Mata
with her heart excitedly beating in her eagerness to at once secure a case
and descend upon some court room where she could try out her logical,
convincing and persuasive pleadings.
Since Miss Ray’s graduation as a lawyer, it is found that while many, say
twenty-five or thirty Colored women in the United States have up to the
present time secured their degree of LL. B., few of them are today engaged
in active law practice. Among this number the writer has only been able to
locate the following who are today practicing law in this country: Attorneys
Violette N. Anderson, Chicago, Ill., Carolyn Hall Mason and Marie Nadras,
Washington, D.C. and Mrs. Jessica Morris, wife of Edward H. Morris, the
foremost practicing Colored attorney in Chicago, is a graduate of the 1920
law class of Northwestern University and during the month of July 1921
successfully passed her State Bar Examination. At this writing she had not
taken up active practice. Attorney Violette N. Anderson, 145 No. Clark
Street, Chicago, Ill., is very anxious and has for quite a while been trying to

locate and get into communication with every Colored woman lawyer in the
United States, in order to form a National Association.
One of the many up-lifting acts performed for Colored people by Charles
Sumner, that fearless Abolitionist and loyal friend to the Negro race, was to
make it possible in 1865 for John Rock to be admitted as the first Negro to
practice law before the United States Supreme Court.
The first Negro to hold a city judgeship in the United States was M.
Wistar Gibbs, who in 1873 was elected to that responsible and dignified
position in Little Rock, Ark. This learned lawyer also at different times
filled such national positions as Register of the U. S. Land Office in
Arkansas and United States Consul to the Island of Madagascar.
(Ref. Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition pgs. 171-283.)
Without doubt the best known and most popular Colored lawyer in the
United States today is Judge Robt. H. Terrell, who as Municipal Judge for
many years repeatedly appointed in Washington, D.C., by both Republican
and Democratic Presidents, has won and held the good-will and respect of
his white associates because of his all-round judical wisdom and logical
decisions in the court room. By his pleasant and friendly manners as well as
loyalty and pride in his Race, Judge Terrell has also endeared himself in the
hearts of the great masses of Colored people in all parts of the country
where he has traveled and spoken.
Many Negro lawyers in different parts of the country have won national
recognitions and reputations by their legal fights before city or state
legislative bodies for equal citizenship rights and protection of Colored
citizens in the United States. The following are among those whose names
come to the writer’s mind at this moment:
Hon. Harry C. Smith, while a member of the Ohio Legislature, drew up
an Anti-lynching Bill and introduced it into that body in 1894 and re-
introduced it in 1896 when it was enacted into a law, which has been upheld
on several occasions by the Supreme Court of Ohio. This law is one of the
best pieces of legislature of such nature enacted by any state in the Union,
and other States that have formed such laws have modeled them after the
Ohio measure. Attorney Smith was also the sponsor of the present Ohio
Civil Rights Law.
Hon. Robt. R. Jackson is the father of the Illinois Civil Rights Bill that
went through the Illinois General Assembly while he was a member of it. It

has been through his wisdom and untiring efforts that several other city and
state bills have been drawn up and passed as laws for the benefit of the
Colored people in Illinois.
Hon. H. J. Copehart with the assistance of Hon. T. G. Nutter, both
members of the W. Va. Legislature, has succeeded in putting through the
House and Senate of that state one of the severest anti-lynching bills so far
passed by any state legislative body. Representative Nutter, among the
numerous measures he has had passed, is producer of the bills that were
passed and enacted into laws to establish an industrial school for Colored
boys and an industrial home for Colored girls in W. Va.
Hon. F. M. Roberts is the first and only Negro serving as a State
Assemblyman in the California Legislature. Since he was first elected in
1918 and re-elected in 1920, he has been the means of having put through
several bills that have been enacted into laws for the welfare of Negroes in
California.
Hon. J. C. Asbury, a Pennsylvania Representative, is father of the Equal
Civil Rights Bill that was recently killed in the Pennsylvania State Senate
after having passed through the House. Legislator Asbury made such a well
prepared legal fight for the passage of his bill that even those who fought
against it were compelled to admire the flawlessness of the measure and the
intelligent and manly contest by its sponsor.
Many other notable Negro lawyers too numerous to mention here have
taken courageous and successful stands in using their legal abilities along
the above lines as well as defending riot victims of their race in different
parts of the country. The following names are of other prominent Colored
attorneys about whom the writer learned during his research work in the
following named cities:
Atlanta, Ga. Los Angeles, Cal.
P. Allen, A. T. Walden. E. B. Ceruti, W. O. Tyler, A. G.
Atlantic City, N. J. Wickliffe, Charles Darden.
J. A. Lightfoot, I. N. Nutter. Louisville, Ky.
Augusta, Ga. W. C. Brown, W. H. Wright.
J. Lyons, A. Shadd. Memphis, Tenn.
Baltimore, Md. B. T. Booth, W. H. Foote.
J. T. Davis, R. F. Bond, G. F. McMeeken, J. H. Payne, Bemidji, Minn.
G. L. Pendleton, A. W. Hawkins. C. W. Scrutchins.
Birmingham, Ala. Duluth, Minn.
E. A. Brown. Elisha Scott.
Boley, Okla. Mound Bayou, Miss.

M. H. Martin, W. S. Peters. B. A. Green.
Boston, Mass. Muskogee, Okla.
E. P. Benjamin, L. S. Hicks, W. H. Lewis, W. B. T. R. Price.
Matthews, C. Morgan, B. R. Wilson. Nashville, Tenn.
Brooklyn, N. Y. J. W. Grant, W. H. Hodgkins, J. C.
F. Giles, R. A. Lattimore, S. Pease, G. E. Wibercan. Napier.
Camden, N. J. Newark, N. J.
John Martin. Attorneys Douglass & Standard.
Charleston, S. C. New Orleans, La.
W. A. Dart, E. F. Smith. F. B. Smith, R. C. Metoyer, J.
Charleston, W. Va. Thornton.
C. E. Kimbrough, T. G. Nutter. Newport News, Va.
Charlotte, N. C. J. T. Newsome, W. E. Parker, R. H.
J. T. Saunders. Pree, J. L. Raney, P. S. Scott.
Chattanooga, Tenn. New York, N. Y.
J. G. Burger, W. H. Hixon. J. D. Carr, C. G. French, E. A.
Chester, Pa. Johnson, W. H. Smith, J. C. Thomas, J.
W. H. Ridley. D. Wetmore, J. F. Wheaton.
Chicago, Ill. Norfolk, Va.
Violette Anderson, Jessica Morris, G. W. Ellis, E. H. J. D. Diggs, J. M. Harrison.
Morris, Judge W. H. Harrison, H. M. Porter, J. A. Scott, S. Oakland, Cal.
A. Watkins, S. L. Williams, E. H. Wright. E. A. Carter, J. D. Drake, A. O. Neal,
Cincinnati, Ohio. Y. L. Richardson, L. Sledge.
A. L. Beaty, W. B. Bush. Omaha, Neb.
Cleveland, Ohio. H. J. Pinkett, A. P. Scruggs.
T. W. Flemming, A. H. Martin, H. E. Murrell, A. Phila. Pa.
Hamilton, H. C. Smith. J. C. Asbury, G. L. Dickinson, M. L.
Columbia, S. C. Lewis, J. A. Sparks, W. H. Thompson.
N. J. Frederick. Pine Bluff, Ark.
Columbus, Ohio. J. F. Jones, W. W. Shelton.
C. R. Doll, J. S. Farrison, W. King. Pittsburgh, Pa.
Danville, Va. W. M. Randolph, W. H. Stanton, F.
J. C. Carter. R. Stewart, R. L. Vann.
Dayton, Ohio. Portland, Oregon.
W. J. Buyden, T. Norris. Eugene Minor.
Denver, Col. Portsmouth, Va.
E. P. Blackmore, G. G. Ross. W. M. Reid.
Des Moines, Iowa. Providence, R. I.
S. J. Brown, J. B. Morris, J. L. Thompson. J. B. Edwards, J. LeCount.
Detroit, Mich. Raleigh, N. C.
Attorneys Mahoney, Johnson and Roxborough. W. P. Ancrum, D. P. Love.
Durham. N. C. Richmond, Va.
R. M. Andrews, E. W. Cannady. J. T. Carter, J. T. Hewin.
Evansville, Ind. Roanoke, Va.
J. Holt, E. J. Tildrinton. A. J. Oliver, J. L. Reid.
Fort Worth, Texas. San Antonio, Texas.
W. H. Griggs, H. W. Hatton. R. A. Campbell, L. W. Grenely, J. G.
Gary, Ind. Wimberly.
P. F. Bouldt, L. A. Caldwell. San Francisco, Cal.
Hampton, Va. O. Audson, J. D. Drake.

A. W. E. Bassette, Sr. and Jr., G. W. Fields. Savannah, Ga.
Harrisburg, Pa. J. H. Kinckle, J. G. Lemon.
W. J. Carter, J. W. Parks. Seattle, Wash.
Helena, Ark. C. R. Anderson.
W. L. Scott. Shreveport, La.
Hopkinsville, Ky. C. M. Roberson.
C. W. Merriweather. St. Louis, Mo.
Houston, Texas. C. E. Clark, H. G. Phillips, G. L.
L. V. Allen, M. H. Broyles. Vaughan.
Indianapolis, Ind. St. Paul, Minn.
R. L. Brokenburr, W. K. Brown. J. L. Ervin, W. T. Frances, H. Turner.
Jackson, Miss. Tampa, Fla.
P. W. Howard, S. D. Redmond. Z. D. Greene.
Jacksonville, Fla. Terre Haute, Ind.
S. D. McGill, I. L. Purcell. J. W. Henry.
Jersey City, N. J. Washington, D.C., H. E. Davis,
R. Hartgson, R. S. Rice. J. A. Cobb, R. A. Hughes, Judge R.
Kansas City, Kan. H. Terrell. W. C. Martin, Carolyn H.
I. F. Bradely, D. Green, L. W. Johnson. Mason, Marie Nadras.
Kansas City, Mo. Wichita, Kan.
C. H. Calloway, W. C. Houston, A. L. Knox. F. L. Martin.
Leavenworth, Kan.
T. W. Bell, D. Jones.
Little Rock, Ark.
S. A. Jones, T. J. Price.

IN NEWSPAPER WORK

Newspapers and Magazines.

From corners of, the world’s four climes
Fresh news they bring of latest times.
Of all the readings, left at our doors
News journals bring most varied lores.
—Harrison.

S TARTING out in 1827, when the first Colored newspaper in the United
States, The Freedmen’s Journal was published in New York City by
John B. Russwurm, the number of Negro journals have so increased
until today there are between two and three hundred secular weekly and two
daily newspapers published in the United States by Colored people. (Ref.;
Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs. 170-461).
The honor of being acclaimed dean of today in Negro newspaper
editorial work falls upon the venerable shoulders of the “Grand Old
Scribe,” T. Thomas Fortune, once editor of the famous New York Age and
still a widely read contributor to some of the leading newspapers and
magazines in the country. This pioneer journalist (who was at one time
“right hand man” to the great white journalist, Chas. A. Dana, who bought
and revived the moribund New York Sun into one of the greatest papers in
America) was doing newspaper work as far back as 1879 on the New York
Globe, a leading white paper. Around that time Fortune was also the trusted
friend and valuable current informer and adviser of such capable and
fearless leaders as H. P. Brooks, J. W. Cromwell, C. N. Otey and Frederick
Douglass, who was termed by Mr. Fortune as “The lion of them all.”
The younger Colored newspaper men of today are all well acquainted
with the history of Fred Douglass’ fighting abolition paper, “The North
Star” that he first published at Rochester, N. Y., in 1847 and later renamed it
“Fred Douglass’ Paper”, which in 1860 he absorbed into “Douglass
Monthly” a magazine he first began to publish in 1858.
There are yet living today many older men and women who can vividly
recall from personal observation how that great orator, reformer, statesman
and journalist could in a column on his editorial page wield a pungent pen

against the enemy of his race so forcefully by turning out polished and
gentlemanly invective articles that neither feared nor spared but manfully
denounced and exposed those who held or upheld slavery. And in another
column on that same editorial page he could just as ably use an unsurpassed
tactful ability in penning mutual and grateful paragraphs to the loyal friends
of his race, who were at once more strongly allied to his side; or, he could
in a third column just as diplomatically word a concilatory open-letter to the
half-decided whites who, after thoroughly reading and thoughtfully thinking
over his heart-rending and convincing sentences were usually completely
persuaded to friendly join his cause for the freedom of his people. And the
increasing denouncements and criticisms that are read in the Northern white
press against the present barbarous peonage systems carried on in the South
today are but very very faint echoes of the clarion and stenotorian
thunderings that electrically flashed, roared and rumbled seventy years ago
throughout the world from the columns of “The North Star” or from the
actual lips of Fred Douglass while lecturing in England, Ireland, Scotland
and Wales against the real slavery that the South was then savagely carrying
on with his race.
Another pioneer in this line of work is Phil H. Brown of Kentucky, who
has been following newspaper writing for over thirty years. Aside from
being an editor on daily and weekly journals, he has been connected with
the Chicago Daily News, The New York Journal and the New York Sun all
white papers. He has also written articles for Frank Leslie’s New York
publications and the humorous magazines “Judge”. For three national
campaigns Mr. Brown has ably directed the newspaper publicity among
American Colored people for the Republican National Committee. He has
just been appointed under President Harding’s administration as
Commissioner of Conciliation in the Department of Labor.
Another seasoned scribe of the “old school” who is yet, after fifty years
of active newspaper work, able to give the “new school” young reporters
many valuable pointers, as to the best kind of punch (sparkling but not wet)
to put into their night write-ups, is the spry and jolly Civil War veteran,
Sergeant Ralph Hawkins.
Charles Stewart, as a scribe of the first order, has put more than two
score years in this field in gathering news for some of the leading white and
Colored papers of the country. His abilities as a good mixer, keen observer,
good reasoner and an expert shorthand writer enabled him years ago by

using his clever disguises to get the inside secret and puzzling facts to make
numerous big newspaper write-ups on important and vital events that had
not been unearthed, after repeated trials, by, some of the country’s most
expert white newspaper reporters.
The late Richard W. Thompson was a man of wide newspaper
experience and knowledge. He was at different times on the editorial staffs
of the Washington Colored American and the Indianapolis World. He was
the founder of a newspaper bureau in Washington, D.C. from where he sent
out his famous letters to Colored papers throughout the country. He was
without doubt one of the hardest workers Colored journalism has ever had.
On more than one occasion the writer has seen Mr. Thompson take down
notes all day and sit up that entire night getting out press releases for the
next day.
In the deanship of newspaper work with T. T. Fortune is A. J. Murphy,
editor of his nationally known Afro-American published in Baltimore, Md.
Newspaper men who come in contact with Mr. Murphy are greatly
encouraged and benefited as the results of his unusual journalistic abilities
and experience extending over scores of years.
Ralph W. Tyler, World War newspaper writer and now on the editorial
staff of the Cleveland Advocate, and L. T. Thompson World War Historian,
are among the foremost newspaper men in the Race today. To them, on
account of their bravery to face all kinds of perils and unselfish expending
of tireless efforts to get true facts first-hand, goes much of the honor or the
gathering and compiling of the data pertaining to the accurate history of the
American Colored soldiers and sailors in the World War.
Cleveland G. Allen, one of the best known of the younger newspaper
men of the race, is making journalism his profession. Aside from being the
only Negro reporter in 1911 at the Ecumenical Conference at Toronto,
Canada, and acting as traveling newspaperman with the late Bishop
Alexander Walters, he was for many years one of Dr. Booker T.
Washington’s Northern publicity men. It was mainly through his efforts that
the name of a Negro, Frederick Douglass, was first brought before the Hall
of Fame, and through his newspaper work an investigation was conducted
against the discriminations of Colored sailors in the U. S. Navy. He has
written a great deal for daily newspapers of New York and the entire
country on the Negro question and at one time conducted a National News

Bureau for the Negro Press. Having studied in Union High School,
Greenville, S. C.; in the New York Evening High School three years where
he won oratorical honors; two years of journalism in New York University;
studying at the Angelus Academy of Music where he won a scholarship;
and at present taking up special work at Columbia University: Mr. Allen, on
account of the above preparations and experiences, is well fitted to hold his
present positions as a member on the editorial staff of “Home News” a large
white newspaper in New York, and as an appointed lecturer on Negro
Music for the Board of Education in New York City. He has a brother,
Henry Allen, who is also a prominent newspaperman at Stamford, Conn.
Among America’s foremost Colored women newspaper writers of today
is Frances Berry Coston of Indianapolis, Ind. Her chief work is in feature
articles and stories. Having graduated from Berea College; from the
Chicago University post-graduate course in literature and languages; from
the Pulitzer School of Journalism at Columbia University and from the
celebrated Harvard Starred Course in English, (given primarily for authors
and journalists) Mrs. Coston is well prepared and fully capable to hold her
present position. She is Literary Correspondent for the Indianapolis News,
one of the largest and most influential white dailies, not only in the West,
but throughout the country. Because of her unusual efficiency and versatile
abilities as a writer, she is permitted by the editorial staff to turn out articles
on any subject or along any literary line she may desire. Mrs. Coston is
given all the work she can do on the literary page of this paper, and in
connection with the Book Review Department of the News, she is allowed
to make her own selections from the literary editor’s desk.
While still in his teens during the early nineties, Jas. A. Jackson of
Bellefonte, Pa., started his newspaper career with the Daily News, a white
newspaper published in his home town. Since that time he has developed to
such a high standard until today he stands among the most widely known
feature short story Colored and white writers of today. His stories have
frequently appeared on the magazine pages of the Sunday editions of the
New York Sun and the New York Herald. On account of his very wide
travels throughout the United States and abroad, he has become acquainted
with many of the most prominent newspapermen on both sides of the ocean.
With several of these writers and authors he has joined in writing articles
for some of America’s most popular magazines as well as noted newspapers
published in European countries. In 1912 he wrote a lengthy article, “The

Negro At Large” and in 1918 he wrote “The Underlying Cause of Race
Riots.” These masterpieces of journalism were greatly quoted by many
newspapers and magazines, after the articles had first appeared in the New
York Globe. Mr. Jackson’s latest literary step was made when he recently
accepted a membership on the editorial staff of “The Billboard”, as
Dramatic Reviewer. This is an amusement weekly (white) publication that
was founded in New York many years ago and today has a circulation of
over two hundred thousand copies a week.
The two daily newspapers run by Colored people in the United States are
W. T. Andrews’ Baltimore Herald that is published in Baltimore, Md., and
Arthur Craig’s The Daily Star which is published in New York City where it
has a daily circulation of over forty thousand copies.
Among the Colored newspapers in the United States, Robt. S. Abbott’s
Chicago Defender (World’s Greatest Weekly) is recognized as having the
largest circulation. This newspaper recently moved into its own two
hundred fifty thousand dollar, three-story, modern building that contains a
print shop, four linotype machines, and four-deck Goss straight-line press.
“The late Christopher James Perry was born in Baltimore, Md.,
September 11, 1854. At an early age he went to Philadelphia, where he
obtained employment and became a student of the public night school. In
1884, after some of his writings had been published, he became a special
writer for the Sunday Mirror, of Philadelphia, to report the activities of the
Negroes of the city. He later started the Philadelphia Tribune, a Negro
weekly, which has been published for 36 years. This newspaper is published
in the Tribune Building and has a $100,000 plant of which Mr. Perry was
the sole owner.” Quoted from the Sept. 1921 issue of the Crisis:
Another one of the best nationally known Colored papers that is doing
business in its own establishment that is completely equipped with the most
modern newspaper machinery is Fred R. Moore’s New York Age. This
paper is one of the oldest and most popular in the field, and is also a weekly
issue. There are other Colored newspapers throughout the country that are
in their own modernly equipped establishments.
Those named in the following listed cities are just a few of the Colored
newspapers that, on account of their up-to-date instructive-news, all round
influence for encouragement and inspiration and constant race loyalty, have
won race leading reputations of the first quality for themselves and their

editors not only in their own cities but throughout and beyond their own
states:
Atlanta, Ga.
B. J. Davis’ Atlanta Independent, A. Grace’s Atlanta Post, Chas. Howell’s Atlanta Constitution.
Atlantic City, N. J.
J. A. Lightfoot’s Atlantic City Advocate, Harry Jackson’s Atlantic City News.
Augusta, Ga.
Editor Simmons’ The Echo.
Baltimore, Md.
A. J. Murphy’s The Afro-American, W. T. Andrews’ The Daily Herald.
Birmingham, Ala.
O. W. Adams’ Birmingham Reporter.
Boley, Oklahoma.
G. W. Perry’s Boley Progress, A. L. Moore’s Boley News.
Boston, Mass.
Wm. M. Trotter’s Boston Guardian, Wm. Murray’s Boston Chronicle.
Buffalo, N. Y.
E. O. Brown’s Buffalo American.
Brooklyn, N. Y.
Wm. McKinney’s Brooklyn Informer.
Camden, N. J.
Marcus Mann’s Camden Tribune.
Charleston, S. C.
D. J. Jenkins’ Charleston Messenger.
Charlotte, N. C.
J. W. Crocketh’s Progressive Messenger.
Chattanooga, Tenn.
J. J. Oldfield’s Chattanooga Defender.
Chicago, Ill.
R. S. Abbott’s Chicago Defender.
W. C. Linton’s The Whip, J. A. Taylor’s The Broad Ax, W. D. Neighbors’ The Chicago Idea.
Cincinnati, O.
W. P. Dabney’s The Union, Hardin Tolbeat’s Cincinnati Journal.
Cleveland, O.
H. C. Smith’s Cleveland Gazette, A. Forte’s Cleveland Advocate.
Columbia, S. C.
J. A. Roach’s Southern Indicator.
Columbus, O.
J. W. Carter’s Ohio State Monitor.
Danville, Va.
H. T. Houston’s The Headlight.
Dayton, O.
J. A. Rives’ Dayton Forum.
Denver, Col.
J. D. Rivers’ Denver Statesman, C. S. Muse’s The Denver Star.
Des Moines, Iowa.
E. Mash’s The Bystander.
Detroit, Mich.
W. P. Kemp’s Detroit Leader. The Compass.

Dallas, Texas.
J. R. Jordan’s The Dallas Express.
Fort Worth, Texas.
J. I. Dotson’s Fort Worth Hornet.
Gary, Ind.
J. D. Cooke’s Nat’l Defender & Sun.
Greenville, S. C.
C. C. Clarkson’s Southern Enterprise.
Harrisburgh, Pa.
F. L. Jefferson’s The Advocate Verdict.
Helena, Ark.
H. W. Hallaway’s Interstate Reporter.
Houston, Texas.
C. F. Richardson’s Houston Informer.
Indianapolis, Ind.
G. L. Knox’s The Freeman, J. D. Howard’s The Ledger, A. E. Manning’s The Indianapolis
World.
Jackson, Miss.
J. W. Hair’s The Farmer.
Jacksonville, Fla.
J. A. Simm’s The Florida Sentinel.
Kansas City, Kan.
T. Kennedy’s Kansas City Advocate.
Kansas City, Mo.
C. A. Franklin’s Kansas City Call, N. C. Crews’ The Sun.
Little Rock, Ark.
L. N. Porter’s Arkansas Banner.
Los Angeles, Cal.
F. M. Roberts’ The New Age, C. A. Spear’s The Eagle.
Louisville, Ky.
I. W. Cole’s Louisville Leader, Wm. Warley’s Louisville News.
Lexington, Ky.
E. D. Willis’ Lexington Weekly News.
Madison, Wis.
J. A. Josey’s Wisconsin Weekly Blade.
Memphis, Tenn.
S. W. Broome’s The Memphis Times, J. E. Washington’s The Western
World Reporter.
Minneapolis, Minn.
R. B. Montgomery’s The National Advocate.
Mobile, Ala.
George U. Cloud’s Mobile Forum.
Montgomery, Ala.
J. E. McCall’s The Emancipator.
Mound Bayou, Miss.
W. M. Lott’s National News Digest.
Muskogee, Okla.
W. H. Twine’s Muskogee Cimeter.
Nashville, Tenn.
H. A. Boyd’s Nashville Globe, W. A. Water’s Peoples Advocate, Bessie P. Rhoda’s Nashville

Eye.
Newark, N. J.
Editor Pollard’s New Jersey Observer.
New Orleans, La.
Jas. E. Gayle’s The Vindicator.
Newport News, Va.
M. N. Lewis’ The Star.
New York City, N. Y.
J. H. Anderson’s Amsterdam News, Geo. Harris’ New York News, W. H. Ferris’ The Negro
World, The Daily Star.
Norfolk, Va.
P. B. Young’s Journal & Guide.
Oakland, Cal.
E. Marshall’s California Voice.
Oklahoma City, Okla.
R. Dungee’s The Black Dispatch.
Omaha, Neb.
J. Albert Williams’ The Monitor.
Phila., Pa.
Chris Perry’s Philadelphia Tribune, J. W. Parks’ Philadelphia American, Arthur Lynch’s Public
Journal.
Phoenix, Ariz.
A. R. Smith’s Phoenix Tribune.
Pine Bluff, Ark.
J. H. Harrison’s The Monitor.
Pittsburg, Pa.
Robt. L. Vann’s Pittsburg Courier.
Portland, Org.
E. D. Cannady’s The Advocate.
Portsmouth, Va.
C. C. Summerville’s The Virgil.
Princeton, N. J.
D. La Tourette’s Princeton Packet.
Providence, R. I.
F. R. Purnell’s The Advance.
Raleigh, N. C.
L. M. Cheeks’ Raleigh Independent.
Richmond, Va.
John Mitchell’s Richmond Planet, Maggie L. Walker’s St. Lukes Herald.
Sacramento, Cal.
J. M. Collins’ Western Review.
San Antonio, Tex.
G. W. Bouldin’s San Antonio Inquirer.
San Francisco, Cal.
J. L. Derrick’s Western Outlook, G. E. Watkins’ Western Appeal.
Savannah, Ga.
S. C. Johnson’s Savannah Tribune.
Seattle, Wash.
S. P. BeDow’s The Searchlight.
Shreveport, La.

M. L. Collins’ Shreveport, Sun, Samuel and Carter’s News-Enterprise.
St. Louis, Mo.
J. E. Mitchell’s St. Louis Argus, C. K. Robinson’s Independent Clarion.
St. Paul, Minn.
J. Q. Adams’ The Appeal.
Tampa, Fla.
M. D. Potter’s Tampa Bulletin.
Terre Haute, Ind.
C. E. Rochelle’s Emancipator.
Washington, D.C.
J. Finley Wilson’s The Washington Eagle, Mrs. Eva A. Chase’s The Washington Bee, D.
Eugene Taylor’s Washington American, F. M. Murray’s Washington Tribune.
Wichita, Kan.
W. A. Betts’ Wichita Protest, H. T. Simms’ The New Star.
Wilmington, Del.
Editor Nelson’s The Advocate.

Religious Papers
Among the three score and more religious Colored newspapers in
America, R. E. Jones’ Southwestern Christian Advocate of New Orleans,
La., R. R. Wright’s Christian Recorder of Phila., Pa. J. D. Crenshaw’s
National Baptist Voice of Nashville, Tenn. and N. S. Epps’ Baptist Herald of
New York City are some of the most nationally known and widely
circulated.

National Negro Press Association
The National Negro Press Association, of which J. Finley Wilson is
president, is an organization among Colored newspaper editors for the
purpose of uniting them in mutual friendships and understanding. At their
annual meetings they become better acquainted and exchange their different
ideas in order to become better news informers and stronger champions
through their organs for justice to their race.

The Associated Negro Press
Although not yet three years old, the Associated Negro Press, of which
N. D. Brascher of Chicago, Ill., is editor-in-chief, is already exerting a
wonderful influence in the field of Negro journalism and is doing excellent
work in so efficiently gathering and so promptly releasing to its newspaper
members the most vital current events of the day.

The noble and tireless efforts of the Colored editors, in trying to help
convert the prejudiced white people of the United States from their unjust
hatred, discrimination and cruelties upon the Negro race just because of its
progress, are each day being more ably backed up by the American white
press. As the writer has said in the chapter dealing with church work, white
papers throughout the country are increasing in numbers in making their
editorials stronger and stronger in justly denouncing mob rule, its results
and future reaction upon these United States. This sentiment in the white
press is increasing and spreading so rapidly that even white papers in
different parts of the South are fearlessly joining this movement for right.
In the summer of 1918 a Southern paper, the San Antonio Express of
Texas set aside a fund of one hundred thousand dollars to be used in helping
to put down lynching in the United States. This money is to be used to pay
rewards for the arrest and conviction of all persons taking part in lynchings.
Other Texas white papers, the Houston Post and the Austin American have
on different occasions come out strongly in contending for fair treatment
and justice to the Colored people.
With reference to the jury which heard the evidence in the peonage trial
of John S. Williams, Georgia white planter, accused of killing eleven Negro
farm hands, and on trial for the slaying of one of them, and which jury
brought in a verdict of guilty, with life sentence, but urged “mercy” on the
court; the following editorial by Thomas W. Loveless appeared in a Georgia
white paper, The Enquirer-Sun, according to an article that came out in the
April 16, 1921 issue of the Chicago Defender:
“A Newton county jury has tried John S. Williams, the Jasper county
multimurderer, found him guilty, and recommended him to the mercy of the
court. By what process of reasoning the jury arrived at this form of verdict
is difficult if not well nigh impossible to imagine. This is, if we try to
analyze it by any ‘process of reasoning’, but if we brush aside all subterfuge
and hypocrisy and tell the plain truth about it, the verdict—as great a
travesty of justice as it is—is not so difficult to understand.
“And this plain truth is we have not yet reached that stage of grace, or of
justice, in Georgia where we ‘hang a white man for killing a nigger’, as the
expression is and has long been ...
“However, the owner and operator of this Georgia ‘murder farm’ escapes
with his own life—a penitentiary sentence—and perhaps a pardon later on

if he lives long enough and his family can bring enough influence to bear.
“Thus do we again ‘advertise Georgia.’ God help her.”
Referring to the recent Tulsa, Oklahoma race riot, in which the mob
destroyed forty-four blocks of Negro property, the following extracts are
parts of an editorial that appeared in the July 7, 1921 issue of a white
newspaper, The National Tribune of Washington, D.C.

“The Burning Disgrace of ‘Race Riot’ ”.
“As we have said before, there is a strong element in Tulsa coming from
the renegade whites who fled out of the reach of justice to start a so-called
“race riot” on any pretext. The more that the situation is studied the less
provocation there was for such an outrage. The absurdity of the white girl’s
story that she had been insulted by a negro boy was apparent on its face. It
is said her reputation was not of the best and no one apparently stopped to
think of the impossibility of such an outrage in the most public place in a
city of 100,000 people. The elevator which she was running was in the most
conspicuous part of the building.
“The riot was made possible by the worthlessness of the police and
judiciary. As usual in a place of such sudden rise to greatness as Tulsa, the
vicious elements have entirely too large a control of the municipal
authorities. The houses of ill-fame, gambling joints, bootleggers, and other
criminals have too much to say as to the selection of officials. For 14 years
Tulsa has been in the absolute control of this element. The better class of
people were too much absorbed making the easy money possible there to
bother themselves and give up any time to politics.
“Quite a number of negroes have made fortunes in Tulsa and they
became the special objects of the mob. One colored man owned and
operated a printing plant with $25,000 of printing machinery in it. It was
assailed and burned to the ground by a mob led by a man who had been
working a linotype at a salary of $48 a week. Of course, this linotype man
professed to be a “perfect Southern gentleman” and superior to a negro,
although he degraded himself by working for him at good wages. Dr. A. C.
Jackson, a colored physician, who was called by competent authorities the
most able negro surgeon in America, was marked for the wrath of the mob
because he owned $100,000 worth of property. He tried to fight against the

mob and surrendered under a pledge of protection, but was murdered on his
way to jail.” ...
The above are but a few of the many such editorials that have recently
come under the notice of the writer, and if white editors who run out such
editorials could just mingle among the masses of both races where their
papers are read and listen to the comments being made, they would be
amazed to note the influence for good that such writings are exerting. And
if now in this critical period of racial unrest, the majority of white editors
through this land together with the white clergy will take such stands for
law and order, the race prejudice in this country will be checked before its
barbarism pulls the United States down, down, down to the very lowest and
most despised race among all nations and countries—civilized and
uncivilized. For this unjust public sentiment can only be checked and
changed by the right kind of influences starting from the white pulpits and
printing rooms. The frequent clashings of swords cannot force about such a
change, but the constant exchange of reasoning sermons and editorials can
persuade such a change to come about.
If it is the fear of losing their congregations and churches that prevents
so many white ministers from taking such a stand; then the way to be
outspoken (instead of silent) against mob sins and crimes, and still keep
“Mrs. Wolf” from grinning at them through their parsonage windows, is for
all of them to become outspoken. And as their people must continue to have
churches and be preached to, those ministers would still hold their pulpits as
they would then be the only kind of preachers (outspoken) to listen to.
If it is the fear of losing their subscribers and seeing their papers go into
the waste baskets that keeps so many white editors from taking such a
rightful stand; then the way to keep and increase their subscribers and at the
same time keep “Mr. Wolf” from sniffing around the kitchen doors, is for all
editors to begin to use the “Golden (printer’s guiding) Rule” to measure out
their editorials on the Race questions. As their people must have
newspapers in order to learn what is going on in the world, rather than get
no papers they would buy the only kind (the fair and just) that would then
be printed. And in using the above methods in bringing about brotherhood
and Christlike feelings between the two races, no one would be the loser,
but all would be the gainers.

As another witness and proof that courageously standing for right and
fearlessly denouncing wrong through their convincing columns does not
weaken but eventually strengthens and increases the influence of such white
periodicals; the writer quotes below in part an editorial that appeared in the
September 14, 1921 issue of The Nation, a world-famed white magazine
that has been successfully published in New York for over fifty years during
all which time its publication has continued to grow and spread as the
results of just such Golden Rule editorials as the following:
“The daughter of Mr. J. B. Webb, “prominent in financial and social
circles,” chose to marry a groom, her sister having previously married a
policeman.... The newspapers sent around special reporters in battalions.
Then up spoke Mr. Webb: “It’s rotten, that’s what I call it—rotten! To tear a
person’s life to shreds like this, and bring up for the public eye the affairs of
one poor little girl.” To which we say a hearty Amen. But more rotten than
this outrageous violation of individual rights by the press is the careless or
malicious zest with which certain papers, especially in the South, publish
stories from depraved or irresponsible white women accusing some black
man of a more or less grave offense against them. Every newspaperman
knows that just such a story started the Tulsa riots, as well as those in
Washington and in Omaha. Yet here we find on the front pages of the
Memphis Commercial Appeal two circumstantial stories of attack by
Negroes on white women. Both of them were false, as the newspaper itself
admitted less conspicuously next day. This sort of thing is all too common
and not every city has a paper as bold as the Memphis Press in denouncing
it. It is high time for a renascence of ethical standards in newsgathering.”

In Magazine Writing
Just as Dr. W. E. B. DuBois is recognized as the foremost magazine
writer in the Negro race, not only in America but throughout the world; it is
said he has also made The Crisis Magazine, of which he is editor-in-chief,
the widest read Colored magazine of its kind not only in the Western but
also in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is estimated that this magazine is read
each month by nearly four hundred thousand people.
Among lettered Colored women, Miss Jessie R. Fauset, a graduate of
Cornell where she was made a member of the Phi Betta Kappa Fraternity,
later becoming a teacher of French and Latin in the M Street High School,

Washington, D.C., and at present Literary Editor of the The Crisis
Magazine, is today recognized by the best critics as a leading and most
versatile magazine writer.
Such wise, timely and meatful articles as “Race Consciousness,” “Heart
Talk,” “Representation of the American Woman,” “World Brotherhood,”
“Oil Upon Troubled Waters” are among the many writings that have
stamped Miss H. Georgiana Whyte, editor of the Women’s Department of
The Favorite Magazine, as one of the most forceful and helpful magazine
writers among Colored women.
Aside from long ago proving himself as one of the ablest Colored
newspaper editors in the country, Attorney Robt. L. Vann of Pittsburgh, Pa.,
has shown by the high quality of his Competitor Magazine that as a writer
in this field he is second to none.
The cheerfulness and life that Editor Fenton Johnson puts into his
Favorite Magazine explains why it is having such a rapid growth and has
become a sure-enough favorite with the Colored readers, not only in its
home city of Chicago but throughout the country.
The inspiring snap that Editor Willis N. Huggins throws into his
UpReach Magazine accounts for it being so popular, especially with the
younger and progressive element among the Colored readers who are
always benefited by such well chosen and written articles.
The exceptional ability to so vividly portray human nature from the
viewpoints of both races when building up stories is one of the secrets that
is the cause of Editor Aubery Bowser’s Rainbow Magazine being sought
after by all readers who want to learn and understand the inside life
situations as they really exist when the two races come in close contact.
Except those people who personally go through the tedious processes of
a similar work, no one is able to fully realize and appreciate the value of the
up-to-date culled, methodically complied, instructively built-up and tastily
arranged matter that Miss Madeline G. Allison presents each month in The
Crisis: under the heading “The Horizon.” In monthly compiling the
tremendous new store of varied and far-reaching data her department
contains, Miss Allison is doing a grand and unique piece of literary writing
the workmanship and quality of which any magazine of any race would be
proud to carry.

As the results of the deep thinking and outspoken opinions that get down
to the very core and essence of the subjects handled by them, Editors
Owens and Chandler, through the medium of their magazine The
Messenger are fast mounting top rungs in their profession and at the same
time attracting the wide attentions of well-versed and seasoned newspaper
and magazine people in both races.
Although it has not been founded very long, the Method Magazine,
edited by F. H. Hallion, of Richmond, Va., is attracting wide attention on
account of its instructive and helpful articles pertaining to business relations
in their many fields of activities.
The Brownies’ Book, edited by W. E. B. DuBois, & A. G. Dill of New
York City, N. Y., is something entirely new in the field of Negro journalism.
It is, “A monthly magazine for children which attempts to bring to them:
The best in pictures and stories of Negro life. The life and deeds of famous
men and women of the Negro race. The current events of the world told in
beautiful language which children can understand.”
In going out of the way to thoughtfully assert that the Brownies’ Book
should be in every Negro home where there are children; the writer
expresses such a sentiment, not because of being more partial to this certain
magazine and its editors than to other magazines and their editors, but,
because he is ever proud to admit that he is really cranky partial to any
Negro history no matter under what covers it may appear. Especially is this
true when such history is written (as in the Brownies’ Book) in plain, easy,
truthful and interesting English that makes first and lasting impressions
upon young and tender Negro minds before they are indelibly imprinted and
permanently poisoned by the devilish trash contained in blood-thirsty,
underworld, dime novels so youthfully secured and greedily read by
unwatched and idle-minded children of all races.
Although it is not a monthly magazine but a quarterly journal, The
Journal of Negro History, edited by Carter G. Woodson of Washington,
D.C. is a nationally known publication of instruction, encouragement and
inspiration for the American Colored people, of matured years who wish to
learn their Race history.
Monroe N. Work’s marvelously compiled Negro Year Book is conceded
to be the greatest compact work of literary science ever produced by an
American Negro. What the World Almanac is to the Caucasian Race, The

Negro Year Book is to the Negro Race. The following quotation is what a
leading white newspaper, The New York Sun, commented on this
masterpiece of literature: “Interesting and important is the array of facts
relating to the Negro contained in the Negro Year Book. The book is a
perfect encyclopedia of achievements by Negroes in all ranks of life, of the
history of the race in the United States, of Legislative enactments relating to
them, of activity in all branches, particularly education. The book is
indispensable to all who have to deal with any phase of the Negro
question.”
The following is a list of the most important monthly, quarterly or yearly
magazines or journals published in the United States by Colored people:
American Caterer & Gazette Guide,
Editor J. A. Ross, Buffalo, N. Y.
American Musicians’ Magazine,
Editor W. A. Potter, Phila., Pa.
Amusement World,
Editor Jack Trotter, Chicago, Ill.
Brotherhood Magazine,
Editor C. H. Taylor, Chicago, Ill.
Brownies’ Book,
Editors W. E. B. DuBois & A. G. Dill, New York, N.Y.
Business Men’s Bulletin,
Editor Edw. Perkins, Chicago, Ill.
Journal of Nat’l Medical Ass’n,
Editor Dr. J. A. Kenney, Tuskegee, Ala.
Journal of Negro History,
Editor C. G. Woodson, Washington, D.C.
Music and Poetry,
Editor Nora Douglass Holt, Chicago, Ill.
National Association Notes,
Editor Mrs. Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee, Ala.
The Colored Teacher,
Editor F. A. McGinnis, Wilberforce, Ohio.
The Competitor,
Editor Robt. L. Vann, Pittsburgh, Pa.
The Crisis,
Editor Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, New York City, N. Y.
The Crusader,
Editor, C V. Briggs, New York City, N. Y.
The Favorite,
Editor Fenton Johnson, Chicago, Ill.
The Half Century,
Editor Katherine W. Irmin, Chicago, Ill.
The Master Musician,
Editor G. W. Parris, Phila., Pa.
The Method,

Editor F. H. Hallion, Richmond, Va.
The Messenger,
Editors Owens and Chandler, New York City, N. Y.
The Pullman Porter’s Review,
Editor Z. Withers, Chicago, Ill.
The Rainbow,
Editor Aubrey Bowser, New York City, N. Y.
The Negro Year Book,
Editor Monroe N. Work, Tuskegee Inst., Ala.
The Negro Musician,
Editor Henry L. Grant, Washington, D.C.
The Search Light.
Editor A. B. Vincent, Raleigh, N. C.
The Up-Reach Magazine,
M. N. Huggins, Chicago, Ill.
Some names in above list are extracts from Negro Year Book, 1918-1919
edition, (Page 465).
As a successful magazine essay prize writer, Isaac Fisher, of Nashville,
Tenn., is recognized today as the foremost in the Negro race. The following
quotation is part of an article that appeared in the July 9, 1921 issue of the
Chicago Defender:
“The third prize of $75, offered by the Metropolitan Magazine of New
York in its contest for writers on the subject, “Can We Keep Peace with
Japan,” was won by Isaac Fisher, editor of the Fisk University News,
according to an announcement made in the August issue of the magazine
just released....
“Among the prizes he has won in the past through his writings are first
prize of $500 offered by Everybody’s Magazine; first prize of $100 offered
by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch; first prize of $50 offered for the best digest
of the merits of the money-weight scales; second prize of $400 offered by
Hart, Schaffner & Marx’ executive committee of Chicago; second prize of
$100 offered by the Manufacturers’ Record of Baltimore.
“Those who know Mr. Fisher’s records are aware that these are but a few
of the prizes he has won in competition with the best minds of the country.
It will be remembered that he won the first prize of $500 in Everybody’s
Magazine contest in competition with 900 writers, including some of the
best legal and professional men of the country.”
In summing up, the leading Colored short-story writers of today who are
known throughout the country as standing contributors to newspapers and
magazines are Frances Coston Berry, Indianapolis, Ind., Aubrey Bowser,

New York, Chas. W. Chestnut, Cleveland, O., W. E. B. DuBois, New York,
Jessie R. Fauset, New York, Isaac Fisher, Nashville, Tenn., T. Thomas
Fortune, New York, W. N. Huggins, Chicago, Ill., Jas. A. Jackson, New
York, A. L. Jackson, Chicago, Ill., Jas. Weldon Johnson, N. Y., Fenton
Johnson, Chicago, Ill., Alice Dunbar Nelson, Wilmington, Del., Beatrice
(Neave) Perry, Phila., Pa.

IN BOOK WRITING

Inspiring Books

When winds outside are howling loud,
And snows fall fast from winter cloud,
Or burning sun peeps through the leaves;
As gently they dart from summer breeze;
Let me sit near winter’s purring fire,
Or by summer’s gurgling brook retire.
With books to read of great deeds done
By those who from low depths did run.
—Harrison.

O N account of the present day rapid streams of their smoothly flowing
inks into the deep-lettered channels of their versatile works, the
following named persons, according to the estimation of one of
America’s best literary critics, are ten of the foremost American Colored
authors of today:
Wm. S. Braithwaite, Boston, Mass., Benjamin G. Brawley, Atlanta, Ga.,
W. E. B. Dubois, Jessie R. Fauset, Jas. Weldon Johnson, New York City,
Georgia D. Johnson, Kelly Miller, Washington, D.C., Lucian B. Watkins,
Annapolis, Md., Carter G. Woodson, Washington, D.C. and Monroe N.
Work, Tuskegee, Alabama.
The following more detailed list contains the names of some of the
foremost Colored authors and their most important works produced in
America:
Delilah L. Beasley’s
Negro Trail Blazers of California.
Ford S. Black’s
Blue Book of Chicago.
Aubrey Bowser’s
The Man Who Would be White.
R. H. Boyd’s
Sunday School Commentary.
St. Elmo Brady’s
Household Chemistry for Girls.
Wm. S. Braithwaite’s
Anthology of Magazine Verse—Golden Treasury of Magazine Verse—Lyrics of Life and Love
—Story of the Great War.
C. F. Bragg’s

Men of Maryland—Afro-American Church Workers.
Benj. G. Brawley’s.
History of The Negro—The Negro in Literature and Art.
Chas. W. Chestnutt’s
The Conjur Woman—The House Behind The Cedars—The
Marrow of Tradition—Frederick Douglass.
Jos. S. Cotter, Sr’s.
Caleb The Degenerate—Links of Friendship—Sequel to The Pied Piper—White Song and A
Black Song.
Jos. S. Cotter, Jr’s.
Band of Gideon—Out of The Shadows.
L. J. Coppin’s
Unwritten History.
A. B. Cosey’s
American and English Law on Titles of Record.
J. W. Cromwell’s
The Negro in American History.
D. W. Culp’s
Twentieth Century of Negro Literature.
Frederick Douglass
My Bondage and Freedom—Life and Times of Frederick Douglass.
W. E. B. DuBois
The Suppression of The Slave Trade—Souls of Black
Folks—The Quest of The Silver Fleece—John Brown—Darkwater.
Paul Lawrence Dunbar’s
Folks From Dixie—Love and Landry —Lyrics of Lowly Life—Uncalled—Heart of Happy
Hollow—Lyrics of The Hearthstone— Strength of Gideon and Other Stories—Complete Poems
—Lyrics of Love and Laughter—Lyrics of Sunshine and Shadow—Poems of Cabin and Field—
Life and Works of Paul Lawrence Dunbar.
H. O. Flipper’s
Colored Cadets At West Point.
A. H. Grimke’s
Negro and The Elective Franchise.
S. E. Griggs’
Life’s Demand or According to Law—The Hindered Hand-Unfettered.
Frances E. Harper’s
Iola Leroy—Miscellaneous Poems —Sketches of Southern Life.
Algernon B. Jackson’s
The Man Next Door.
Jas. Weldon Johnson’s
The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man—Fifty Years and Other Poems.
Edw. A. Johnson’s
Light Ahead For the Negro— School History of The Negro Race In America—The Negro in
The Spanish-American War.
Georgia D. Johnson’s
An Autumn Love Cycle—Heart of A Woman and Other Poems—Shadow Song.
M. A. Majors’
Noted Negro Women.
Jas. E. McGirth’s
The Triumph of Ephraim —Some Simple Songs.

Kelly Miller’s
Out of The House of Bondage—Race Adjustment—World War For Human Rights.
J. E. Moorland’s
Training of The Negro Minister.
Mrs. N. F. Mosselle’s
Afro-American Women.
R. R. Moton’s
Finding A Way Out.
Daniel Murray’s
Encyclopedia Of The Negro.
Alice Dunbar Nelson’s
Masterpieces of Eloquence—Goodness of St. Rocque And Other Stories.
D. A. Payne’s
History Of The A. M. E. Church
I. G. Penn’s
The Afro-American Press.
C. H. Phillips’
History of The C. M. E. Church.
William Pickens’
The Heir of Slaves.
J. A. Rogers’
From Superman to Man—An Open Letter To Congress.
Emmett J. Scott’s
Booker T. Washington, Builder of a Civilization—Scott’s Official History of The American
Negro In The World War.
W. H. Shackelford’s
Along the Highway—Poems.
Mrs. S. M. Steward’s
Women In Medicine.
Allison W. Sweeney’s
History Of The World War.
B. T. Tanner’s
History & Government Of The A. M. E. Z. Church Men.
Booker T. Washington’s
Up From Slavery—Frederick Douglass—My Larger Education—Character Building—The
Man Farthest Down—Working With The Hands—Future Of The American Negro—Negro In
Business—Sowing and Reaping—Tuskegee and Its People.—Story of My Life And Work.
Geo. W. Williams’
History Of The Negro Race In America—History Of The Negro Troops In The Rebellion.
Carter G. Woodson’s
A Century of Negro Migration—Education Of The Negro Prior To 1861.
John W. Work’s
Folk Songs Of The American Negro.
Monroe N. Work’s
Negro Year Book.
R. R. Wright, Sr’s.
Negro Education in Georgia.
R. R. Wright, Jr’s.
Centennial Encyclopedia Of The African M. E. Church.

(Some names in above list are from Negro Year Book, 1918-1919
edition, Pgs. 481-2-3.)

Noted Colored Statisticians
Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, Harvard graduate, Editor of The Crisis and The
Brownies’ Book, New York City, and recognized as the leading Negro
Sociologist in the world, is in possession of more authentic data covering
the social life of the American Colored people than any other member of the
race.
Dr. Geo. E. Haynes, Columbia graduate, U. S. Director of Negro
Economics during the World War, and Dr. R. R. Wright Jr., graduate of the
University of Pa., and editor of the Christian Recorder, Phila., Pa., are the
two leading American Colored authorities on economic data relative to the
all-round labor, industrial and living conditions of the Colored people in
America.
Prof. W. T. B. Williams, Harvard graduate, Vice-Principal of Tuskegee
Institute and Field Agent for the Jeanes and Slater Funds, is estimated to
have on his “finger tips” more convincing and reliable facts and figures
pertaining to the purposes, needs kinds and grades of work done and results
obtained in Negro universites, colleges, industrial normal schools and rural
county schools than any educator in America.
Prof. Monroe N. Work, a University of Chicago graduate, editor of the
Negro Year Book and Director of Department Records and Research,
Tuskegee Institute, Ala., is the foremost Negro not only in America, but
throughout the world, who has in his possession the greatest amount of
authentic statistics covering the all-round past and present activities of the
Colored people in the United States of America.

Colored Orators and Lecturers
Some of the foremost Colored orators and lecturers who are most
frequently on the platform before the American public today are J. W. E.
Bowen, Atlanta, Ga., W. E. B. DuBois, New York City, N. Y., Geo. E.
Haynes, Washington, D.C., Eva D. Bowles, New York City., Hallie Q.
Brown, Wilberforce, Ohio, E. K. Jones, Jas. Weldon Johnson, New York
City, N. Y., Mordecai Johnson, Charleston, W. Va., Kelly Miller,
Washington, D.C., Chas. S. Morris, Jr., Norfolk, Va., J. E. Moorland, New

York, N. Y., R. R. Moton, Tuskegee, Ala., Wm. Pickens, New York City, N.
Y., C. V. Roman, Nashville, Tenn., Roscoe C. Simmons, Louisville, Ky.,
Mary C. Terrell, Washington, D. C., Wm. M. Trotter, Boston, Mass.
Now, if after reading through the foregoing pages of inspiration,
regarding the successes of Negro writers, some Colored girls and boys
should still lack courage, because of their color and race, to throw their
talents into such literary avenues, they should remember that:—
The most important thing about a newspaper, magazine or book is not its
white pages, (because such pages can be and often are colored) but the most
important thing in such a publication is its print of jet black letters and
words. But if those genuine Ethiopian letters refused, just because of their
color, to mingle with and make lasting impressions upon the fair Caucasian
pages of newspapers, magazines and books; why my discouraged young
friends, there would be no fields nor meadows of journalism in which white
people could even enter to frolic in the games of “pen and pencil pushing.”

IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Glad Helloes Sad Good-byes.
Did joys spring up within your heart, Did you ever have glad feelings sad,
When autumn days bade you depart When June told you the books to shirk
Back to your campus truly veer And classmates whom with fun you had
To meet classmates to you so dear? You parted from to face life’s work?
—Harrison. —Harrison.

F OR the Colored youths of exceptional mental abilities and talents who
desire to fit themselves along higher educational lines, there are 86
Negro universities and colleges and numerous white universities and
colleges in the North and West where they can learn art, chemistry,
dentistry, law, medicine, music, pharmacy, theology and other higher
subjects. Up to the present time over 7000 Colored students have graduated
from American colleges and of this number upward of ten or eleven
hundred have graduated from white colleges. According to the July 1921
issue of The Crisis, 85 Colored Bachelors of Arts, & Sciences, 11 Masters
of Arts and 3 Doctors in Philosophy graduated from white colleges in 1921,
while 376 Bachelors of Arts, 80 Doctors of Medicine, 73 Dentists, 27
Pharmacists, 25 Lawyers and 45 Ministers graduated from Colored colleges
in 1921. The three Colored scholars who graduated from the white colleges
with the honors of Doctor of Philosophy are Misses Eva B. Dykes,
Radcliffe College; Sadie T. Mossell, University of Pennsylvania, and
Georgiana Simpson, University of Chicago. Miss Eunice R. Hunton, “an
excellent student throughout her course” has the distinction of receiving the
two honor degrees A. B. and A. M. upon her graduation in 1921 from Smith
College, Mass.
The first Colored person to graduate from a Northern white college was
John Brown Russworm, who graduated from Bowdoin in 1826. Aside from
holding for years the world recognition and honor of being both the greatest
scholastic and athletic university in America, Harvard University is also
known throughout the Eastern and Western Hemispheres as practicing the
truest and highest standards of broad-minded, one-hundred percent
Americanism toward its Colored students of any similar white institution in

America. As a result of such brotherhood feelings existing there between
the two races, more Negroes on an average enter and graduate from the
different departments of Harvard than from any other great Northern white
college. Its front doors (as well as back doors) are always standing ajar with
latch strings hanging on the outside for the unembarrassed entrance of any
worthy applicant whether he be rich or poor, white or black. And when a
Colored student at Harvard joins his white school chums in singing their
college song—“Fair Harvard,” he sings it with the same fullness and pathos
in heart, the same peacefulness and contentment in mind and the same
truthfulness and sincerity in words that he hopes when he enters the world
to be able to sing in every country, over which floats the “Red White and
Blue”—“My Country ’tis of thee, sweet land of liberty”—letting his voice
come to its fullest accent and climaxing crescendo on the word—LIBERTY.
Other leading white universities or colleges having encouraged and
welcomed Colored students to study in and graduate from their class room,
as well as to play and star on their varsity teams are as follows:
Amherst, Mass., Bates, Maine, Brown, R. I., California, Cal., Carnegie,
Pa., Chicago, Ill., Cincinnati, O.; Clark, Mass., Colby, Me., Columbia, N.
Y., Cornell, N. Y., Dartmouth, N. H., Dubuque, Ia., Illinois, Ill., Indiana,
Ind., Kansas, Kan., Lafayette, Pa., (and the racial broad-mindedness, human
brotherhood and one-hundred percent Americanism sentiment relative to
the Negro at Lehigh University, Pa., as a student, is becoming so
pronounced there as to indicate that Lehigh may eventually join these other
white schools with her sister Lafayette in having Colored American citizens
to study and recite in her class rooms) Massachusetts, Mass., Michigan,
Mich,. New York, N. Y., Northwestern, Ill., Ohio State, O., Pennsylvania,
Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa., Radcliffe, Mass., Rutgers, N. J., Smith, Mass.,
Syracuse, N. Y., Temple, Pa., Tufts, Mass., Washington & Jefferson;
Wellesley, Williams, Mass., Wisconsin, Wis., Yale, Conn.
Some of the Negro universities and colleges that are preparing young
men and women of the Race to enter the different fields of professionalism
for the betterment and uplift of themselves and their people are named
below as follows:
Allen Univ., Columbia, S. C.; Arkansas Bapt. Col., Little Rock, Ark.;
Altanta Bapt. Col., Atlanta Univ., Atlanta, Ga.; Barber Memorial Seminary,
(women) Anniston, Ala.; Benedict Col., Columbia S. C.; Biddle Univ.,

Charlotte, N. C.; Claflin, Col., Orangeburg, S. C.; Clarke Univ., Atlanta,
Ga.; Edward Waters Col., Jacksonville, Fla.; Fisk Univ., Nashville, Tenn.;
Hartshorn Col., (women) Richmond, Va.; Howard Univ., Washington, D.C.;
Jackson Col., Jackson, Miss.; Knoxville Col.; Knoxville, Tenn.; Lane Col.;
Jackson, Tenn.; Lincoln Univ., Lincoln, Pa.; Livingston Col., Salisbury, N.
C.; Mary Allen Seminary, (women) Crockett, Texas; Mary Holmes
Seminary, (women) West Point, Miss.; Meherry Univ., Nashville, Tenn.;
Miles Memorial Col., Birmingham, Ala.; Morehouse Col., Atlanta, Ga.;
Morgan Col., Baltimore, Md.; Morris Brown Univ., Atlanta, Ga.; National
Training School, Durham, N. C.; National Training School, (women)
Washington, D.C.; Paine Univ., Augusta, Ga.; Paul Quinn Col., Waco, Tex.;
Payne Univ., Selma, Ala.; Philander Smith Col., Little Rock, Ark.; Roger
Williams Univ., Nashville, Tenn.; Rust Univ., Holley Springs, Miss.; Selma
Univ., Selma, Ala.; Scotia Seminary, (women) Concord, N. C.; Shaw Univ.,
Raleigh, N. C.; Geo. R. Smith Col., Sedalia, Mo., Spellman Seminary,
(women) Atlanta, Ga.; Shorter Col., Little Rock, Ark.; State Normal Col.,
Normal, Ala.; Straight Col., New Orleans, La.; Southern Univ., Baton
Rouge, La.; Talladega Col., Talledega, Ala.; Touguloo Univ., Touguloo,
Miss.; Virginia Union Univ., Richmond, Va.; Western Univ., Quindaro,
Kan.; Wilberforce Univ., Wilberforce, O.; West Va. Collegiate Inst.,
Institute, West Va.; Wiley Col., Marshall, Tex. (extracts from Work’s Negro
Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs. 303-4-5).
Some of the foremost Colored leaders in higher education as well as
among the most noted scholars of today are: H. S. Blackiston, Institute, W.
Va., St. Elmo Brady, Washington, D.C., John W. Davis, Institute, W. Va.,
John A. Gregg, Wilberforce, O., G. E. Haynes, Washington D.C., John
Hope, Atlanta, Ga., Elmer S. Imes, New York City, E. E. Just, Washington,
D.C. Clement Richardson, Jefferson City, Mo., L. J. Rowan, Alcorn, Miss.,
W. S. Scarborough, Wilberforce, O., J. B. Simpson, Richmond, Va., C. H.
Turner, St. Louis, Mo., N. B. Young, Tallahassee, Fla., R. C. Woods,
Lynchburg, Va., C. G. Woodson, Washington, D.C., R. R. Wright, Jr., Phila.,
Pa.
Whenever a Colored person makes a phenomenal advancement in any
special and worthy field of progress, some jealous enemy of the race
silently creeps out at once, loads his donkey cart full of smoked glasses,
leather glasses, sun glasses, eye glasses, spy glasses, magnifying glasses,
old ladies’ spectacles, microscopes, telescopes, X-Rays, etc., etc., etc., and

scoots around examining even the very breath the unsuspecting Colored
person leaves upon the air. If the surmised results of that examination and
the color of the victim’s skin in any way suggests that he has one drop of
Caucasian blood in him; then the credit for all the success he has attained is
given to the white race—just as a little patch of white hair on the forehead
of an otherwise jet black horse is the cause of that black horse winning a
race.
Allowing such enemies of Negroes to retain their foolish beliefs rather
than waste valuable time trying to convince them they’re wrong, the writer,
for the benefit of well-meaning but easily influenced white people who
might be led astray by the above foolish beliefs, picks out just one from
among scores of full-blooded Negroes of highest attainments in different
fields. This selected and highly gifted Negro scholar is Dr. W. S.
Scarborough, A. M., LL. D., Ph. D. about whom there has never been the
slightest question regarding his not being a genuine Negro. He was for
many years president of Wilberforce University and is a member of at least
seven national and international educational societies the majority to which
no other Negro belongs. At this writing Dr. Scarborough has just sailed for
Europe where he will represent America in several international meetings of
educational societies. He is the author of a Greek Grammar and several
other original works in Greek.
Talented high school Colored youths who wish to go to college, but
hesitate to go as high as possible in education for fear of their learned
colored complexions displeasing other races, should remember that:
The highest thing in the world (the sky) is Colored, and who is not at all
times over-joyed in spirits and much benefited in hopefulness when seeing
blue patches of the elevated sky after it has been hidden for several days
behind clouds that may even be of snowy whiteness?

IN THE SCIENCES

Mat Henson

When he looked around to call the roll,
As he first discovered the Northern Pole;
Commodore Peary had by his side
Mat Henson, a Negro, true and tried.
—Harrison.

W HILE the American Negro in the field of science has not yet produced
an Agassiz, the Race has already developed two men far advanced
along this path in the persons of Dr. Ernest R. Just, Head Professor of
Physiology at Howard University and Dr. Chas. H. Turner, Professor of
Biology at Howard University.
As the only magna cum laude man in his class of 1907, Dr. Just
graduated from Dartmouth College, and in 1916 received his degree, Ph. D.
from the University of Chicago in zoology and physiology. Among the
many scientific subjects upon which he has written he has chiefly dwelt
upon artificial parthenogenesis and fertilization. For ten years he has spent
his summer vacations as a student in research work at the Marine Biological
Laboratory at Wood’s Hole, Mass. On account of his minute scientific
researches and conclusions he has been made a member in the Sigma Xi
and Phi Beta Kappa Societies, The American Society of Zoologists, the
American Museum, and the American Association for the Advancement of
Science.
In order to further inspire Negro youths who plan to make this particular
professional line their work, the writer will cite an incident that fully proves
Dr. Just’s recognition and valuation in the world of science. During the
summer of 1920, the highest scientific organ in the United States, The
National Academy of Sciences, provided a grant to Dr. Just, through
Howard University, to cover research work in the field of physiology. As
this is the first grant of its kind not only to a Negro but to a member of any
race, it further proves that hard study and sweaty work, bull dog grit and
grip to never loose your hold, mule stubborness to brace your hind feet in
holding your grounds and at the same time flopping your ears to all

discouraging sounds, taking tortoise steps slow but always forward, while
keeping an eagle eye on some chosen lofty peak, will finally result in any
Colored person, although prejudiced handicapped, reaching the highest
point in any noble calling.
Aside from the University of Chicago honoring him with the degree of
Ph. D. in 1907, the world’s greatest scientists in America and Europe have
weighed and found the full value of Dr. Chas. H. Turner as a Biologist of
the first order in the special fields of neurology and comparative
psychology.
Here and abroad scientific students and teachers alike constantly turn for
information and references to his writings on the habits and manner of the
Burrowing and Honey Bees, the Common Roach, the Mason Wasp, the Ant
and several other species of larger sized and more advanced insect
vertebrates. Some other of his research articles that have appeared in some
of the best magazines of science are Morphology of the Nervous System of
the Genus Cypris; Ecological Notes on the Cladocrea and Copspoda of
Augusta; the Mushroom Bodies of the Crawfish, Morphology of the Avian
Brain and other subjects along these lines. (Extracts from Southern
Workman, July 1920 issue, pgs. 324-26).
Negro boys who read these pages will notice that just as it is the colored
bees that are willing to drudge day after day in gathering and laying aside
bits by bits of the sweetest thing on earth (honey) for future use; so has Dr.
Turner (like all present and future youths must do if they wish to gain
success in any calling) been willing to patiently and tirelessly plod ahead
gathering and adding little by little of the greatest thing on earth
(knowledge) to his store of wisdom. Today his research stack has piled up
into such a vast heap that he is now able to scatter it into scientific pastures
in such aways as to be of the most fertilizing values therein for the
enriching of future young minds and for the growing of reputation and fame
for himself.
The most original and beneficial researches and discoveries in the
American Negro field of chemistry have been made by Prof. G. E. Carver,
Director of Agricultural Research in Chemistry at Tuskegee Institute,
Tuskegee, Ala. Chief among his twenty and more discovered chemical
products that are today being used as practical farm and household
necessites are as follows: dressing for canvass shoes, made from Macon

County clays; dyes made from dandelion, black oak, wood ashes, sweet
gum, willow, swamp-maple, sweet potatoes, pomegranate, peanuts, sage,
orange, muscatine grape, onions, velvet beans and tomato vines; cotton-
stalk fibre for rope, cordage, mats and carpets; furniture stains made from
native clays and vegetables; feathers for millinery purposes, secured from
native wild and barn-yard fowls; laundry blues, 20 varieties; okra fibre for
paper, rope, cordage, strawboard, matting and carpet; poplar bark for
artificial ribbon; Tonic stock feed, made of snap corn, velvet beans, cotton-
seed meal, and china berries, containing protein, 14.5 per cent., fats, 4.5;,
crude fibre 12, and carbohydrates 52; Ultramarine Dyes, made from Macon
County clays and used for cotton, wool, silk, and leather; White and Color
Washes, made from clays; Wistaria for basketry work. One of his chemical
products that attracted the widest attention was Prof. Carver’s Sweet
Potatoes Flour that was successfully used during the World War by the
Tuskegee Institute (which has a population around two thousand students
and instructors) as a substitute for wheat flour. (Ref. Work’s Negro Year
Book, 1918-1919 edition, p. 42).
Quite a number of Colored men and women have graduated in chemistry
and physics with high honors from some of the leading universities in
America, and are today holding responsible and high salaried positions
either as professors in colleges or as consulting chemists in private
commercial corporations. Among such professors in colleges are St. Elmo
Brady and E. Chandler who have attracted unusual attention to their
chemical experiments and for their accurate conclusions have received their
Ph. D. degrees from the University of Illinois. Dr. Brady is author of a book
on chemistry.
For the past twenty-five years a Colored man by the name of O. W.
Collins has been employed by the R. W. Hunt Bureau of Inspection, said to
be the largest engineering corporation in America. Mr. Collins is an
analytical and consulting chemist for that corporation.
Harry Keelan, a Harvard graduate, during the World War resigned a
$300 a month position as consulting chemist in a New York white firm, in
order to join some other Colored men in organizing a company for the
manufacture of dyes. In this industry he was ably assisted by E. L.
Davidson, another Harvard graduate, and the quality of their dyes was of
such high grade and standard that their firm was unable to fill the rush
orders for their products.

Miss Deborah Henderson graduated from the Central High School,
Detroit, Mich., attending the Oberlin College where her scholastic
achievements won her the much coveted “key”. Then entering the
University of Chicago she attended there until her graduation as a ranking
bacteriologist and chemical technician, as well as serving during her senior
year as president of the Alpha Kappa Sorority. Miss Henderson is only one
among numerous Colored women who have successfully invaded the
highest chemical fields. After reaching that stage of advancement, they have
experimentally as well as theoretically peeped and peered into many
scientific secret lanes and avenues until they learned much of the hidden
and inexhaustive mysteries therein. And with the proper encouragements,
facilities and surroundings, it is not impossible for some American Colored
women scientist some day becoming a second Madame Curie by finally
discovering and giving to the world another hidden force of the elements,
like Radium, that will greatly benefit humanity and add much to the store of
man’s scientific knowledge.
The following quotation is part of an article that appeared in the April 9,
1921 issue of the Chicago Defender:
“In the various fields of learning the race has wrought and has its
representatives; but not until now have we had a graduate doctor of
metaphysics. The pioneer in this instance is Dr. Adene C. E. Minott,
founder and head of the Clio School of Mental Sciences, Inc., 3543 State
street, this city.
“While yet a girl in her teens, Miss Minott showed exceptional ability.
She graduated first in her class from Grammar School No. 80, New York
City, and won the prize for general excellence from her teacher, Miss Mary
E. Eaton. Miss Minott then entered the Girl’s Technical High School of that
city and, after receiving necessary academic counts, entered the Mac
Donnall College of Phrenology and Psychology, Washington, D.C. Because
she was a Race woman, she was not permitted to study with the regular
classes, but forced to take the course by private instruction. Despite this
disadvantage, Miss Minott completed the studies in one-half the regular
time, graduated with honors and received the degree of Bachelor of
Philosophy.
“Returning to New York City, she next forced admittance into the world-
famed American Institute of Anthropology, perfecting herself as a teacher in

five branches of anthropology, as follows: Phrenology, physiognomy,
practical psychology, physiology and anatomy of the brain. When she
graduated from this institution, as a mark of distinction for an excellent
record, she was presented with a membership medal and received the
degree of Fellow of the American Institute of Anthropology, this making
her the only Race woman in the United States to graduate from this
institution or holding such a degree.
“Two years ago Prof. Minott began an intensive course in metaphysics
and business psychology at the College of Metaphysics, St. Louis, Mo. She
completed the courses and took the midwinter examinations recently,
passing with honors and receiving the title and degree of Doctor of
Metaphysics, being the first again of the Race to receive that degree in this
country.
“The first years of Dr. Minott’s practice were confined to an exclusive
clientele among the whites of New York City. Five years ago, however, she
was prevailed upon to establish a branch of the Clio School of Mental
Sciences in Chicago, and to centralize her efforts somewhat upon the
developing and improving of her own people. This she did, and her efforts
have met with enviable success and gratifying appreciation.”
Miss Minott’s unusually successful career proves that a Colored girl has
the same brain power to reach the mental heights a white girl is able to
attain, even when that Colored girl is given only half the encouragement,
half the privileges and half access to the proper environments. It is true that
all Colored girls cannot soar as high in education as Miss Minott, but all
Colored girls can improve themselves from day to day if they will only
decide to study. A cook can elevate herself to a hairdresser; a chambermaid
can elevate herself to a dressmaker; a waitress can elevate herself to a
stenographer and typewriter; a factory girl can elevate herself to a
bookkeeper and a child’s nurse can elevate herself to a school teacher. But
such girls cannot reach such successes if they go to ball rooms and cabarets
to elevate their skirts instead of going to night schools to elevate their
minds. It all depends upon each girl herself whether she will do drudgery
work all her life or whether she will do it a few years as a stepping stone
while she is preparing herself for something higher.
Colored cooks, waitresses, etc., who think it is no use to develop their
minds, or study for more education just because they are Colored and will

not get a chance to use such education, should remember that:
They would never have grape fruits, oranges or bananas to prepare and
serve if those fruits refused to grow and develop because of their yellow
skins; they would never have coffee to serve if it had refused to grow
because it is brown; they would never have steak to broil and serve if
yellow alderney or black holstein cattle had refused to develop from calves
to cows because of their colors. Thus, if fruits, vegetables and dumb
animals keep right on growing and developing into their fullest bloom of
power and usefulness regardless of their colors; why should not Colored
girls, who have brains to think, hands to work and God to guide them in
right, do the same?

IN MEDICINE.

The Medicine Man

(The fellow who makes you one minute cry
To give you more years of health and spry.)

At least once a year he ought to test
Heart, lungs and kidneys for your best.
LOVE, air and water you’ll longer enjoy,
If doctors thus you’ll timely employ.
—Harrison.

I N order to help look after the general health, advise and encourage good
physical conditions and thereby save and prolong the lives of the several
million Colored people residing in the United States, and to assist in
easing the pains and sufferings of all humanity; there are between four and
five thousand Colored physicians today practicing medicine in America.
While the majority of these professional men are located in parts of this
country where they do business exclusively among their own people, there
are hundreds of Colored doctors residing in many other states where the
number of their white patients is as large as among their own race.
In 1767 there was born in Philadelphia, Pa., a slave by the name of Jas.
Derham, who in his early life was taught medicine by his white owner, a
practicing physician. After Derham had saved enough money to set himself
up in business and had secured his freedom, he moved to New Orleans, La.,
where in a few years he built up both a large practice and an independent
fortune. It is said that Dr. Derham was the first Negro in the United States to
be recognized as a practicing physician.
Dr. Daniel H. Williams of Chicago, Ill., not only is spoken of as being in
the front rank of the foremost physicians and surgeons of the Negro race but
he is also classed with the first medical men of any race or nation. He is the
founder of the celebrated Provident Hospital and Training School of
Chicago and was Surgeon-in-Chief of the famous Freedman’s Hospital,
Washington, D.C., under President Cleveland’s administration. His medical
ability became so widely known that he has been called to nearly every
important part of the United States for consultation. His skill in being the
first surgeon to make a successful operation on the human heart has won
him world-wide reputation. As a result of his deep medical studies and most
delicate surgical operations he has been honored with the first Negro
membership in the American College of Surgeons.

Dr. Algernon B. Jackson, Phila., Pa., has the distinction of receiving a
Fellowship in the American College of Physicians, as a result of his great
all-around medical skill and especially his first discovery of a cure for
articular rheumatism. He is Head of the Mercy Hospital, which is one of the
most practically and beautifully located Colored institutions of its kind not
only in Philadelphia but in the United States. The results of Dr. Jackson’s
medical experiments and discoveries have been published in leading
medical journals and have won a name for him here and abroad.
Aside from teaching as a professor in one of the leading white medical
schools in Boston, Mass., Dr. S. C. Fuller, a Neuropathologist of nationwide
fame, is also serving as a member on the medical staff of the Massachusetts
Hospital (white) for the insane. In this capacity he has from time to time
made some very valuable discoveries and suggestions that have been
accepted and put into practical and beneficial uses for the treatment and
care of the insane.
The honor of being the first Colored physician to be accepted as an
interne in the Bellevue Hospital, a New York City white institution of
world-wide renown, rests upon the capable shoulders of Dr. U. G. Vincent.
A few years ago he graduated with such high honors from the University of
Pa., that he was not compelled (as is usually the case) to take the interne
entrance examination when admitted to the Bellevue Hospital.
Dr. Louis T. Wright, of Atlanta, Ga., now of New York, graduated from
Harvard University among the brainiest men of his class. As a young
physician both in age and practice, he is making wonderful strides along
medical paths and has already discovered a new method of vaccination that
has been tested and used by the United States Government.
On account of some extra special and greatly beneficial medical efforts
having been spent in their unusually successful careers, the following
names have been handed to the writer as belonging to a few of the Colored
physicians who are recognized as standing among the very highest in their
profession. E. A. Balloch, Washington, D.C., H. R. Butler, Atlanta, Ga., J.
E. Cannady, Charleston, W. Va., A. M. Curtis, Washington, D.C., U. G.
Dailey, Chicago, Ill., J. J. France, Portsmouth, Va., S. A. Furniss,
Indianapolis, Ind., J. H. Hale, Nashville, Tenn., Geo. C. Hall., Chicago, Ill.,
J. A. Kenney, Tuskegee, Ala., N. F. Mossell, Phila., Pa., H. M. Murray,
Wilmington, Del., W. L. Perry, St. Louis, Mo., C. V. Roman, Nashville,

Tenn., E. P. Roberts, New York City, N. Y., H. A. Royster, Raleigh N. C.,
York Russell, New York City, N. Y., W. A. Warfield, Washington, D.C., and
A. Wilberforce Williams, Chicago, Ill.
As the result of often handicapped and hurried researches in the hundred
or more following named cities, the writer was only able to secure the few
names listed below from among the thousands of doctors unlocated but who
are just as skilled in the healing powers and just as learned in the medical
science whereever they may be practicing:
Atlanta, Ga. Knoxville, Tenn.
Dr. R. A. Carter, Drs. J. W. Burney, H. R. Drs. D. W. Crawford, S. M. Clark, H. M. Green.
Bulter, C. H. Johnson, H. E. Nash, J. A. Leavenworth. Kan.
Slater. Drs. C. M. Moates, Silas Jackson.
Atlantic City, N. J. Little Rock, Ark.
Drs. R. E. Harris, C. McGuire. Drs. J. T. Clowers, G. W. S. Ish, J. G. Thornton.
Augusta, Ga. Los Angeles, Cal.
Drs. T. W. Josey, G. N. Stoney. Drs. C. Ballard, Anna Leggett, J. S. Outlaw, L.
Baltimore, Md. Stovall.
Drs. H. F. Brown, J. C. Brown, D. E. Lexington, Ky.
Campbell, H. White, W. H. Wright. Dr. J. E. Hunter.
Birmingham, Ala. Louisville, Ky.
Drs. J. W. Anderson, H. C. Bryant, U. G. Drs. J. M. Hammons, A. C. McIntyre, E. D.
Mason, J. B. Clayton, E. R. Dudley. Wedbee, W. H. Pickett.
Boley, Okla. Memphis, Tenn.
Drs. J. D. Nelson, W. A. Paxton, J. W. Drs. A. N. Townsend, C. A. Terrell, J. T. Wilson
Young. Milwaukee, Wis.
Boston, Mass. Drs. F. Boget, H. B. Stokes.
Drs. C. Garland, C. Harrison, I. L. Mobile, Ala.
Roberts, B. Robinson. Drs. T. N. Harris, H. R. Williams.
Buffalo, N. Y. Montgomery, Ala.
Drs. M. A. Allen, H. Lewis. Drs. R. T. Adair, F. D. Boswell, H. P. Dawson, F.
Brooklyn, N. Y. C. Cuffey, J. A. Deramiur, Wm. Washington.
Drs. R. Birnie, F. M. Jacobs, R. Johnson, Mound Bayou, Miss.
O. M. Waller. Dr. D. H. Broomfield.
Camden, N. J. Muskogee, Okla.
Drs. C. T. Branch, I. Wilson. Drs. H. L. Meckelroy, R. H. Watterford.
Charleston, S. C., Nashville, Tenn.
Drs. M. M. Edwards, W. H. Johnson, J. M. Drs. L. A. Fisher, J. H. Hale, A. L. Herron, J. T.
Thompson, W. H. Miller Phillips, C. V. Roman, J. N. Holman, F. A. Stewart.
Charleston, W. Va. Newark, N.J.
Drs. J. E. Cannady, H. F. Gamble, R. L. Drs. S. S. Bruington, Green and Wolfe.
Jones. New Orleans, La.
Charlotte, N. C. Drs. A. W. Braizer, L. T. Burbridge, R. Fredricks.
E. F. Tyson, J. T. Williams. Newport News, Va.
Chattanooga, Tenn. Drs. W. P. Dickerson, C. A. Easton, W. T.
Drs. T. A. Key, W. A. Thompson. Foreman, J. H. Robinson, C. W. Scott, P. S. Scott.
Chester, Pa. New York City, N.Y.

Dr. J. H. Miller, K. L. Kurd, E. E. Raven. Drs. E. P. Roberts, York Russell, U. G. Vincent, L.
Chicago, Ill. T. Wright, W. M. Wilson, A. S. Reed.
Drs. U. G. Dailey, S. C. Dickson, W. S. Norfolk, Va.
Grant, G. C. Hall, E. B. Ramsey, A. Drs. P. L. Barber, J. D. Jackson.
Wilberforce Williams, Daniel H. Williams. Omaha, Neb.
Cincinnati, O. Drs. L. E. Britt, J. H. Hutten.
Drs. E. B. Gray, F. W. Johnson. Philadelphia, Pa.
Cleveland, O. Drs. F. C. Antoine, Eugene Hinson, Chas. Lewis,
Drs. E. A. Bailey, C. H. Garvin, E. J. A. B. Jackson, N. F. Mossell, P. J. Taylor, J. D.
Gregg, O. A. Taylor, J. T. Sykes. Turner, Minton, Lennon, McDougall, Sinclair.
Columbia, S.C. Phoenix, Arizona.
N. A. Jenkins, F. B. Johnson. Dr. W. C. Hackett.
Columbus, O. Pine Bluff, Ark.
W. W. Cooper, W. A. Method, W. R. Drs. H. L. Jordan, J. W. Parker.
Morrison, W. Woodlin. Pittsburgh, Pa.
Danville, Va. Drs. F. F. Bishop, J. T. Allen, J. B. Shepard, G. G.
F. W. James, A. L. Winslow. Terfley, A. C. Kyles.
Dayton, O. Portland, Oregon.
L. H. Cox, B. A. Rose. Dr. J. A. Merriman.
Denver, Col. Portland, Me.
S. A. Huff, J. H. Westbrook. Dr. Herndon White.
Des Moines, Iowa. Portsmouth, N. H.
Drs. A. J. Booker, A. Jefferson. Dr. C. A. Randolph.
Detroit, Mich. Portsmouth, Va.
Drs. Northcross and Turner. Dr. J. J. France, W. T. Jones.
Durham, N. C. Providence, R. I.
Drs. C. Donnell, A. M. Moore. Drs. W. H. Higgins, J. Robinson, J. Birch.
Evansville, Ind. Raleigh, N.C.
G. W. Buckner, H. Thompson. Drs. C. A. Dunston, L. E. McConley, J. O.
Fort Smith, Ark. Plumber, H. A. Royster, P. F. Roberts, J. T. Northam.
Drs. S. W. Harrison, N. H. Lockhart. Richmond, Va.
Fort Worth, Texas. Drs. H. A. Allen, W. H. Hughes, M. B. Jones, J.
Drs. A. B. Borders, J. W. Tildon. H. Blackwell.
Gary, Ind. Roanoke, Va.
Drs. Baskett and Blackwell, C. E. Drs. J. B. Claytor, J. H. Roberts.
Hawkins. San Antonio, Texas.
Greenville, S.C. Drs. W. M. Drake, C. A. Whitten.
Dr. A. E. Boyd. San Francisco, Cal.
Hampton, Va. Drs. R. N. Arthurton, W. W. Purnell.
Drs. W. E. Atkins, C. S. Bassette, Burl Savannah, Ga.
Bassette, J. J. Jones. Drs. O. C. Clayborne, F. S. Belcher, W. C.
Harrisburg, Pa. Blackman, W. A. Harris, G. W. Smith.
C. L. Carter, C. H. Crampton, M. H. Seattle, Wash.
Layton, A. L. Marshall, J. T. Warrick. Drs. D. T. Cardwell, C. F. Maxwell.
Hartford, Conn. Shreveport, La.
Dr. H. W. Furniss. Drs. E. B. Liddel, D. A. Smith.
Helena, Ark. St. Louis, Mo.
Drs. A. D. Beacly, S. H. Horgoods. Drs. W. P. Curtis, J. T. Caston, R. C. Haskell, W.
Hopkinsville, Ky. L. Perry, S. P. Stafford, D. Weaver, J. A. Grossland,
Dr. B. O. Moore. C. L. Thomas.

Houston, Texas. St. Paul, Minn.
B. J. Covington, H. E. Lee. Drs. W. D. Bloom, V. Turner.
Indianapolis, Ind. Tampa, Fla.
Drs. H. W. Armistead, S. A. Furniss, J. H. Dr. J. A. White.
Ward, H. L. Hummonds. Terre Haute, Ind.
Jackson, Miss. Drs. A. L. Cabell, D. A. Bethea.
Dr. R. S. Johnson. Washington, D.C.
Jacksonville, Fla. Drs. S. L. Carson, E. A. Balloch, A. M. Curtis, W.
Drs. C. F. Duncan, M. F. McCleary, J. S. A. Warfield, E. D. Williston, R. A. Burton.
Hills, A. H. Kennibrew. Wichita, Kanin.
Jersey City, N.J. Drs. J. E. Farmer, F. O. Miller.
Drs. G. E. Cannon, P. F. Ghee. Wilmington, Del.
Kansas City, Kan. Drs. C. Banston, S. G. Elbert, H. Murray.
Drs. J. N. Sohns, S. H. Thompson. Wilmington, N. C.
Kansas City, Mo. Drs. F. F. Burnett, S. M. Key.
Drs. E. C. Bunch, T. C. Brown, C. M.
Kane, J. E. Perry, J. F. Shannon, W. J.
Tompkins, T. C. Unthank.

Hospitals and Nurses
Although American Negroes own and conduct over one hundred
modernly equipped hospitals, even that number of buildings does not afford
space enough to properly house the three thousand Colored graduate nurses
now practicing in the United States, should all those angels of mercy at the
same time apply for accommodations in the above institutions.
The writer regrets that as hard and patiently as he researched he was
unable to secure a list of names of the Colored women doctors who are to-
day practicing medicine in the United States. It, therefore, affords him great
pleasure, at the very last moment on the eve of this publication coming
from the press, to be able to rush in his book from the September 24, 1921,
issue of the Chicago Defender, the following article regarding the
distinguished abilities and works of one of the numerous Negro women
physicians to-day following their profession in America:
“WOMAN DOCTOR RECEIVES FRENCH MEDAL OF HONOR.”
“Newport, R. I., Sept., 23.—Dr. Harriet A. Rice, prominent in Newport circles, received from
the French government this week the Reconnaissance Francaise, a bronze medal, awarded her in
July 1919, for her work overseas during the war. The medal reached her through the French
Embassy at Washington.
“Dr. Rice is a graduate of Wellesley College and of the Women’s Medical College of New
York. She served in the French military hospital during the greater part of the war from 1915 to
the signing of the armistice, and it is for these services that she is decorated. The medal was
presented her by Prince de Bearn, charge d’affaires of the French embassy.

“According to the citation which accompanied the medal, the woman is honored by the
French government because of “her devotion and ability in caring for the French wounded during
the war.”

IN DENTISTRY

The Toothache Man.

(The fellow who loves your tooth to jerk
And then with a smile, asks: “Did it hurt?”)

Yearly to him folks ought to go
To learn of holes they do not know;
So toughest steaks to finely grind
With nature’s teeth and not false kind.
—Harrison.

A mong the five hundred or more Colored dentists in America, who are
today practicing in offices furnished with their own surgical
instruments as well as gas, electrical and other modern appliances, Drs.
Chas. E. Bentley, Chicago, Ill., and Chas. H. Roberts, New York City,
according to competent judges are considered two of the most prominent
and best all-round authorities in their profession. And in nearly every other
large city there are similar expert and successful dentists, a list of whom the
writer was unable to get. (extracts from Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-
1919 edition, pgs. 422-23-24).

IN INVENTIONS

New Ideas—new Things.

Creative folks are oft jeered fools
For thinking things along new rules;
But when such folks invent things real
How foolish those who laughed must feel.
—Harrison.

One of the chief reasons why the United States has made such rapid and
wonderful progress along all lines of industrial civilization and today stands
first among all countries in wealth is due mostly to the original ideas and
inventive powers of the American Yankee. And to prove that the original
ideas of Negroes have had a very important part in helping to make the
United States such a leading and resourceful nation, the following citations
are but a few of the two thousand and more inventions that Colored people
in America have had patented and put on the market for practical use.
“The first Negro to receive a patent on an invention was Henry Blair, of
Maryland, who, in 1834 and 1836, was granted patents on a corn harvester.
He is supposed to have been a free Negro.”
“Benjamin Banneker,—Noted Negro Astronomer. Born free, November
9, 1731, in Baltimore County, Maryland. Received some education in a pay
school. Early showed an inclination for mechanics. About 1754, with
imperfect tools, constructed a clock which told the time and struck the hour.
This was the first clock constructed in America.”
“William B. Purvis, of Philadelphia, has inventions covering a variety of
subjects, but directed mainly along a single line of experiment and
improvement. He began in 1912, the invention of machines for making
paper bags, and his improvements in this line of machinery are covered by a
dozen patents. Some half dozen other patents granted Mr. Purvis, include
three patents on electric railways, one on a fountain pen, another on a
magnetic car-balancing device, and still another for a cutter for roll
holders.”
“Joseph Hunter Dickinson, of New Jersey, specializes in the line of
musical instruments, particularly playing the piano. He began more than

fifteen years ago to invent devices for automatically playing the piano. He
is at present in the employ of a large piano factory. His various inventions
in piano-player mechanism are adopted in the construction of some of the
finest piano-players on the market. He has more than a dozen patents to his
credit already, and is still devoting his energies to that line of inventions.”
“Frank J. Ferrell, of New York, has obtained about a dozen patents for
his inventions, the larger number of them being for improvement in valves
for steam engines.”
“Benjamin F. Jackson, of Massachusetts, is the inventor of a dozen
different improvements in heating and lighting devices, including a
controller for a trolley wheel.”
“Charles V. Richey, of Washington, D.C., has obtained about a dozen
patents on his inventions, the last of which was a most ingenius device for
registering the calls on a telephone and detecting the unauthorized use of
that instrument.”
“The late Granville T. Woods, of New York, and his brother, Lyates took
out some fifty or more patents. Wood’s inventions principally relate to
electrical subjects, such as telegraph and telephone instruments, electrical
railways and general systems of electrical control. Several are on devices
for transmitting telegraphic messages between moving trains. According to
Patent Office Records, several of Woods’ patents have for valuable
considerations been assigned to the foremost electrical corporations, such as
the General Electric Company, of New York, and the American Bell
Telephone Company, of New York. Mr. Woods’ inventive faculty also
worked along other lines. He devised an incubator, a complicated
amusement device, a steam boiler furnace and a mechanical brake.”
“John Ernest Matzeliger, born Dutch Guiana, 1852, died, Lynn,
Massachusetts, 1889. He is the inventor of the first machine that performed
automatically all the operations involved in attaching soles to shoes. This
wonderful achievement marked the beginning of a distinct revolution in the
art of making shoes by machinery. Matzeliger realized this, and attempted
to capitalize it by organizing a stock company to market his invention; but
his plans were frustrated through failing health and lack of business
experience and shortly thereafter he died. The patent and much of the stock
of the company organized by Matzeliger was bought up. The purchase laid

the foundation for the organization of the United Shoe Machinery Company
the largest and richest corporation of the kind in the world.”
“During 1917-1918, Negroes made a large number of inventions. Many
of these related to the war. Charles Stevenson of Amarillo, Texas, invented
a glass war bomb. It was reported that L. A. Hayden, a native of Charlotte,
North Carolina, invented an airship stableizer which was adopted by the
British Government and that he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in
the British aviation corps. Julius Hart of Columbus, Georgia, invented three
war bombs which were reported to be of great military value and that for
one the War Department gave him $15,000. Wm. D. Polite, of Charlotte,
North Carolina, has patented an anti-aircraft gun.”
“Jacob W. F. Berry of Decatur, Alabama, invented an electrically driven
submarine. H. A. Cooper of Sabetha, Kansas, invented a submarine
detector. Henry Grady of Westbourne, Tennessee, has had patented a
Torpedo-Catcher and a Mine Destroyer.”
“The ‘national safety helmet’ or hood, invented by Garrett A. Morgan of
Cleveland, is reported to have been used by the United States and the Allies
to combat poisonous gases and as a safety device on Submarines. The
‘Safety Hood and Smoke Protector’ was originally invented for firemen.
“In addition to seven American patents on this device, Mr. Morgan holds
patents for Canada, England, Germany and other countries. This invention
received a gold medal prize from the American Museum of safety and the
first grand prize at the second Inter-National Convention of Safety and
Sanitation which was held at New York City. In 1914, the Inter-National
Fire chief’s Association in session in New Orleans, voted Mr. Morgan a
gold honorary membership badge. ‘The safety hood’ is manufactured by the
Safety Device Company of which Mr. Morgan is the general manager. As a
protection for firemen, it is in use in a large number of cities.”
“H. C. Webb of Bradentown, Florida, is the inventor of the Webb
Palmetto Grubbing Machine, which removes the stumps from 5 to 10 acres
of land per day.”
C. J. Perry, of Cincinnati, O., has invented a hydro-carbon device that
saves 10 to 20 percent of coal fuel and also consumes 85 percent of the
smoke. This invention is now in use on the Milwaukee Railroad and in the
Metropole Hotel in Chicago, Ill. C. H. Jackson has invented a diving outfit
with which the world record for deep-sea diving has been broken. Miss

Alice H. Parker, of Washington, D.C., has received a patent on a heating
furnace. Wm. Solder, Boston, Mass., has been given a patent on a cooking
stove and water heater combined.
“The largest number of patents received on inventions, by a Negro, was
by Elijah McCoy, of Detroit, Michigan. McCoy obtained his first patent in
July, 1872, and his last one in 1917. During this period of forty years he
invented one thing after another and has some fifty-eight patents to his
credit. His inventions cover a wide range of subjects, but relate particularly
to the lubricating of machinery. He was a pioneer in the art of steadily
supplying oil to machinery in intermittent drops from a cup so as to avoid
the necessity for stopping the machine to oil it. McCoy’s lubricating cup
was famous thirty years ago as a necessary equipment for all-up-to-date
machinery.” (quotations from Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition,
pgs. 5-6-7-8-341-2-3-4)

IN POETRY

The Poets

As the artists see, so the poets feel
Inspiring powers that make them steal
Away to write some pictured scene
So to help the world to get serene.
—Harrison.

T HE first Colored poetess in America to win national and international
fame was Phyllis Wheatley, who was brought from Africa in 1761 and
sold as a slave in Boston, Mass. Finding Phyllis to be an unusually
quick and apt child to learn, her owner spared no pains to give her the best
of education. Her poetry writing began at an early age. She became so
intelligent and self-cultured that the most wealthy and refined white people
of the day entertained her. All the time she was writing verses of the highest
quality. Finally going to Europe her success was even greater there to such
an extent that she appeared before the Royal Courts of England and
received high honors. Her literary works were reviewed by some of the best
scholars in England where much of her poetry was published in London
under the title “Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral”.
The late Paul Lawrence Dunbar, Negro Poet-Laureate, is considered the
greatest poet the Negro race has produced. Starting as an elevator boy he
struggled through one disappointment after another to get an education. All
that time he was writing poetry and finally after his works came under the
notice of such great white writers as William Dean Howells and James
Whitcomb Riley, the genius of Dunbar and the value of his writings became
world known. He traveled all about giving recitals of his poetry that took
the country by storm. His prose works won just as much admiration and
comment. His writings were based on the American Negro in and out of
slavery and the pen pictures he has drawn are masterpieces of literature.
Chief among his compositions are; “Lyrics of Lowly Life”, “Lyrics of The
Hearthstone,” “Heart of Happy Hollow”, “Folks From Dixie,” “Oak and
Ivy”, “Uncalled”, “Love and Landry” and “The Sports Of The Gods.”

William Stanley Braithwaite, as editor of “The New Poetry Review” of
Cambridge, author of “The Anthology of Magazine Verse”, editor of “The
Contemporary American Poets Series” and annual reviewer of the poetry
that appears in the leading magazines of America, is recognized as the
leading Colored poet and among the foremost world poets of today. A few
of his works are: “The House of Falling Leaves”, “The Book of Victorian
Verse”, “Life of Lyrics and Love”, “The Book of Georgian Verse”, “The
Book of Elizabethian Verse”, and “The Book of Restoration Verse.” He was
awarded the Spingarn Medal in 1918.
James Weldon Johnson is a poet and writer of first note, and his poem
“The Young Warrior,” that was set to music by Harry T. Burleigh, almost
became the national hymn of Italy during the World War. His poem “Fifty
Years” that appeared in many of the leading white magazines and
newspapers during the first part of 1913, brought forth high comment from
all parts of the country. His poems have appeared in the Century, the
Independent, the Crisis and other publications. He has published some of
his poetry in a book titled “Fifty Years and Other Poems.”
“Mr. Johnson is a young colored poet of America. Some of his verse is in
the cultivated English, some in the broken language of the American Negro.
The latter rings true. They express with singular intensity the joys and
sorrows of a subject race.” The above comment was made by The London
Literary World regarding the poetic abilities of Fenton Johnson, Chicago,
Ill. Aside from receiving high mentions from The New York World, and
Poetry, a magazine of Verse, some of his works were also included in
Braithwaite’s “Anthology of Magazine Verse for 1918” and “The Chicago
Anthology”. One of his recent volumes of poetry that attracted praiseworthy
attention on both sides of the ocean is “A Little Dreaming.”
While the facts, that short stories of the highest order are constantly
flowing from her pen point (or typewriter) and that she is Literary Editor of
The Crisis, have gained for her the distinction of being a foremost prose
writer among Colored women in America today; Jessie Redmon Fauset, on
account of the numerous outputs and unusual high quality of her poems, is
also recognized as one of the best verse writers among Colored people on
both sides of the ocean.
The father and son poets, Jos. S. Cotter, Sr. and Jr., have produced verse
matter that stands among the best in the country among Colored writers.

Information regarding the works of these composers will be found else-
where in this book. But a praiseworthy mention regarding Jos. S. Cotter, Jr.,
who died in his early twenties and for several years before that had been
confined on a bed of affliction, should be made herein. While other poets
have had their health, strength and vigor to do their work, young Cotter was
suffering almost constant pain in bed while turning out his poetry that came
from the depths of his patient soul, and ring as true as a pure-cast bell.
Georgia Douglas Johnson was born in Atlanta, Ga., was educated in the
public schools and at the Atlanta University after which she took a course of
music at the Oberlin Conservatory. Her first book, “The Heart of a Woman
and Other Poems” with an introduction by William Stanley Braithwaite,
was published by the Cornhill Co. of Boston, Mass., three years ago; her
second book, “An Autumn Love Cycle,” will be out shortly. Her third book,
“Shadow Song” is entirely different to the other two, being entirely racial,
treated in the over-tone style of suggestion. This book will appear some
months after the “Love Cycle.” The above quotation is in part an editorial
note that appeared in the May 1921 issue of Music and Poetry. The high
standard and amazing numbers of Mrs. Johnson’s verses that appear in
leading magazines are attracting wide attention and have already placed her
in a class among the leading Colored writers before the public today.
Claude McKay, a poet of international reputation, enjoys the honor of
being one of the first Colored writers to be made an associate editor on the
staff of a white national magazine—The Liberator, which is published in
New York City. Mr. McKay has for several years been writing poetry for
many of the leading magazines in Europe as well as for Colored and white
periodicals in America. His book, “Spring in New Hampshire and Other
Poems” has brought forth high literary comment from verse critics in both
countries.
“Miscellaneous Poems” and “Sketches of Southern Life” are two titles
covering some of the verses produced by the poetess, Frances E. Harper,
who also wrote first quality prose. Jas. E. McGirth wrote “Some Simple
Songs” and other verse matter that has stood the test of the best critics.
The late J. D. Corrothers gained much distinction as a prose and verse
writer and for several years his poems appeared in some of the leading
white magazines. George R. Margeston’s book of poems “Songs of Life”

has brought forth much favorable comment, and stamped him as a poet who
is fast forging to the front.
All verse critics who regularly read the close-to-nature, true-to-life,
heart-to-heart and cheerful little poems that weekly head the editorial pages
of the Chicago Defender, join in acclaiming Alfred Anderson the Edgar A.
Guest “Sunshine Poet” of the Negro Race. A few of the many other Colored
verse writers whose poems frequently appear in leading magazines are
Carrie C. Clifford, Sergt. Allen R. Griggs, Jr., Thos. M. Henry, Sarah C.
Fernandas, Leslie P. Hill, Roscoe Jamison, Chas. Bertram Johnson,
Winifred Virginia Jordan, Will Sexton and Lucian B. Watkins, the last
named writer being considered among the foremost writers the race has
produced during the past few years.

AMONG THE ARTISTS

The Artist.

In everything, real artists see
Some good therein God made pretty:
Such finds they gladly then set free
So all can share the new beauty.
—Harrison.

A ccording to page 331 of the 1918-1919 edition of Work’s Negro Year
Book, “Bannister, E. M., of Providence, Rhode Island, was one of the
first Negroes in America to achieve distinction as a painter. He was the
founder of the Providence Art Club, which is to-day the leading art
organization in Providence. “Its membership, mostly, if not wholly white,
includes many of the leading citizens of the city and state.” One of Mr.
Bannister’s pictures “Under the Oaks” was awarded a medal at the
Centennial Exposition of 1876. The picture became the property of the
Duffe Estate of New York City.”
Henry O. Tanner, born in Pittsburgh, Pa., and now living in Paris,
France, is the greatest artist in the Negro race and among the best of all
races. His early life along artistic lines was one of hard struggles, constant
ambitions, unshaken determinations and final success, until today his works
are known and treasured all over the world. His most successful paintings
are those describing different incidents that are taught in the Bible. Among
his many pictures that have won fame and fortunes for him are; “The Banjo
Lesson”, “Christ Walking on the Sea”, “The Holy Family”, “Hills Near
Jerusalem”, “Christ at the Home of Lazarus”, “Mary and Elizabeth” and
“The Hiding of Moses.” Mr. Tanner is the son of Bishop B. T. Tanner.
“Mr. William Scott is considered by critics to be one of the foremost
artists in America. He excells alike in the difficulties of portrait painting and
in the cleverness and subtlety of his cartoon work. In a time when artists are
becoming more and more a necessity of modern life, his ability bids fair to
lift him even more to the top of his profession. Mr. Scott led his class at the
Chicago Art Institute.” This quotation is extracted from the November-
December 1920 issue of Fenton Johnson’s Favorite Magazine.

The following extract about Mr. Scott is from Work’s Negro Year Book,
1918-1919 edition, page 331: “He took the Magnus Brand Prize for two
successive years. He studied in Paris at the Julian Academy and under
Henry O. Tanner. Three of his paintings were accepted by the Salon des
Beaux Arts at Toquet. The Argentine Republic purchased one of his
pictures, La Pauvre Voisine. He has completed Mural paintings for public
buildings in Evanston, Illinois; Chicago and Indianapolis. He is interesting
himself in Negro subjects and is doing in painting what Dunbar has done in
verse.”
The late Wm. A. Harper of Chicago, Ill., although a young man at his
death had already won recognition for his paintings and himself. He had
spent two year of study in Paris and has been successful in exhibiting his
paintings at the Chicago Art Institute. Chief among his works are “The Last
Gleam”, “The Hillside”, and “The Gray Day.”
A few of the many present day Colored artists who have also become
recognized and prominent in this art are; Lulu Adams, Los Angles, Cal.;
Ernest Atkinson, Baltimore, Md.; C. L. Boydkin, Boston, Mass.; C. L.
Dawson, Chicago, Ill.; Arthur Diggs, J. B. Davidson, Washington, D.C.; W.
M. Farrow, Frances Grant, Marcellus Hawkins, Chicago, Ill.; J. Hardwick,
L. Harris, Louise Latimer, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Effie Lee, Wilberforce, Ohio; L.
M. Rogers, Harvey Roseland, Washington, D.C.; A. A. Smith, New York;
Frank Waltz, N. Y.; Hilda Wilkerson, Arthur Winslow, Chicago, Ill.; and
Sidney Woodward, New York, (some of above names are extracts from
Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pg. 331.)
Miss Laura Wheeler’s painting “Heirlooms” won first place in New York
City among 500 art exhibits at the Water Color Club. Aside from being an
instructor in the art department of the Cheyney School, Cheyney, Pa., and
illustrator for such national magazines as The Crisis, she is recognized as
one of the foremost Colored women artists in America.
At the John Wanamaker Art Exhibition held in Philadelphia, Pa., not
many months ago, K. G. Ganaway, a Colored butler in Chicago, Ill., entered
his photographic picture “The Spirit of Transportation”, which won first
prize out of 900 pictures exhibited by many of the country’s most
experienced and expert white photographers residing in different parts of
the United States. While other people in going to railroad stations saw
nothing interesting there but hurrying crowds of people, truck loads of

baggage and black sooty trains and sheds, Mr. Ganaway’s artistic eye and
timely focused camera soared above those common place things as he saw
and portrayed the wonderful beauty of the dust laden tapering and yellow
beams of lights and shadows caused by the sun’s golden rays streaming
through the dingy skylights of the Terminal’s high and arched ceilings.

Architects
In nearly every American city of importance where the Negro population
is large there are Colored architects of recognized standing and ability. The
following are just a few of those names that have come under the hurried
notice of the writer: W. T. Bailey, Memphis, Tenn.; A. I. Cassell, Baltimore,
Md.; W. C. Cook, Gary, Ind.; W. H. Hammond, Pittsburgh, Pa.; I. T. Hatton,
Washington, D.C.; Benjamin and William Hazel, Boston, Mass.; Harry S.
James, Seattle, Washington, now in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; H. N. Johnson,
Norfolk, Va.; the late J. T. N. Minot, New York City; J. C. Norman,
Charleston, W. Va.; J. W. Robinson and Henry Robinson, Hampton, Va.;
Chas. T. Russell, A. M. Segoins, Baltimore, Md., V. W. Tandy, New York
City, W. T. White, Kansas City, Mo. and P. R. Williams, Los Angeles, Cal.

AMONG THE SCULPTORS

Magic Chisels.

We read in fairy tales of old
Of crude things wanded into gold;
But we have fairies of to-day
Who breath life into stone and clay.
—Harrison.

P REJUDICE against her race and sex did not deter the colored girl,
Edmonia Lewis, from struggling upward to honor and fame as a
sculptor.” This is what was written about that great genius on page 64 in
“Pushing To The Front” one of the books of Orison Swett Marden, who
aside from being editor of the New Success Magazine is also known in all
lands as the greatest and widest read inspirational white writer in the world
today. Among the chief works of Miss Lewis are: “The Death of Cleopatra”
that was exhibited in 1876 at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, Pa.,
“The Freed Woman”, “The Marriage of Hiawatha” and the bust of Robert
Gould Shaw.
Residing in So. Framington, Mass., is Meta Vaux Warrick (Mrs. S. C.
Fuller) who is considered a leading Colored sculptress in America today.
What is known as her masterpiece, “The Wretched”, a sculptured group,
was exhibited in Paris in 1903. Some of her other productions are; “The
Silent Appeal”, “The Dancing Girl”, “The Wrestlers”, and “The Immigrant
in America.”
Standing in the front ranks of this art is May Howard Jackson of
Washington, D.C. In both the Vorhoff Art Gallery and the Corcoran Art
Gallery the results of her talents have been successfully exhibited. Her
recent bust of Paul Lawrence Dunbar, that was unveiled in one of the
Washington High Schools, has aroused much interest and favorable
comment not only in the national capital but throughout the country. (Ref.:
Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs. 331-2)

IN VOCAL MUSIC

Heavens Repast.

No human sound is there on earth
To equal that of songful mirth
That sweetly flows from gifted voice
To feed the soul with Heaven’s choice.
—Harrison.

E ACH new day echoes the triumph of some individual who has
gloriously bridged chasms of earthly deterrents—racial, financial,
mental, physical and moral—during which time that individual has been
torn and left naked, bleeding and despondent; but to the brave these
vicissitudes never weaken, but strengthen, and they fight with the tenacity
of a savage, finally reaping conquest after conquest. Roland Hayes, tenor of
Boston illustrates the result of being firm, holding on, fighting, and today he
has achieved what every artist desires as a reward of their genius, their
years of struggle to excell, the recognition of the world, of kings and
queens. And May 2 the cables flashed word that a Negro tenor had been
received at the palace to sing for the royal family, and was presented a
diamond pin by King George, the significant manner in which royalty pays
homage to great musicians of the world. They were delighted with the voice
and manner of the singer, and the king observed how different the songs
were from what the English were taught to believe were characteristic
Negro melodies. We have always been caricatured, always portrayed as the
jester for the world’s amusement, and Mr. Hayes did not overlook the
opportunity to rescue our folk songs from the debasement they have
suffered from the result of pernicious money mongers, and present them as
the sorrow songs of a persecuted people filled with weariness and
renunciation.
“His sojourn in London has been marked with success after success,
beginning with his premiere recital, significant with concurrent praise from
the critics. An appearance at the dinner given by the American Society to
British women at the Hotel Cecil, on which occasion he sang “The Star-
Spangled Banner.” His appearances at two concerts given by the Samuel

Coleridge-Taylor Choral Society (Mrs. I. F. Coleridge-Taylor, patron; Sir.
Charles V. Stanford, president, and Douglas M. Durston, conductor) in aid
of the mayor’s unemployment fund and numerous concerts, the last of
which, April 16, was a huge success financially and artistically. The critics
said many lovely things of Mr. Hayes anent his voice, his style, his
intelligence and manner; but to us who know and love him, who feel his
very heart throb as he pleads through his art for his people, recognize and
understand that his voice wails in eagerness for deliverance, freedom, the
right to breathe and live untrammeled and unoppressed.
“A word is here appropriate in praise of Lawrence Brown, who has been
his sympathetic accompanist and collaborator in the settings of a number of
spirituals for concert use. Mr. Brown is also an excellent pianist, and the
critics recognize his dual talent by always giving him a share in their
notes.”
The above quotation is extracted from an editorial that appeared on page
13 in the May 1921 issue of Nora Douglas Holt’s monthly magazine, Music
and Poetry, that is published in Chicago, Ill.
Mr. Hayes received his musical education in the New England
conservatory of Music, Boston, Mass., and today is acclaimed not only the
foremost tenor in the Negro race but one of the greatest tenors in the world.
Colored and white song critics on both sides of the ocean have for many
years recognized Harry T. Burleigh as the leading baritone soloist in the
Negro race. For the past twenty or more years he has been a soloist in the
choir of the St. George’s Protestant Church, which is one of the leading and
wealthiest white churches in New York City, having on its membership roll
such world-known names as Seth Low and J. Pierpont Morgan. Mr.
Burleigh is also a composer of international fame, and his “Deep River” is
frequently sung in different parts of the world by famous white singers.
More mention of Mr. Burleigh’s celebrated compositions will be made
elsewhere in this book.
“Guide to Voice Culture” is a book written by Madame E. Azalia
Hackley. This book is soundly based on the ripe and rich experiences
gained by Mrs. Hackley after an untiring and extensive preparation under
the best voice culture masters in America and Europe. For many years she
was the most prominent Colored singer in America. For several years past
she has been devoting her time and energies in traveling throughout the

country organizing and presenting chorus recitals dealing mostly or wholly
with American Negro folklore songs. In thus constantly coming in personal
contact with the masses of Colored people in all parts of the United States,
Mrs. Hackley is doing more today than any musician in personally meeting
and influencing so many Colored people to learn to love, sing, and preserve
Negro plantation melodies.
Anita Patti Brown of Chicago, Ill., is today one of the most eminent
sopranos belonging to the Negro race. She has made numerous and
unusually successful trips throughout America and the West Indies, and
those who have heard her remarkable singing instantly fall in love with her
full round voice of natural richness and sweetness. Among her most catchy
pieces is the one titled “Villanelle” which has been reproduced on Columbia
Phonograph records with great success.
Florence Cole Talbert, aside from winning the diamond medal at the
Chicago Musical College has also won national reputation as one of the
leading sopranos among the American Colored people. Although high up on
the ladder of songhood, she is continuing to climb to the top by taking
special courses in Chicago under such famed teachers as Oscar Saenger and
Madame Valerie. This great singer’s home is in Detroit, Michigan.
Cleota Collins, Columbus, Ohio, is a soprano of note, and, as the editor
of Music and Poetry has so well said, “is a young woman with a frail body
but such an enormous mentality and a voice that makes you close your eyes
and listen to her interpretation of songs that set your senses titilating. But
she has worked patiently to acquire this power and now condescends to tell
young students how she did it.” She is associate editor of Music and Poetry.
Although he is at present living in New Zealand, where he has endeared
himself in the hearts of all music lovers there H. Hodges can be rightly
claimed an American product on account of his native home being Boston,
Mass. His commanding and well trained talented voice is one of the
wonders of Auckland where he conducts one of the most exclusive music
studios.
After spending several years of personal sacrifices and hard study in
America, France and England, Rachel Walker of Cleveland, Ohio was
finally rewarded by receiving personal recognition and praise from kings
and queens during her first successful appearance in Europe. And today she
is classed among the best of American Colored song birds.

Worcester, Mass., and New England in general is justified in being so
proud of Estelle P. Clough who has won for herself first place among great
Colored singers. She has successfully appeared in most of the important
cities in the United States.
Wm. H. Richardson of Boston, Mass., is one of the best Colored
baritones in America. He has made numerous joint recitals with Maud
Cuney Hare through the United States and has met with great success on all
occasions.
In singing compositions of Negro, French, German, Italian and Russian
musicians, Wilson Lamb of Orange, N. J., demonstrates in his recitals that
he has a baritone voice of marked agreeableness and unusual control. Each
year when he gives his big recitals his voice shows the favorable results of
his continued hard study and practice, and white papers are unstinting in
giving him praise.
For twenty years Sisseretta Jones has successfully managed a musical
company of her own organization known as “The Black Patti Troubadors”.
In all the European cities they visited they had over-crowded houses night
after night. It must be said to the glowing credit and praise of Madame
Jones that she is probably the only woman in America, Colored or white,
who has been successful in organizing and keeping together for so many
years such a high-classed group of musical entertainers.
During the early eighties Madame Selika better known as “Black Patti”,
went to Europe and completely captivated the friendship of music lovers in
the “Old Country” by her marvelous birdlike thrills and matchless
renditions of her famous “Echo Song.” The great range and sweetness of
her voice was a delightful mystery to all who heard her.
It was as far back as 1851, at the time the world-famed Jenny Lind
(white) was enjoying her greatest fame, that Elizabeth T. Greenfield a
Colored woman came into prominence as a noted singer. She was often
called the “Black Jenny Lind” and won fame in America and Europe where
she was given the pet name of “The Black Swan.”
In the minds of many people still living there are yet fond recollections
of that human song bird, Flora Batson, (Mrs. Bergen) who was born in
Providence, R. I.. The music people in America, Europe, Africa, Australia
and New Zealand considered it a rare treat to hear her touching and pathetic
voice that had such bell-like tones and clarity of enunciation. For ninety-

one continuous nights at a revival in New York City her voice held vast
crowds spellbound as they tearfully listened to her soul-touching voice sing
“Six Feet of Earth Make Us All One Size.” And hundreds of curious and
prejudiced white people who first went to those meetings to jeer and make
fun had their set minds suddenly converted by listening to the truth and full
meaning of that song and had their frozen hearts completely melted by the
soulful shocks of that great singer’s voice. (Ref. Work’s Negro Year Book,
1918-1919 edition, pgs. 326-7-8).
Anna and Emma Hyers, soprano and contralto; Wallace Kine, tenor;
John Lucca and Frederick Louidin, Bassos, of the Old School, were among
the foremost singers of their times and proved vocal marvels to all who
heard them sing in America and Europe. For years the well trained and
talented quartettes of Fisk University, Hampton and Tuskegee Institutes
have been winning fame throughout America and even in Europe as
unsurpassed singers of Negro plantation songs.
Below are the names of just a few human Colored song-birds of today
whom the writer was able to discover among the many flocks that, although
now perched very high, are constantly flitting up and up toward the top
branches of solo-song trees.
Marion Anderson, Phila., Pa., Martha B. Anderson, sopranos; E. H.
Boatner, baritone, Boston, Mass.; Minnie Brown, soprano, N. Y.; Edmonia
H. Brown, soprano, Kansas City, Mo.; Arthur Brown, baritone, Mayme C.
Byron, soprano, T. Bryant, tenor, Grace Campbell, soprano, Chicago, Ill.; C.
Carroll Clark, baritone, New York City; Dessa Clements, soprano, H.
Delmore, tenor, Boston, Mass.; L. B. Duppe, baritone, Springfield, Mass.;
Isabelle Givens, soprano, Cincinnati, O.; Leroy Goodman, tenor, Columbus,
O.; Mrs. H. L. Grant, soprano, Washington, D.C.; C. J. Harbour, tenor,
Okmulgee, Okla.; Blanche D. Harris, soprano, New York City; S. Hilliard,
tenor, Chicago, Ill.; Revella Hughes, soprano, New York City; Mrs. H.
Hunter, soprano, Durham, N. C.; Alfred H. Johnson, baritone, C. L.
Johnson, tenor New York City; Marie P. Johnson, soprano, Ella F. Jones,
soprano, Lulu R. Jones, soprano, Mary Jones, soprano, Chicago Ill.;
Josephine A. Junius, contralto; Paige I. Lancaster, baritone, John T.
Lattimore, tenor, Hampton, Va.,; Jennie C. Lee, soprano, Tuskegee, Ala.;
Annie H. Lee, soprano, Baltimore, Md., Lawrence Lomax, tenor, C. A.
Marshall, baritone, Junious Maxwell, tenor, Lydia McClain, soprano, Phila.,
Pa.; B. D. McCorkel, tenor, Carolyn Montgomery, contralto; J. A. Myers,

tenor, Nashville, Tenn.; W. P. Norcum, baritone, Portsmouth, Va.; Alice M.
Pettijohn, soprano, Amherst, Mass.; Mrs. C. Rechley, soprano, Baltimore,
Md.; Wm. Simmons, basso, Chicago, Ill.; Maud J. Roberts, soprano,
Chicago, Ill.; W. Ryder, basso, Cincinnati, O.; N. Clark Smith, tenor,
Kansas City, Mo.; Innis Simpson, tenor, Leon Simpson, soprano, Princeton,
N. J.; Luela D. Smith, soprano, Daisey Tapley, contralto, Grace W.
Thompson, soprano, Lillian E. Tibbs, soprano, Washington D.C.; S. A.
Thomas, basso, Newport News, Va.; Mabel O. Story, soprano, St. Louis,
Mo.; Emlyne J. Tindley, contralto, Phila., Pa; Clarence Tisdale, tenor,
Chicago, Ill.; Mrs. F. K. Watkins, soprano, Durham, N. C.; Junius Williams,
basso, New York City; Mrs. L. Wilson, soprano, Baltimore, Md.; Sidney
Woodward tenor, New York City; Mary Stafford, soprano, New York.
Having as its object, “To foster Negro talent; labor for economic and
educational betterment”, The National Association of Negro Musicians,
under the wise leadership of Henry L. Grant, is wielding a musical
influence for good that is being felt and appreciated not only by American
Colored and white musicians but by music lovers of both races even abroad.
Other nationally known musicians, who, as officers in this organization, are
ably assisting their president in furthering the inspirational and elevating
work of this organ are; Melville Charleton, R. Nathaniel Dett, Carl Diton,
Kemper Herreld, Nora Douglass Holt, Deacon Johnson, H. P. B. Johnson,
R. Agustus Lawson, W. H. Loving, Harriet G. Marshall, James A. Mundy,
Alice Carter Simmons, T. Theo. Taylor, Clarence C. White and Fred J.
Work.
If there be Colored youths who, after reading these inspirational pages,
still lack ambition and courage to develop musical talents they possess,
because of their race and color, such youths should remember that:—
The most popular and sweetest singing bird in the world (the canary) is
Colored. But if hundreds of years ago that bird had ruined his God-gifted
voice with discouraged croakings about its yellow feathers, the canary bird
of today would be not able to sing so sweetly as to cause its listeners to
completely forget it is a bird with a colored complexion. Its singing is so
sweet and beautiful that people learn to see beauty and loveliness in its
yellow coat that Nature has given it.

IN INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

Music’s Power.

From cradle down unto the grave
Does mankind ever sweet sounds crave;
And like the beasts that roar and rave
His passions bow as music’s slave.
—Harrison.

“T HE Negro race has produced two violinists who have attracted
national attention as artists, Clarence Cameron White and Joseph H.
Douglass. They occupy first rank among American musicians and the
race is justly proud of them.” The above quotation that originally appeared
in the American artists Review, is an extract from Work’s Negro Year Book,
1918-1919 edition, p. 329.
Mr. White, whose home is in Boston, has spent many years of hard
studying in both America and Europe, and aside from being a violinist of
the first rank, he is also a noted composer. One of his greatest compositions
“The Cradle Song” is written for either the violin or piano and has brought
praises from all critics who have heard it. “A New System of One Octave
Scale Studies for the Violin”, of which Mr. White is the author, is a book
that is being used extensively in music schools.
Joseph Henry Douglass, grandson of the great Frederick Douglass, is a
native of Washington, D.C. The foundation of his superb playing of today
was laid in the New England Conservatory of Music, the New York
Conservatory of Music and some of the best music schools in London.
During the score or more years he has made annual recitals throughout the
country, he, the same as Mr. White, has played before presidents of the
United States. Mr. Douglass fills the responsible position of Instructor in
Instrumental Music at Howard University, Washington, D.C.
A few of some other violinists of the first order are; Wm. Butler, Walter
Craig, Brooklyn, N.Y., Harrison Farrell, Harrison Emanuel, Chicago, Ill.,
Kemper Herreld, Atlanta, Ga., Edwin F. Hill, Philadelphia., Pa., Louisa V.
Jones, New York, Leonard Jeter, New York Hall, Johnson, H. Kerr,
Baltimore, Md., David L. Martin, New York, Eugene Mars Martin, New

York, A. W. Ross, New York, Prof. Tenyck, Brooklyn, N.Y., Harrison Watts,
Baltimore, Md.
Maud Cuney Hare of Boston, Mass., has for years been recognized as
one of the leading pianists in America. She is nationally and internationally
known and her playing has met the stamped approval of the most critical of
critics. She is a member of the Music and Lecture Guild of New England (a
white organization) and is also music critic for the Crisis Magazine.
As an accomplished musician, Hazel Harrison is one of the best among
the best Colored or white pianists in America. Although a musical prodigy
from early childhood, her youthful life has been one constant grind of
theory, study and practical application under such world-known pianists and
teachers as Busoni, Egan, Petri and Victor Heinne. And still she improves.
Helen Hagan is another pianist who is recognized as being among the
foremost musicians in the United States, as the result of her strenuous
studies under such noted French masters as Saint-Saens, Vincent D’Indy,
Claude Debussy and her playing under the severe criticisms of Gabriel
Faure, Paul Dukas, Chaussons and Severac. As one of the associate editors
on the staff of Music and Poetry, she is doing great inspirational work in its
piano department.
Carl Diton’s transcription of “Swing Low Sweet Chariot” for the organ
has been published by G. Schirmer Co., one of the largest white music
publishers in America. This composition has a melody of remarkable
sweetness and is one of the few pieces that brings into full play all parts of
the organ. Mr. Diton has studied in Europe as well as in America and today
is recognized as one of the leading pianists, organists and composers in this
country.
Melville Charlton of Brooklyn, N. Y., is estimated by knowing critics as
being one of the most talented and efficient pipe organist among Colored
people in America. He is an unquestioned authority on this instrument that
has taken up many of his years in theory study and practical application.
The following named are a few mentioned from among the hundreds of
other exceptionally trained organists in different parts of the country:
Rudolph Grant, New York, William King, Phila., Pa., George Ruffin and
Fred White, Boston, Mass., Mrs. Corinne Wilson, Chicago, Ill.
“It Takes Love to Cure the Heart’s Disease”, “Loveless Love” and
“Caroline Shout” were among the first player-piano rolls that were recorded

by Jas. P. Johnson, a Colored pianist, who has signed a contract to make
recordings for the Q. R. S. Music Company, which is the largest player-
piano roll manufacturers in the world.
One of the greatest musical wonders, Colored or white, America has ever
produced was Thomas G. Bethune, who was born a blind slave at
Columbus, Ga., He became known throughout the world as “Blind Tom”.
He played difficult pieces on the piano when only four years old and began
giving concerts when eight years old. Although he had never received any
instructions he could correctly imitate the most difficult piece after hearing
it played but once. He was taken to Europe where he won fame and honors
playing before the crowned heads in all of the important countries. His
audiences would sit spellbound and entranced as he imitated on the piano
nearly every imaginable sound. Especially were they moved and seemed to
feel they were going through the actual experience when he played “The
Shipwreck.” At such times his magic fingers drew from the ivory keys the
far and low rumblings of fast coming storms; the clanking of rattling chains
among hastening crews; the weird moans of increasing winds; the blood-
curdling shrieks of swooping sea-gulls; the distant booms of beach-breaking
waves; the flapping slaps of wind-whipped sails; the creaking timbers of
tossed-about ships; the soft murmurs of praying voices; the sudden crashes
of lightning bolts; loud rolling peals of overhead thunder and the splashing
sounds of down-pouring rains.
Another piano prodigy of the race is J. W. Boone of Columbia, Mo., who
became blind in his infancy. He is known as “Blind Boone” and although he
has been touring the country for forty years, he is still giving piano recitals
that hold his audiences in wonder and awe. He has such a wonderful
memory for musical details and such a delicate ear for detecting musical
sounds that he frequently listens to the playing of a recognized pianist who
has the sight of both eyes, and when that person has finished, “Blind
Boone” will go to the piano and amuse the audience by showing the
mistakes made by the other player and then presenting the piece correctly.
By many critics he is considered today as the equal if not the superior of the
famous “Blind Tom”. (Ref. Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition,
pgs. 327-28-29).
Named below are a few of the many Colored pianists in America today,
many of them having studied under some of the best masters in Europe as

well as in America, and all of them being finished musicians, and several of
them of national renown.
Nettie C. Asberry, Tocoma, Wash., S. N. Arter, Neola Bailey, Hampton,
Va., Bertha Beaumann, Boston, Mass., “Eubie” Blake, Lawrence Brown,
Boston, Mass., J. H. Buchanan, Durham, N. C., Mrs. L. E. Cain, Princeton,
N. J., Mae Clements, Mrs. R. N. Dett, Hampton, Va., Cleo M. Dickerson,
Chicago, Ill., N. Doxey, Eva Dykes, Washington, D.C., J. H. Hebron, Phila.,
Pa., Mary Gibson, Washington, D.C., Clyde Glass, Wilhelmina Harrison,
and Mildren B. Jones of Chicago, Ill., E. Aldama Jackson, N. Y., William
King, Phila., Pa., Mrs. E. Lambert, Princeton, N. J., Wm. S. Lawrence,
Boston, Mass., Andradas Lindsay, A. Matthews, Cincinnati, Ohio, Susie
McDonald, Newark, N. J., Martha Mitchell, Nellie M. Mundy, N. Y.,
Josephine Muse, Washington, D.C., Portia W. Pittman, Maud Powell, A. W.
Quarles, Cincinnati, Ohio., Helen H. Price, Brooklyn, N. Y., C. Luckeyth
Roberts, N. Y., Arthur W. Ross, Ruth Rowan, Durham, N. C., Amy Steffens,
Milwaukee, Wis., Samuel Stewart, Columbus, Ohio, T. T. Taylor, Chicago,
Ill., Roy Tibbs, Washington, D.C., Hazel D. Thomas, E. Torney, Baltimore,
Md.
The Pace Phonograph Corporation, New York City, is the first of its kind
in the world to be composed only of Colored people. It is presided over by
Harry H. Pace, a Colored man who founded it, and it is turning out records
reproducing only Negro music sung or played only by Colored musicians.
All of its officials and employees are Colored, and its chief purpose is to
preserve in vocal form such as are left of the slave-songs of America. Its
records are known as the “Black Swan Records,” that are already in much
demand and finding large sales.
Today the original and unique, singing of Perry Bradford’s “blues” by
Mamie Smith, is attracting admiration and endless praise on both sides of
the ocean. Her successful singing for the reproduction of her voice on the
records of the Okeh Phonograph Co., has made her the first Colored female
singer to so suddenly achieve world fame along that line. It is said that the
royalties from her records amount to such a sum that it would gladden and
look big in the eyes of even prima donna singers in the operatic world. The
records containing her voice are in such demand by the public that the
manufacturers turning out the disc have to put on night shifts in conjunction
with day shifts in order to fill the orders piled up on their desks. In the fall
of 1920 Miss Smith’s stage singing had become so popular that she had to

table engagements from Paris and London in order to fill a thirty week
touring engagement in the United States.
Band Musicians throughout the world heard of and learned to admire the
late James Reese Europe, who was one of the greatest “jazz” musicians the
world has ever heard. Of the four best bands overseas during the World War
and representing the four greatest nations, James Europe’s American
Colored bandmen were in demand more than any of the others, especially in
England and France.
At the St. Louis World Exposition of 1904 and at the Panama Exposition
held at San Francisco, Cal., in 1915, Major W. H. Loving, as conductor of
the famous Philippine Band, was among those who were awarded the
highest band honors for being among the greatest bandmasters of the world.
Other Colored musicians who have achieved success and recognition as
band leaders are quite numerous in America, and a few of them are
mentioned herewith; Lieut. Tim Bryan, F. L. Drye, W. H. Howard, W. L.
Jackson, C. Wesley Johnson, N. Clarke Smith, A. J. Thomas, W. H. Vodery,
and P. G. Lowery who has developed such a great band that yearly
throughout the seasons it is to be found with the Ringling Bro. Show as one
of its most important bands. W. H. Graham, as well as a great band leader is
a talented composer of band music. His home is in Denver, Colorado.
According to the determinations of one of America’s nationally
recognized authorities and critics on Negro music composition, the
following ten named Colored composers are among the foremost in the
United States:
Harry T. Burleigh, whose “Deep River”, “Jean” and “The Soldier” are three of his voice
compositions that are among his numerous spirituals and art-songs published by Ricordi & Co.,
New York City. For his work as a singer and composer, Mr. Burleigh was awarded the 1917
Spingarn Medal.
Melville Charlton, whose piano production: Poeme Crotique is published by Schirmer & Co., New
York City.
Will Marion Cook, whose “The Bandanna Land”, “The Casino Girl”, and “The Rain Song” are
among his popular choruses in Negro style that are published by Schirmer & Co., New York City.
As director of The New York Syncopated Orchestra and the celebrated Clef Club Orchestra, Mr.
Cook has won himself a place among the first-place orchestra leaders in America and Europe.
R. Nathaniel Dett, whose chorals: “Chariot Jubilee”, “Listen To The Lambs” and “I’m So Glad
Trouble Don’t Last Alway” are among his voice spirituals published by John Church Co., New
York City; his piano composition “Magnolia” which is one among others published by Summy &
Co., Chicago. A white publication, Musical America of December 17, 1919, said, “If R. Nathaniel
Dett had written no other work, his “Chariot Jubilee” would suffice to make his name.” Mr. Dett is
also a noted pianist.

Carl Diton, whose pipe Organ production; “Swing Low Sweet, Chariot” is published by Schirmer &
Co., New York City, and whose voice composition; “Swing Low Sweet Chariot” is published by
Presser & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
Helen Hagan, who has composed for the piano; Concerto with orchestral accompaniment
(manuscript).
J. Harvey Hebron, who has produced for the voice splendid semi-classic ballads (American
Magazine Co., 1514 South St., Phila., Pa.,) and for the violin and piano: Sonata in E (manuscript).
J. Rosamond Johnson, whose classic ballads and light operas have been written for the white
company, Klaw & Erlanger and such noted white actresses as Lillian Russell. In the production of
many of his pieces, J. Rosamond was ably assisted by his brother James Weldon Johnson who also
was the translator for the English libretto of “Goyescas” the Spanish grand opera produced by the
Metropolitan Opera Company in 1915. James W. also has several French music translations to his
credit. The works of J. Rosamond Johnson are published by Ditson & Co., Boston, Mass.
Gerald Tyler, who has composed for the voice, Art-songs that are published by Schirmer & Co., New
York City.
Clarence Cameron White, whose violin Spirituals are published by Carl Fisher & Co., New York.

The “blue song” compositions of W. C. Handy are known and sung all
over the world. He is president of the Handy Music Co., of New York City,
which is the leading firm of its kind among Colored people in the world.
Perry Bradford is composer of the “Crazy Blues” that have made himself,
Mamie Smith and the Okeh phonograph records nationally and
internationally famous.
N. Clark Smith is second to none among American Colored musicians as
a composer of instrumental, especially, band music. For several years he
was band leader of the Tuskegee Institute expert band and also served for a
long period as bandmaster of the famous Old Illinois 8th Regiment. Today
he is Director of Music at the Lincoln High School, Kansas City, Mo.
The following list contains the names of some of the leading musicians
who are foremost composers of different lines of music: Mrs. B. Consuelo
Cook, J. E. Dowell, E. Edmonds, W. H. Farrell, Harry Freeman, Jessie L.
Gaynor, A. P. Grant, H. P. Gilbert, L. Godfrey, Nora Douglass Holt, Edwin
F. Hill, E. A. Jackson, Scott Jolpin, E. T. Jenkins, Joe. Jordan, Turner
Layton, Therwold Otterstrom, Dave Payton, J. S. Pollen, Alex Rogers, H. E.
Stewart, Dekiven Thompson, Clarence Williams, Spencer Williams, Geo.
Hoff.

IN ATHLETICS

Some Man.

When a white star fames in football fray,
Three rivals at most against him play;
And he gets the cheers of every fan
For they feel for him no racial ban;
But when Colored star in white games set
Eleven “cave men” play him “to get”;
And when thro it all they can’t him “can”
He sure must be what is called “SOME MAN”.
—Harrison.

T HE main thing every boy and girl should have or begin to acquire in
early life, and then continue to keep during his manhood or her
womanhood, is a clean, healthy, supple and well-developed muscular
body that is guided and governed by a pure thinking and self-controlling
mind. And such a body is mainly built up and preserved by taking plenty of
out-door playful exercises in early childhood; by taking frequent parts in
athletics games played in a fair and honest way against friendly rivals while
in young manhood and womanhood; and by regularly and systematically
going through a good drill of setting-up exercises, gymnastics or
calisthenics throughout both middle and old age. These same childhood
games and youthful athletic sports have their good effects upon the young
and tender minds by early teaching them courage in times of facing big
odds and developing self-control during the angry moments of an exciting
game when temptations so often come up to strike an unfair blow or say
some mean and rude thing. And these same out-door activities have their
purifying results upon those minds in that they are nearer to Nature and
thereby prompt more Godly thoughts, words and deeds among such minds
than do certain in-door pastimes that are not so wholesome. No country in
the world surpasses America in the general suppleness in movement,
gracefulness of carriage and all-round muscular development and physical
prowess of the bodies belonging to its people. And the following named
records show that American Colored youths have played large and valuable

parts in helping to build up the physical reputation of the United States that
is today recognized as the leading country in international athletic sports.

In Football
W. H. Lewis (one of the ablest Colored lawyers in America today) before
graduating from Harvard proved to be the greatest football center, Colored
or white, in his college and of his time. Every fall when Harvard now faces
her, Brown University heaves a loud sigh of regret that Fritz Pollard, a
Colored All-American Half-back, is not on her football team to again and
mostly alone carry the brown and white pennant to a crushing victory over
the almost unbeatable crimson and white colors. Williams has since made
such a football record at Brown that he was given a place on an All-
American team by the New York World. It was Johnny Shelbourne, All-
American Fullback, who was one of the four stars on Dartmouth football
team that so smoothly steam-rollered the team of the University of Pa., with
a score of 44 to 7 on Franklin Field, at Philadelphia, Pa., November 13,
1920. Shelbourne is also such a sprinter that he is able to “fade-away” over
a 40 yard stretch in 4 4-5 seconds. Calloway not only made the Varsity team
of Columbia but has proved one of its most valuable men. All football
teams that have recently played against Northwestern University have felt
the brawn and held the weight of “Buddy” Turner. Washington & Jefferson
in their latest football games have fully relied upon the punting toe of their
Colored player, West. Athletic writers and critics on the staffs of both the
Chicago Tribune and Colliers Weekly have given Duke Slater, the Iowa
tackle, a place on an All-Western football team. Leon Taylor was made All-
Ohio Conferee fullback at Oberlin, Ohio. Smith’s tricks of going
completely wild when turned loose on the gridiron of Michigan Agr.
College caused them to put him on an All-American team for safe keeping.
When knocking men right and left on the field of Minnesota University,
Marshall acted so much like a Minnesota Indian on the war path that they
had to do something to sort of tame him down, so they put him on an All-
American team. Beside winning his letters in baseball, basketball and track
athletics, A. Hamblin of Knox College was made captain of his 1918
football team. M. Richmond, on account of his excellent defensive and
offensive playings was made captain of the Des Moines College 1917
football team. Sol Butler, when playing on the Dubuque College football
team, came in such close contact with and made such lasting impressions on

his opponents that they will until their dying days remember having met a
Sol Butler at some time and at some place. W. E. Morrison and W. Brown
were two of the outstanding stars who played on the Tuft College varsity
eleven at the times it beat Harvard and gave Princeton one of the toughest
battles and one of the worse heart-stop-beating scares it has ever had on a
football field. In New England, the names and pigskin deeds of those two
charging warriors, especially that of Morrison are still fondly remembered
and always referred to with admiration and pride. Paul Robeson of Rutgers
College was made an All-American End. Walter Camp (white) of Yale
University in selecting his All-American Football Team of 1918 said,
“There never was a more serviceable end, both in attack and defense than
Robeson—the 200 pound giant of Rutgers. Defensively this team is
remarkably strong with Robeson and Alexander backing up the line as
secondary defense; Taking turns at this they would be employed in a line of
work to which they are thoroughly accustomed and in which they have had
no peers in many years.” (quotation from Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-
1919 edition, page 44). Other Colored youths who have won distinction as
football players in white universities and colleges are; Taylor at the
University of Pa., Bullock at Dartmouth, Gray and Pinkett at Amherst,
Ayler at Brown, Chadwell at Williams, Craighead at Massachusetts Agri.
College, Jones at Harvard, Ransom at Belout, Young and Wheeler at
Illinois, Johnson and Ross at Nebraska, Tibbs at Syracuse, Green at Western
Reserve and Roberts at Colorado Reserve, Niles at Colby.

On The Track and Field
Howard P. Drew, the present holder of the Official A. A. U. world record
of 9 3-5 seconds for 100 yds, was selected in 1918 as a member of the All-
American Athletic Team and in 1919 as a member of the All-American
Track Team. In writing of Drew in the Philadelphia North American of July
17, 1920, Lawson Roberston (white) Coach of Athletics at the University of
Pa., said: “Just before Drew broke down eight years ago in Stockholm he
showed enough speed in his trial heat to warrant the belief that he could
beat any man in the final by 3 yards. In the semifinal heat he “pulled” his
tendon when he had covered about 80 yards and limped in the remainder of
the distance. Even at that he won his semi-final heat by about eight yards
from Thomas of Princeton, the 1912 intercollegiate champion.” The
following quotation on Drew is extracted from Work’s Negro Year Book,

1918-1919, page 44: “At the 1918 Western Conference College Outdoor
Track and Field Championship Events, Howard Drew, the world’s famous
sprinter staged a comeback by winning against a very fast field the 100 and
220 yard dashes. A comment on Drews’ performance said: “By winning the
100 and 220 yard dashes from the fastest fields that the middle western
colleges could boast, Drew demonstrated that his victories were not due to
accident or lack of formidable opponents. If any further proof were needed,
the time would amply attest the high standard of Drew’s sprinting as he ran
the 100 in 10 seconds. When it is taken into consideration that Drew is 28
years of age and has been competing for thirteen years, during which time
he has won numerous victories and equalled the world’s record time in both
of these events, it can be seen that his latest triumphs are little short of
athletic marvels.”
Beside being one of its best football players, Sol Butler was also one of
the best all-round athletes Dubuque College ever turned out, and was holder
of the American A. A. U. broad jump record of twenty-four feet and eight
inches. In July 1919 Butler (now of Drake College) won the broad jump in
the Inter-Allied Games at Pershing Stadium, France. He was one of the
athletes selected to represent the United States in those games. Butler also
won the broad jump event at the Relay Carnival of the University of Pa., by
leaping 23 feet 5 3-4 inches. Even in his youngster frolics while attending
the Hutchinson, Kan. High School, Butler showed his unusual speed by
getting loose at Evanston, Ill., on March 28, 1914, and pushing 60 yards of
air out of the way in 6 2-5 seconds. When he finally slowed down at the end
of that affair and kept still long enough to listen he learned those boyhood
runaway wild steps had established the best United States Inter-Scholastic
Track Record for that event.

Edward Orval Gourdin
The field sensation among the white colleges during the past two years
has been E. O. Gourdin, the Harvard all-round star athlete. This Colored
athlete is at this writing unquestionably the backbone and mainstay of the
Harvard track team, and throughout their competitions with other colleges,
Gourdin has been in the majority of cases the highest individual point
scorer for his college. And yet, his victories have been under the most trying
conditions and circumstances. Being a star in many events and the chief one
upon whom Harvard depended, in numerous meets he has repeatedly been

called upon to skip from one event to another and back again without
stopping to catch his breath or get a rest: even fates, especially during the
spring of 1921 seeming to be against him, for it usually rained the day
before or the day he had to perform. As his best work is done on dry
ground, and he fully knows it, his wet, muddy and slippery events were of
course entered with a certain amount of mental depression, but his courage
never faltered nor his willingness halted. During the spring of 1921 when
Harvard and Yale met in their annual track meet, the track was soaked from
a former rain; yet, Gourdin won the 100 yard dash from Yale in 10 2-5
seconds. Although the runway was uncertain from dampness, the take-off
risky for the same reason and the pit wet from holding rain, he won the
broad jump from Yale by hurling himself through the air 24 feet and 4
inches. In the shot-put under favorable conditions he clears 41 feet and in
the 220 yard dash he hugs 22 seconds so tight that it can’t get away from
him.

Extra! Extra! Extra! Special Delivery Red Rush Telegram!
At last, fates and the atmospheric elements smiled down upon the
Colored athletic world wonder and marvel, “Ned” Gourdin, by giving him
“A Perfect Day” (no drizzling rains, no wet slippery grounds, no damp
heavy airs) on July 23, 1921. On this date, that hilariously kissed the sun
“good night” and joyously embraced the moon “good morning”, was held a
dual track meet between the Harvard-Yale teams and the Oxford-Cambridge
teams of England, at the Harvard Stadium. Regarding the results of that
meet, the writer quotes the following extracts as part of an article that,
according to the Chicago Defender of July 30, 1921, appeared in the July
25, 1921 issue of the Boston Daily Post:

“By Wilton Vaugh”
“Edward Orval Gourdin now goes down in the Harvard annals as the
greatest track athlete ever to represent the Crimson.
“His record-breaking jump of 25 feet 3 inches in the running broad jump
last Saturday at the stadium international college meet was just a climax to
his amazing achievements on the cinders.

“Amazing Record”

“But that particular feat alone would have been enough to rank “Ned”
with the elite of Cambridge, because the world has been waiting twenty
years for a man capable of matching Peter O’Connor’s leap of 24 feet 11¾
inches. The Harvard idol accomplished it, and with such a margin that it
now seems hopeless of developing a greater jumper for a number of years,
anyway.
“His all-round prowess on the track would have been sufficient to rate
him with the best. Had he chosen to specialize in any one of the eight
events it is not beyond the scope of human thought to see him shatter
different marks. His best winning records in the matches he has already
tried are:
100-yard dash—9 4-5 seconds.
220-yard dash—22 1-5 seconds.
440-yard run—52 1-5 seconds.
Running broad jump—25 feet 3 inches.
Running high jump—5 feet 9 inches.
Running hop, step and jump—45 feet 3 inches.
Javelin throw—140 feet.
Discus throw—110 feet.
In the above meet on July 23, 1921 Gourdin also won the 100-yard dash from his closest rival,
Rudd, the famed sprinter and captain of the British team.
During his athletic career, the late J. B. Taylor of the University of Pa.,
was a track wonder in both America and Europe. When in action he had the
easiest and prettiest carriage of body and the smoothest clocklike movement
of limbs of any sprinter seen on the cinder path for years. When making his
440 yard and other records he used a remarkable sprinting stride of nine feet
—about two feet longer than the average sprinter takes.
While at Harvard, T. Cable won fame as a hammer thrower; L. V. Alexis
was a star trackman, and E. L. Davidson won the 125 pound-class wrestling
Collegiate Championship in competing against the best white wrestlers of
his class from the other six big colleges that had entered the match. A. L.
Jackson was one of the best hurdlers Harvard ever turned out. B. Dismond
of the University of Chicago and Lee Umble of Colorado University made
records for their schools, and Umble is today one of the best wrestlers of his
class in the West. J. T. Carter has won recognition as a crack sprinter on the
Brown track team, Dewey Rogers is a star trackman on the University of
Pa. track team and his ability to push 440 yards back of him in 50 2-5
seconds shows he has a pair of heels that must be closely watched or they
may some day on some cinder path get fast ideas to elope from their owner.

Rogers in one of his 440 yards sprints defeated the captain of his own track
team—Earl Eby.
Roy Morris has won a national reputation as a sprinter of note. R. E.
Johnson of Pittsburgh, is one of the best 5,000 and 10,000 meter runners in
the country. Little Charley Mitchell of the St. Christopher Club, New York,
is one of the pluckiest and ablest marathon runners in the land and has
finished eighth out of a string of sixty. G. L. Brashear, now coach of
Straight University, New Orleans, La., was at one time one of the best all-
round athletes in California. E. Niles has repeatedly shown that he is one of
the best 440 and 880 yard sprinters in New England.
“The New York Athletic Club games saw another promising Negro
athlete come into prominence. Billy Parker, representing the St. Christopher
Club, raced to an easy victory in the 1,000 yard run. He won about as he
pleased in 2:10. Parker is one of the best-looking runners that the Colored
clubs have developed in years. He is big, rangy, and a good strider.” The
above is what Howard Valentine, a sport writer, had to say in a white paper,
the New York Globe, about Wm. S. (Billy) Parker who so easily defeated
some of the fastest Colored and white runners in the East. Parker is also one
of the foremost basketball players in the East. Young men who are
interested in bicycle riding might be encouraged to learn here that little
Major Taylor, a Colored man, during the year 1900 held the championship
as the fastest bicycle rider in America.

Track and Field Records Held by Colored Youths
Best Western Inter-Collegiate Conference Record. 440 Yards, 47 2-5 seconds, Binga Dismond,
Chicago, at Evantson, Ill., June 3, 1916.
Best United States Inter-Scholastic Track Record. 60 yards, 6 2-5 seconds, Sol Butler, Hutchinson,
(Kansas) High School, at Evanston, Ill. March 28, 1914.
In July, 1919 Butler (now of Drake) won the broad jump in the Inter-Allied Games at Pershing
Stadium, France.

Track Amateur World Records
100 Yards, 9- 3-4 seconds by H. P. Drew at Berkley, California, March 28, 1914.
130 Yards, 12 4-5 seconds, H. P. Drew at Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 22, 1913.
220 Yards, 21 1-5 seconds, H. P. Drew at Clearmont, California, Feb. 28. 1914.

Colored Youths Who Have Won Unusual Distinctions in Track and
Field Work in White Colleges.

Sol Butler All-round Athlete Drake University
Theodore Cable Hammer Thrower Harvard University
Binga Dismond 440 Yard Runner Chicago University
Howard P. Drew Short Distant Runner So. Cal. University
Edwin O. Gourdin All-round Athlete Harvard University
W. R. Granger Half Miler Dartmouth College
Irving Howe Short Distant Runner Colby College
A. L. Jackson Hurdler Harvard University
Wm. B. Matthews Baseball player Harvard University
Fritz Pollard Hurdler and Football Brown University
Dewey Rogers Sprinter University of Pa.
John B. Taylor 440 Yard Sprinter University of Pa.
Joseph E. Trigg Oarsman Syracuse University
Fred White Short and Middle Sprinter University of Pa.

Howard and Lincoln at the University of Pennsylvania
At the University of Pa., Relay Games held April 29 and 30, 1921, on
Franklin Field, Phila., Pa., the Howard University track team took a one
mile relay race away from Bowdoin College, Carnegie School of
Technology, Tufts College and several other white colleges of that stamp.
The Lincoln University track team in a one mile relay race also romped
away from the teams of George Washington University and a number of
other such white institutions.
Beside gaining honors in winning those only two events in which they
were entered, each of these two Colored teams was presented with a banner
and each member of the teams was given a gold watch. The outcome of
those two events not only brought encouragements to athletes in all Negro
schools and pride to members of the Race throughout the country, but it
convinced the athletic world of two truths. First, the brotherhood and true
sportsmanship feelings between white and Colored schools in America are
slowly but surely increasing and becoming closer and more friendly.
Secondly, Negro universities, colleges and schools are today turning out
athletes who can hold their own when competing with athletes developed
by white schools of the same class.

Colored Athletes in Colored Universities and Colleges.
Those Colored youths mentioned in the preceding chapter are but a few
of the Colored athletes who while attending white schools successfully
matched the stamina, endurance and strength of their muscles, bones and

will powers against those of Caucasian youths. The following named
Colored athletes are those who studied and competed among themselves in
Colored Universities, colleges and schools under instructions of their
college trained Colored Athletic coaches, and who would have carried away
many athletic first honors had they attended white schools and taken parts
in sports:
Atlanta University—L. R. Harper, all-round star athlete: L. D. Maxwell, football and baseball star;
W. S. Fuller, basketball star.
Fisk University:—H. A. Johnson, all-round star athlete; W. H. Zeigler, football star; L. O. McVey,
baseball star.
Hampton Institute:—James Gayle, all-round star athlete; J. E. Scott, football star; J. W. Harvey,
football and baseball star; V. S. Brown, basketball star.
Howard University:—C. Coleman, all-round star athlete; G. Brice, football star; G. Gilmore,
basketball star; F. Sykes, baseball star.
Lincoln University:—W. P. Young, all-round star athlete; H. G. Ridgely, football star; M. F.
Wheatland, basketball star; L. Holloway, baseball star.
Morehouse College:—J. C. Walker, all-round star athlete; R. Richardson, football star; Edw. Hope,
basketball star; S. Duncon, baseball star.
Shaw University:—M. Walker, all-round star athlete; W. Crump, football star; L. W. Cook, basketball
star; D. W. Graham, baseball star.
Talladega College:—L. H. Cox, all-round star athlete; C. Coles and R. E. Rivers, football stars; Q.
Gordon, baseball star.
Tuskegee Institute:—G.H. Kitchen, all-round star athlete; A. L. Williams, football star; C. C. Hart,
basketball star; J. F. Ross, baseball star.
Va. Union University:—H.B. Hucles, all-round star athlete; S. B. Taylor, football star; B. C. Gregory,
basketball star; S. B. Taylor, baseball star.
Va. Normal and Ind. School:—J. F. Nicholas, all-round star athlete; E. C. Melton, football star; A. C.
Jackson, baseball star.
Wilberforce University:—I. Lane, all-round star athlete: T. Reid, football star; S.H. Hull, basketball
star; L. Townsend, baseball star.

BASEBALL

“Play Ball.”

From early spring until late fall,
This Nation’s hobby is baseball;
And while such season is in reign
Few men or boys do stay real sane.
—Harrison.

C ris Terriente, Colored champion home-run hitter and out-fielder, and
known as the Cuban “Babe Ruth”, was a marvel even several years ago
when he played in the United States with the famous Colored teams,
American Giants of Chicago and the All-Nationals of Kansas City. This
Colored ball player has been frequently estimated by white baseball critics
as being an equal home-run hitter to the celebrated “Babe Ruth”, whose
services were sold by a Boston team to a New York team for over one
hundred thousand dollars. And one of those well-meaning white critics,
when commenting on the wonderful baseball playing of Terriente, so far
forgot his “square-deal” and one hundred per cent Americanism as to allow
some of his grayless brain matter and stagnant watery thoughts to soak
through his system and overflow into his pen point that splashed little
puddles of poisoned ink. In his article he lamented the fact that it was
impossible to “indelibly white-wash” Terrente so as to make him white
enough to be accepted as a playing member on one of the Big League White
baseball teams.
Now, if that same baseball critic had entered the United States Army as
either a volunteer or a draftee in the World War and had been dying of thirst
on the bloodsoaked and bone-strewn plains of “No Man’s Land”, it is
wondered if he would have thought it necessary to “indelibly white-wash”
Colored soldiers before accepting from their black lips, and greedily
pressing to his own parched white lips, the begged-for water canteens of the
Colored soldiers? For such exchanges of canteens between generous
Colored and dying white soldiers occurred thousands of times and in not
one instance did those famished white men allow color prejudice to stand
between them and a few mouthsfuls of left-over Colored water that meant

the saving of their lives. Nevertheless, a majority of those soldiers whose
lives had been saved by the timely swallows of water from the canteens of
black soldiers, immediately resumed their persecution of and
discriminations against the Negro race even before they got back home to
America.
Thus while history shows that the majority of white people, when in the
jaws of threatened or actual death, become too “color-blind” and “near-
sighted” to see the hue of the hand or the shape of the face that comes to its
help and vital rescue; history also shows that a great many white people,
while in the pink of life, health and prosperity, allow their visions to
become so magnified and their minds to become so overrun and soaked
with vile race prejudice that they constantly see imaginary color-lines that
really do not exist. They also are constantly building up before law-abiding,
clean-living and progressive classes of Colored people certain racial
barriers that are not only proving a stain but also a shame (in the eyes of the
rest of the onlooking world) upon this land of freedom, civilization and
Christianity. But at this time and place the writer will not go further into this
particular phase of this color-line subject, as it is being more fully dealt with
in the writing of one of his other books.
Fair-minded white people are justly ashamed of the words and actions of
such members of their race as the above mentioned reporter, and already
bright rays of hope are beginning to shine in the Big League for Colored
baseball players. In this direction The Continental League with headquarters
at Boston, Mass. and formed by the white baseball magnate, Andrew
Lawson, has really wedged the first opening. At the formation of this
league, Lawson admitted two Colored teams, one from Providence, R. I.
and the other from Boston, the latter team having both Colored and white
players. This is the greatest bit of encouragement Colored professional
baseball players in America have ever received. The chairman of the Board
of Directors of The Continental League is R. T. Murray, a Colored man.
This league’s influence for the spreading of broad-mindedness and fair-play
is already being noticed among the officials of other white Big Leagues. At
the end of the baseball season of 1920, Colored teams were allowed to play
against many of the big white league teams on their barn-storming tours.
During that season Bolden’s Hilldale team played against Connie Mack’s
team of All-Stars at the National League Park, Phila., Pa., in which game
Bolden’s team lost by a score of 2 to 1.

Bolden’s team also played against the famous “Babe” Ruth and his All-
Stars at the National League Park, Phila., Pa., in which game Bolden’s team
won by a score of 5 to 0. In this game, Flourney the Hilldale pitcher not
only kept “Babe” Ruth from getting one of his famous home-runs but struck
him out twice. “Babe” Ruth was also struck out at Shibe Park, Phila., Pa.,
during the same season by “Cannon Ball” Redding, star pitcher on the
Atlantic City Bacharach Giants team.
Tesreau’s Bears played against Carl May’s All Stars at Dyckman Oval at
which place the Yankees defeated the Colored team on both ends of a
double-header by scores of 10 to 0 and 5 to 3.
The Lincoln Colored Giants played and defeated the New York Giants
(white) in New York by a score of 4 to 1. Williams the Colored pitcher
struck out thirteen men on the white team.
As far back as the early eighties, M. F. Walker proved himself such a
good pitcher that he played on a white league ball team in Toledo, Ohio,
and a Frank Grant also played on big white league teams in Connecticut,
New York and Pennsylvania. William B. Matthews, during his college days
at Harvard caused quite a sensation throughout the country by his
unexcelled ball playing and mainly through his star playing his college nine
won sweeping victories all down the line of their engagements.
In taking hurried glances over past performances of present day Colored
baseball players, the following named are but a few picked from among
those who think, dream, talk and act so much over the diamond that
baseball has become their middle names:
T. Brown of American Giants, Cockerell and Flourney of Hilldale,
Holland of Detroit Stars, Leblanc of Cuban Stars Redding of Bacharach
Giants, Rogan of St. Louis Giants and J. Williams of Lincoln Giants put
forth the same kind of energy and earnestness in making moundmen fan the
wind and think holes are in their bats as did Mathewson, Shawkey and
Alexander, the great white pitchers, against their players.
Duncan of Chicago Giants, Ray of Kansas City Monarchs, Rodguez of
Cincinnati Stars, Rojo of Bacharach Giants, Santop of Hilldale Quakers and
Webster of Detroit Stars use the same kind of stickability in freezing onto
hot balls as the white past masters in backstop, Schalk and O’Neill.
Bost of Oakland Braves, Grant of American Giants, Jeffries of Chicago
Giants, Pettus of Bacharach Giants and Richards of Godfrey’s California

All-Stars go through the same kind of successful limber-jointed jumping-
jack antics on first base as McInnis and Kelly in the big white leagues.
Crowell of Tesreau Bears, Holloway of Indianapolis A. B. C’s. Holtz of
St. Louis Giants and Thomas of Columbus Buckeyes have the same love for
and show just as much jealously over the second bag as the crack second
basemen, Collins and Hornsby don’t try to hide.
Day of Indianapolis A. B. C’s, Dinan of Tesraeu Bears, Fial of Lincoln
Giants, Francis of Hilldale Quakers, Brown of Norfolk Giants and F. Hill of
Detroit Stars are just as busy nailing and crucifying the last hopes of
runners at third base as Groh and Gardner, who are about the best among
white third basemen.
Dobbins of Hilldale Quakers, Hewitt of St. Louis Giants, Lloyd of
Columbus Buckeyes and Lundy of Bacharach Giants while panning the
same kind of red-hot frying sizzlers at shortstop as the celebrated Wagner
and Bancroft, also usually salt and pepper those frying sizzlers with most
amusing capers and comedian stage acts.
Briggs of Hilldale Quakers, Gans of Lincoln Giants, P. Hill of Detroit
Stars, Jenkins of Chicago Giants, Kemp of Norfolk Giants, Thomas of
Baltimore Black Sox, and Weeks of Pittsburgh Stars have that same knack
of vamping the sun straight in the face without blinking an eye while
pulling down a twenty-two story sky-scrapping fly, like the rangy
outfielders Speaker and Burns.
Meadows of Godfrey’s California All-Stars, Santop of Hilldale Quakers
and Torrenti of American Giants are just as much interested in astronomy
and scientific research as “Babe” Ruth and Sisler when they start a message
to the planet Mars by way of a home-run baseball.
While big Jeff Tesreau has tried so hard and done so well, he has not yet
become so big a thief as Ty Cobb in stealing bases and pawning runs at
home-plate.
All of the other players, on these Colored teams, whose names have not
been mentioned are also A-1 baseball jugglers and would make good
showing to their credits in any of the white Big Leagues that would give
them a fair and square chance to play on their teams.
And Colored boys who are talented and aspire to become great ball
players should not lose ambition and hang back because of their race or
color: They should take on new courage by reading here; that the most

youthful and hopeful things (the grass and leaves) in the world, are Colored,
and no one who looks “green” with hate and envy is able to stop Dame
Nature each spring from stepping boldly out and, without apologies to men
of any race, drapping the woods and fields with her colored shades of green.

BASKETBALL

George Gilmore.

With Howard and Loendi it was the same;
G. Gilmore to them did dribble much fame.
Sure in quick shooting and true in his pass
He often proved himself in a peerless class.

All basketball folks his death do regret,
But none of those people will soon forget
His gliding ways up and down the floor,
And the side-line cry, “Here comes Gilmore!”
—Harrison.

Among Colored schools, Hampton, Howard and Lincoln form the big
basket-ball right-angle triangle whose three angles each year are usually so
constantly and rapidly twisted and turned to equal elevations of degrees,
that it is not until the end of the season, when the three-sided affair finally
settles on a steady foundation, that the spectators are really able to see and
tell the base of this triangle from its hypothenuse and altitude.
Johnny Johnson, the Colored right-forward on the Columbia University
varsity basketball team, in playing against the teams of Harvard, Yale,
Dartmouth, Pennsylvania and other big colleges, in nearly every case
scored the majority of points for his college team. His playing against these
colleges was so brainy, spectacular and effective that it caused the leading
white sport pages to give him glowing compliments relative to his being
one of the best basketball players in the country.
In several large cities Colored athletes have organized and wonderfully
developed some of the swiftest and most efficient basketball teams in
America. Among the leading teams are: Dr. Johnson’s Forty Club of
Chicago, Cum Posey’s Loendi Club of Pittsburgh, Chas. Bradford’s St.
Christopher Club of New York, Manager Accoe’s A. C. Lightning Five of
Brooklyn, C. Cain’s Vandals, of Atlantic City, “Babe” Thomas’ Alpha Big
Five of New York, Douglas’ Spartan Braves of New York, Moss’ Center
Five of Toledo, Ohio, All-Scholastics of Harrisburg, the Alcoes of

Washington, D.C., the Athenians of Baltimore and the Pioneers of
Cleveland, Ohio.
Among those players on these teams whose names, through observation
and information, the writer was able to get are: Betts, Blueitt, Sol Butler,
Brown, Bundy, Capers, Cooper, Duff, Fial, Fields, Forbes, Gumbs, Howard,
Hubbard, Jenkins, Moss Posey, Ricks, Sessons, Slocum, Young and
Winters. The other players on these teams were always doing such tricky
feinting dizzy ducking, dazzling dodging, sudden blocking, slippery sliding,
magic dribbling, lightning shooting and bull’s eye caging that the writer
was not able to corner them in, so as to trip them up and hold them down
long enough to get their names.

PRIZE FIGHTING.

“Jack” Johnson.

Talk as you may of his private life;
“Jack” led the world in fistic strife,
And Johnson today has as keen a sense
As any new man in self-defense.
—Harrison.

The decisions the United States Government made during the World
War, regarding the urgent necessity of including boxing in its all-round
training in preparing the soldiers and sailors for war, at last brought the art
of self-defense into its own and accorded it the proper recognition and value
it should have officially received years ago. In private life prize fighting had
its followers in both America and Europe as far back as a hundred years
ago. About that time a Virginia Negro slave by the name of Tommy
Molineaux whipped all American boxers who met him after which he went
to Europe where he was beaten by the Englishman, Cribb, who was at that
time the champion of Great Britain.
Along in the 70’s, George Godfrey was in his prime and became known
on both sides of the ocean on account of whipping the famous white fighter,
Lannon, in one of the greatest prize fights ever “pulled off” in New
England. Godfrey fought seventy-six rounds with the great fighter, Jake
Kilrain and he also staid twenty rounds with the “Australian Black
Wildcat,” Peter Jackson. As John L. Sullivan, known as the greatest white
slugger of all times, was then in his prime and zenith, Godfrey repeatedly
tried to meet him in the ring but Sullivan always managed to evade a fight
with him.
Peter Jackson, although an Australian by birth, spent his best fighting
years in America. He fought with, came out even or on top of all the best
men of his days. It was he who fought a 61 round draw with James J.
Corbett, who is known as the most scientific heavyweight champion boxer
the world has ever seen. Jackson was considered by many as the quickest
heavyweight foot worker in the game. It is said that he was so uncanny
quick on his feet that many times when an opponent made a lunge at him,

Jackson would dodge the blow, circle to the rear of the fighter and pin him
one back of the ear before the opponent could regain his balance, face
around and throw up his guard to block off the blow. During all the time he
was meeting the best heavyweights, Jackson held out a standing challenge
to John L. Sullivan, who never would meet him in the ring. But John L. was
always truthful enough to admit that he did not consider himself champion
of the world because he had never whipped Peter Jackson. (for proof of this
statement write to the Editor of Everybody’s Column, Philadelphia Inquirer,
Phila., Pa.) According to an article that appeared in the Philadelphia
Evening Bulletin of January 26, 1921, and which was written by Hughey
Fullerton a white sport critic, John L. Sullivan also side stepped another
Colored heavyweight prize fighter, who was known in Louisiana as “Black
Zeke”. This “Zeke” who weighed 220 pounds and was six feet two inches
tall, could lift a bale of cotton weighing five hundred pounds. In reference
to this fighter a paragraph in the above mentioned article read as follows:
“After the Sullivan-Kilrain fight Mr. Carrol tried to arrange a bout between
“Zeke” and John L. The latter refused and the planter followed Sullivan
over the country, but to no avail.” So while Sullivan was truthfully
champion over the world of white fighters, there were at least three Colored
fighters, George Godfrey, Peter Jackson and “Black Zeke” over whom John
L. never was champion, because he had never whipped any one of them
although all three had repeatedly followed and challenged him after they
had met and held their own with the other best men of their times.
Of all prize fighters, Colored or white, the world has ever known,
George Dixon was declared the most wonderful of them all. Being a little
over four feet tall, weighing less then 130 pounds, with small tapering legs
that seemed to sweat tears of pain under the weight of his gigantic chest and
unusually broad shoulders from which dangled muscular arms of such
thickness and length that they looked unnatural, Dixon presented a most
uncanny and formidable foe when stripped in the ring waiting for action. He
always proved just as formidable as he looked; for when he warmed up and
got into real action, it seemed to his opponent that Mr. & Mrs. Satan and
their entire brood of little Satan imps from Hades had been turned loose in
the ring. During a period of ten years (1890-1900) Dixon at different times
held both the Bantamweight and Featherweight championships of the
world. And one of the main reasons why his name will ever go down in ring
history as the “Wonder of Wonders” is that he did something no other world

champion has ever done—he “came back” three times and regained his lost
championship. It is said that he made a record of over a thousand clean
knockouts during his fighting career. His three “Come backs” were staged
as follows: Benny Jordan took the title from him and he regained it from
Eddie Santry; Frankie Erne gave Dixon a good spanking one year and the
next year he thrashed that same Frankie Erne; Sol Smith gave him a good
lacing, and the same year, Dixon in a return battle took back his title and in
doing so (to use a frequent and amusing expression of one “Tommy”
Howard, a jolly fellow and Virginia old-time friend of the writer’s) “nearly
shook the living life out of him.”
Because Dixon always went into the squared-circle to give his best in
manhood fighting and not his worse in childhood playing and faking, he
was respected and beloved by fight fans of all classes and colors, which was
proved by the most celebrated sport followers of the day, including ex-
Heavy-weight Champion James J. Corbett, acting as pallbearers at his
funeral.
Joe Walcott and Dixie Kid were two other great little fighters and they
both became Welterweight world Champions, Walcott from 1901 to 1904
and Dixie Kid from 1904 to 1908. It is said of these two fighters, that, like
Dixon, they became famous in their readiness to meet top-notch fighters
who were nearly twice their height and weight. When they could get such
big men in the ring with them, they usually jumped clear off the floor to
land a mighty crushing paw upon some rival’s tempting jaw that then and
there felt nothing more.
But the “Old Master” of them all, who even today is conceded to have
been one of if not the cleanest hitting, quickest moving, gamest staying and
most scientific boxers, Colored or white, big or little, who ever one-stepped,
two-stepped, waltzed and Virginia-reeled into and around a roped-circle,
was the ring’s national favorite, Joe Cans of Baltimore, Md. This great little
fighter, who was as much a pet of the white sporting faction as of the
Colored element, took the Lightweight championship away from Frank
Erne in 1892 and kept it for six years. During that time he defeated all the
best men in his field and jumped over the fence into the Welterweight
pastures where he gored and tossed into the air several human beings and
caused many to climb up on the fence in order to keep out of his way, until
they saw that his constant mad rushes had weakened his stamina and tore
down his system. It was during the zenith of his fighting career that

whenever Gans started from home to engage in a fight his mother would
laughingly say, “Bring home the bacon, Joe.” The boy fully understood and
appreciated his mother’s encouraging joke and never returned home, when
in his prime, without bringing along the winner’s roll of money. Joe Gans
was as game as any game rooster that ever threw defiant crows from a
barnyard gate and when he was in great need of money, to get a fight he
would make such vitality sapping and strength weakening weights that
people wondered how he was able to stand up much less jump around and
fight. And to the very last, poor, broken-bodied, but not broken spirited, Joe
Gans put up one of the gamest losing battles ever fought against that
greatest champion—of all times among all peoples—Death.
“Panama Joe Gans” a Colored fighter of today has added laurels to the
name he has adopted by becoming Middleweight Champion. Like his late
namesake he is willing at all times to give the best of them in and out of his
class chances to win his title. Just because he is a champion he does not
draw the “color line” against any white fighter but fights as often as four
and five times a month with his championship at stake every time.
Other Colored fighters who were among the best in their times and who
no doubt would have won championships in and out of their classes, had the
“color lines” not been drawn around them, are; Bob Armstrong, Jack
Blackburn, Bobbie Dobbs, Sam Hopkins, Young Peter Jackson, Joe
Jeanette, Sam Langford, Sam McVey and Fred Morris.
Some of the present day Colored fighters who are most frequently heard
about are Jeff Clark, Leo Johnson, Jamaica Kid, Kid Norfolk, Benny
Ponteau, Bill Tate, Jack Thompson, Jack White and Harry Wills, challenger
and dreaded foe of Dempsey.
From 1908 to 1914 the world heavyweight champion fighter was Jack
Johnson, the only Colored man who ever wore that crown of ring glory and
belt of fighting fame. Unlike any of the white heavyweight champions,
Johnson won the title twice: first from Tommy Burns in 1908 and secondly
on that memorial Fourth of July 1910, from Jim Jefferies, who along with
the American public disputed Jack’s right to the title. After his complete
whipping of Jefferies, the Colored fighter, proved to the entire world that he
was not only the rightful holder of the title but that he was also one of the
best champions the ring had ever seen. Because of his having the
pantherlike movements and quickness of a Peter Jackson, the straight-arm

punch of a John L. Sullivan, the scientific hit-and-get-away style of a James
J. Corbett, the ring generalship and craftiness of a “Bob” Fitzsimmons and
the gameness and stamina of a “Jim” Jefferies, plus his own level-
headedness and cheerful fighting disposition, the best fight critics in
America and Europe considered “Jack” Johnson when in his prime, as
being the best all-round and equally balanced heavyweight fighter who ever
crawled through the ropes to battle in a prize ring.
Regarding the Johnson-Willard fight in Havana, Cuba, at which time the
heavyweight title passed from Johnson to Willard the writer quotes here an
extract that is taken from the article, “Jack Johnson Tells The Truth” that
was written by Juli Jones, Jr. in the August 6, 1921 issue of The Chicago
Defender.
“The sporting editor of the New York Sun printed an article which stated
that Jack Johnson said the Willard fight was on the level; that he did not lay
down to Willard in Havana, Cuba. This statement coming from Johnson,
printed in one of America’s first-class dailies, is the first good step that
Johnson has taken to win the favor of the real sporting public. The present
public will not stand for a crook or a bad loser. It killed Fred Fulton, a very
likable man.
“Johnson in part made it quite plain when he stated if he was going to
lay down to Willard he would have done so in the seventh or ninth round,
and not wait until the twenty-sixth to flop. He also stated he had always
fought square and that was the reason he got to the top. Johnson gives a
good reason for his failure to whip Willard, a very good reason. First, he
had underestimated Willard, hadn’t proper training, ran around on the ocean
looking for a battle ground. These had their effects on the fight.”
Throughout his marvelous fighting career, Johnson was climbing to
success under most unfavorable conditions. White fighters in winning
championships have only to fight against and beat down the opponent in the
ring before them. But before he even got a chance to fight for the titled belt,
“Jack” had always to mentally fight race prejudice on the outside of the ring
at the same time he was physically beating down his white opponent in the
ring. It would be hard to find proper words to describe the great fistic career
Johnson would have made for himself if he had received the same kind of
unprejudiced encouragements and boostings all white champions receive.
And if up to this date nearly one hundred million of white Americans

consider it wonderful to have produced out of that number seven white
heavyweight champion fighters—Sullivan, Corbett, Fitzsimmons, Jefferies,
Burns, Willard, and Dempsey; or in other words a champion for ever
fourteen million of their population: then it must be most wonderful that
less than thirteen million of Colored Americans, under most unfair and
persecuting conditions, have produced one heavyweight champion fighter
of the world—John Arthur (“Jack”) Johnson.
For the benefit of those people who, on account of their jealousy and
envy of Johnson’s fighting ability, try to defame and lower his character to
the lowest, the writer would suggest the reading of the logic article—“Jack
Johnson, Self-Made Man” that was written in the May 15, 1920 issue of the
Chicago Defender by the able sport scribe, Juli Jones, Jr. The following is
an extract from that article:
“Both races got Jack wrong. His aim in life was not to be a doctor,
preacher, lawyer or Race Leader. He set out to be the best man with his
fists, which he did beyond all question of doubt. We cannot find one case
where Jack ruined any young girl’s future or broke up any man’s happy
home; neither was he mixed up in any barroom fights. Never was he found
in the gutter drunk or making a disgraceful fellow of himself, throwing
away his money. On the other hand, since Jack has been self-exiled from his
country, press reports from England, France, Spain and Mexico tell us that
he has conducted himself in the most gentlemanly way and is welcome
back in their countries at any time. How many, men who have been born
under any flag could have stood what Jack has stood for the past six or eight
years and still be in the limelight, handing the world a golden smile, saying,
“Good will to all men.”
Now, not for one moment is the writer, in dealing with this subject,
attempting to shield or cover-up any short-comings that may have occured
in the private life of Jack Johnson. But, if after reading the above quotation
there still be those people who continue to sneer at and belittle the upward
struggles and crowning success of this professional fighter, the writer would
kindly suggest that each one of such people ask himself or herself the
following question:
Have I (with all my good birth, pleasant and elevating home life, early
encouragements, full privileges, unnumbered opportunities, unchecked
enthusiasms, unshaken determinations, wide preparations, various abilities,

friendly boostings and perfect living) ever stood for one whole day upon the
top round of world recognized success in my chosen life work; as “Jack”
Johnson stood for six years on the top round of world recognized success in
his self-selected life calling?

ROWING

To Whom It May Concern:

To get rid of that “Bay Window,”
Just hurry up and learn to row;
And if your back is getting weak
Pull on the oars once every week.
—Harrison.

Thus far have Colored athletes pushed onward. But the following are a
few mentioned fields of athletics in which Colored youths have not become
very active or efficient mainly because of the lack of certain facilities and
sufficient appliances and accommodations for proper and seasonable
trainings.
Rowing crews have not been developed in any of the Colored
universities, colleges and schools to any outside recognized extent. This fact
is quite explainable and excusable when it is taken into consideration that
few of these institutions are located near natural and adequate bodies of
water for such purposes. Bordentown School, Bordentown, N.J. and
Hampton Institute, Hampton, Va., are perhaps the two most favorable
exceptions in this case. Both of these schools have peaceful streams of
gurgling waters that flow so near as to softly caress the oft kissed lips of
their water-edged lawns.
Calmly setting upon the banks of the Hampton River, an arm of the
Merrimac-Monitor famed-Hampton Roades, Hampton Institute has running
before its very doors a half mile of nearly straight and unusually smooth
body of water that is wide enough to float at least three crews abreast.
Peacefully nestling on a high projecting hill, Bordentown School can look
miles either way upon the historical Delaware as it gently flows below
making a wide, graceful bend from upward Trenton to downward Camden.
There are already hopeful signs appearing which show that both of these
institutions in the near future will take full advantages of their natural and
wonderful water facilities by developing rowing crews that some day will
be second to none in the country. By the time this stage of their rowing
development has been reached, it is hoped that the racial, and
sportsmanship feelings between white and Colored colleges will have
become so brotherly and peacefully allied, that, the rowing crews of
Annapolis will be friendly competing against Hampton oarsmen, and the
shellmen of Princeton will be friendly churning the Delaware waters against
the crews of the Bordentown School. And when such times do come about,

the writer feels sure that the oarsmen of Hampton and Bordentown will
guarantee to keep enough water between themselves (either at the bow or
stern) and the shells of Annapolis and Princeton to wash away and keep
down any waves of “color line” that might suddenly arise to dampen the
sportsmanship and one-hundred percent Americanism atmosphere of the
occasions.

SWIMMING

Diving-Treading-Floating.

I worship this my hobby’s call,
And all youths ought to learn it all
In water that is deep and wet
Where confidence they can beget
So as to rescue one’s own life
And other folks in drowning strife
—Harrison.

General swimming as a recreation and pastime by the Colored people in
the United States has in the past been sadly neglected for some excusable
and some unexcusable reasons. The chief excusable reasons have been that
with few exceptions they have not had access to the places where they
could indulge in this sport and that they did not have the money with which
to promote and construct such places for themselves. The main,
unexcusable reason has been that they, with but few exceptions, were too
timid and scared of drowning to enter water deep enough and stay there
long enough to learn how to swim.
For instance, the writer several years ago made personal investigations
among many Colored fishermen, oystermen and crabmen who live along
the shores of and spend the biggest part of their lives on the Chesapeake
Bay in little boats that every year are numerously overturned by sudden
squalls and storms. And to his great and painful surprise he learned from
those men themselves that the majority of them could not swim a stroke,
while among those who had learned to swim, but few had confidence
enough in themselves to believe they could even swim a half or one mile.
And yet those men daily risked their lives and ventured out upon that deep
and uncertain body of water without attempting to revive and develop that
valuable and necessary instinct that is born in every human being and every
dumb animal. As the result of such thoughtless neglect of their own
personal welfare, many of those cheerful, honest, frugal, hard-working,
plain-living and law-abiding people are drowned each year because of their
not knowing how to swim.

But today, through the cities’ public recreation ponds being opened to
Colored youths, the increased erections of Y. M. C. A.’s and Y. W. C. A.’s of
the Colored branches with modernly inclosed pools, Colored universities,
colleges and large schools gradually constructing gymnasiums containing
up-to-date natatoriums, and business men of the Race buying and
improving seashore hotel resorts with beach bathing privileges such as
Dale’s at Cape May, N. J., Bay Shore near Old Point Comfort, Va.,
Fitzgerald and Ovington Hotels and Walls’ beach at Atlantic City, N. J., and
Idlewild, Ill., a new interest in learning the art of swimming is being
increasingly aroused among Colored people throughout America. When
fine swimming centers such as the Chicago Wabash Avenue Y. M. C. A.
puts before its Race boys the placards and advertisements—“One Thousand
Boys Wanted To Learn How To Swim”, it shows that Colored swimming
instructors are using every persuasive means to get their youths interested
and skilled in this most useful and refreshing pastime. These teachers fully
realize that when their art is rightly learned and properly performed it not
only brings into exercise practically every muscle of the body but also
enables its possessor when necessary to save his own as well as the lives of
others. Thus, with these encouragements, interests, facilities, privileges and
proper instructions rapidly increasing; it is not “building castles in the air”
to prophesy that within a reasonable length of time the Negro race in
America will produce a Colored Norman Ross and a Colored Ethelda
Bliebtry as champion swimmers.

SKATING.

Dutch Roll Figure Eight-Grape-vine Twist

Great are my joys on skating night,
When moonshine* flows in streams so light,
While some strong lassie keeps my stride
As o’er smooth ice we fancy glide.
(*I mean the moonshine from the sky
And not from raisins, corn nor rye.)
—Harrison.

When in future winters young men and women of the Race are justly
admitted to the ice-skating rinks; they sensibly decide to spend less of their
time in hot-stuffy parlors, etc., and with ice skates stay out more in the free,
fresh, health renewing air upon the parks’ frozen lakes and streams: they
will certainly find among themselves a talented skater who may later build
up to a white Chas. Jewtraw, short distant; a Mrs. F. F. MacMillian, fancy;
or a J. F. Donohue, long distant, ice skating champions.

TENNIS

It’s All in The Game

This is a pastime full of fun
And makes the players jump and run;
But when the ladies “serve” “love all”,
Some fellows’ hearts begin to crawl.
—Harrison.

As they are constantly laying out and regularly using new private and
club tennis courts all over the country, the Race will in due time mould one
of its Tally R. Holmes into a Wm. T. Tilden or Jay Gould championship
quality; just as it will some day take one of its Miss Slowes or Miss
Channels and bloom her into a Mrs. Molla Bjurstedt Mallory top-rung
record holder.